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Water
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The Remediation of Groundwater Polluted by Metals
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The Remediation of Groundwater Polluted by Metals

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Water Quality and Contamination".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 4194

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Stefania Bilardi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Civil, Energy, Environment and Materials Engineering, Università degli Studi di Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
Interests: iron; remediation; groundwater engineering; water treatment

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Groundwater contamination is a widespread environmental problem around the world. Among the various pollutants, heavy metals are particularly important due to their high toxicity even at low concentrations. Contaminated waters pose a serious risk to human health, whether used for drinking and/or irrigation purposes. Possible sources of pollution by metals are the spilling of these substances from industries, uncontrolled landfills, mine drainages, or road infrastructures.  Many research groups worldwide are working to identify new and environmentally sustainable technologies for metal removal in groundwater and in particular on those capable of making the contaminated groundwater resource usable again. This Special Issue collects, within the context of metal removal from groundwater, the latest research works on the study and application of different remediation technologies, on innovative and sustainable materials that can be employed in these technologies, on monitoring activity for assessing the effectiveness of remediation technologies, and on innovative methods or materials that can improve the environmental sustainability of existing technologies. Research articles covering the areas above or other relevant topics are welcomed for possible inclusion in this Special Issue.

Dr. Stefania Bilardi
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • groundwater remediation
  • metal removal
  • active materials
  • contaminant propagation
  • removal mechanism
  • column tests
  • monitoring

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 2689 KiB  
Article
Reactive and Hydraulic Behavior of Granular Mixtures Composed of Zero Valent Iron
by Stefania Bilardi, Paolo S. Calabrò and Nicola Moraci
Water 2022, 14(22), 3613; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14223613 - 10 Nov 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1312
Abstract
Zero valent iron (ZVI) is widely used in permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) for the remediation of contaminated groundwater. The hydraulic conductivity of ZVI can be reduced due to iron corrosion processes activated by water and its constituents including pollutants. To overcome this issue, [...] Read more.
Zero valent iron (ZVI) is widely used in permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) for the remediation of contaminated groundwater. The hydraulic conductivity of ZVI can be reduced due to iron corrosion processes activated by water and its constituents including pollutants. To overcome this issue, ZVI particles can be mixed with granular materials that avoid a drastic reduction in the hydraulic conductivity over time. In light of the most recent studies concerning iron corrosion processes and recalling the basic principles of century-old chemistry of iron corrosion, we have revised the results of 24 long-term column tests investigating the hydraulic and reactive behavior of granular mixtures composed of ZVI and pumice or lapillus. From this analysis, we found a clear correlation between the reactive behavior, described by the retardation factor (i.e., the ratio between flow velocity and propagation velocity of the contamination front), and the hydraulic behavior, described by means of the permeability ratio of the reactive medium (i.e., the ratio between the final and initial value of hydraulic conductivity). In particular, the permeability ratio decreased with the increase in the retardation factor. Moreover, it was found that the retardation factor is a useful parameter to evaluate the influence of flow rate, contaminant concentration, and ZVI content on the reactive behavior of the granular medium. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Remediation of Groundwater Polluted by Metals)
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Review

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28 pages, 2436 KiB  
Review
A Review of the Hydraulic Performance of Permeable Reactive Barriers Based on Granular Zero Valent Iron
by Stefania Bilardi, Paolo Salvatore Calabrò and Nicola Moraci
Water 2023, 15(1), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15010200 - 03 Jan 2023
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2401
Abstract
Permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) based on the use of zero valent iron (ZVI) represent an efficient technology for the remediation of contaminated groundwater, but the literature evidences “failures”, often linked to the difficulty of fully understanding the long-term performance of ZVI-based PRBs in [...] Read more.
Permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) based on the use of zero valent iron (ZVI) represent an efficient technology for the remediation of contaminated groundwater, but the literature evidences “failures”, often linked to the difficulty of fully understanding the long-term performance of ZVI-based PRBs in terms of their hydraulic behavior. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the long-term hydraulic behavior of PRBs composed of ZVI mixed with other reactive or inert materials. The literature on the hydraulic performance of ZVI-based PRBs in full-scale applications, on long-term laboratory testing and on related mathematical modeling was thoroughly analyzed. The outcomes of this review include an in-depth analysis of factors influencing the long-term behavior of ZVI-based PRBs (i.e., reactive medium, contamination and the geotechnical, geochemical and hydrogeological characteristics of the aquifer) and a critical revision of the laboratory procedures aimed at investigating their hydraulic performance. The analysis clearly shows that admixing ZVI with nonexpansive granular materials is the most suitable choice for obtaining a long-term hydraulically efficient PRB. Finally, the paper summarizes a procedure for the correct hydraulic design of ZVI-based PRBs and outlines that research should aim at developing numerical models able to couple PRBs’ hydraulic and reactive behaviors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Remediation of Groundwater Polluted by Metals)
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