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Desalination Treatment of Irrigation Water
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Desalination Treatment of Irrigation Water

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Wastewater Treatment and Reuse".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 October 2023) | Viewed by 12361

Special Issue Editors

Dr. David D. J. Antia

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
DCA Consultants Ltd., The Bungalow, Castleton Farm, Falkirk FK2 8SD, UK
Interests: zero valent iron (ZVI) desalination; irrigation using desalinated water; ZVI catalysis; ZVI water treatment; ZVI gas treatment
Dr. Chicgoua Noubactep

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Angewandte Geologie, Universität Göttingen, Goldschmidtstraße 3, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
Interests: adsorption; decentralized systems; filtration; rainwater harvesting; water treatment; zerovalent iron
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Irrigation accounts for about 70% of global anthropogenic water usage. Global agricultural land is about 5 billion ha. About 20% of arable land is irrigated. About 30% of irrigated land is irrigated with saline water (>60 million ha). The amount of land affected by saline irrigation is increasing by about 4 million ha a-1. Soil salinization, associated with saline irrigation, results in the abandonment of about 20,000 ha a-1. Irrigated land accounts for 40% of global food production. Irrigated water demand is <5,000 m3 ha-1 a-1 for most greenhouses, 1000–10,000 m3 ha-1 a-1 for most arable crops, and >50,000 m3 ha-1 a-1 for some rice crops. Global food demand is expected to rise by between 60% and 100% by 2050, to feed 9.1 billion people. The majority of the future increase in food production, required to meet this demand, will be confined to areas which are currently irrigated with saline water or which will become newly irrigated with saline water. The use of saline irrigation water, however, adversely affects crop yields, crop diversity, crop value, soil quality, local groundwater quality, local riparian systems, local groundwater levels, and land use. Desalination, or partial desalination, or freshwater dilution, or additional processing, or treatment, of this saline irrigation water, has the potential to substantially increase crop yields, crop varieties, and crop quality and value while improving soil quality, groundwater quality, and riparian water quality and reducing water demand (m3 ha-1). This SI addresses existing, emerging, and new desalination technologies, irrigation practices, reuse of overland flow (or groundwater) for irrigation, plant varieties, agricultural practices, soil management, water management, energy management, desalination economics, and associated policies required to meet, or assist in meeting, this global challenge.

Dr. David D. J. Antia
Dr. Chicgoua Noubactep
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • saline irrigation management
  • desalination technology
  • partial desalination
  • saline water processing
  • crop yield
  • salinized soil management
  • saline groundwater
  • crop varieties
  • water management

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

11 pages, 828 KiB  
Article
Treatment of Saline Irrigation Water Using a Sulfate-Reducing Bioreactor Coupled with an Iron-Based Desalination Reactor
by William J. Walker
Water 2023, 15(12), 2200; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15122200 - 12 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1362
Abstract
Recent advances in alternative water desalination technologies have become increasingly common, due in part to expanding water scarcity and the ability to deliver usable water without the high energy cost and advanced infrastructure required of traditional desalination technologies such as reverse osmosis (RO). [...] Read more.
Recent advances in alternative water desalination technologies have become increasingly common, due in part to expanding water scarcity and the ability to deliver usable water without the high energy cost and advanced infrastructure required of traditional desalination technologies such as reverse osmosis (RO). One such emerging technology is iron-based desalination or the use of nano- (or micron-sized) metals (principally iron) to desalinate water. In this study, iron-based desalination was coupled with passive sulfate reduction technology (SRB) to partially treat saline irrigation water similar in composition to that encountered in the San Joaquin Valley, California, USA. Water scarcity, especially in the southwestern United States, is driving an effort to identify and use less expensive but effective desalination methods to allow the use of saline groundwater, seawater, and impounded saline agricultural drainage and runoff for crop growth. The system described here used a synthetic water mimicking a typical saline irrigation water; this was then routed through a sulfate-reducing bioreactor to remove the sulfate prior to entry into an N-ZVM reactor for removal of Na and Cl. Sulfate at high concentrations can inhibit Na and Cl removal in N-ZVM reactors. The results showed that the sulfate was reduced from 2500 mg/L to less than 250 mg/L in the bioreactor, which allowed the N-ZVM to reduce the Na and Cl by 50%. This allowed the conductivity to decrease from 9.2 mS to about 5 mS. Synthetic irrigation water without sulfate removal was only desalinated by about 10%. The observed change in conductivity, sodium, and chloride content allowed the discharged water to be used for irrigation of many field crops and some vegetables. This paper provides reactor development, manufacture, and performance information including recommendations for continued performance increases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Desalination Treatment of Irrigation Water)
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14 pages, 1622 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Surface Water Quality Using Water Quality Index and Discriminant Analysis Method
by Asma Mammeri, Ammar Tiri, Lazhar Belkhiri, Hichem Salhi, Djouhaina Brella, Elhadj Lakouas, Hichem Tahraoui, Abdeltif Amrane and Lotfi Mouni
Water 2023, 15(4), 680; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15040680 - 09 Feb 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3305
Abstract
Given the complexity of water quality data sets, water resources pose a significant problem for global public order in terms of water quality protection and management. In this study, surface water quality for drinking and irrigation purposes was evaluated by calculating the Water [...] Read more.
Given the complexity of water quality data sets, water resources pose a significant problem for global public order in terms of water quality protection and management. In this study, surface water quality for drinking and irrigation purposes was evaluated by calculating the Water Quality Index (WQI) and Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) based on nine hydrochemical parameters. The discriminant analysis (DA) method was used to identify the variables that are most responsible for spatial differentiation. The results indicate that the surface water quality for drinking is of poor and very poor quality according to the WQI values, however, the IWQI values indicate that the water is acceptable for irrigation with restrictions for salinity sensitive plants. The discriminate analysis method identified pH, potassium, chloride, sulfate, and bicarbonate as the significant parameters that discriminate between the different stations and contribute to spatial variation of the surface water quality. The findings of this study provide valuable information for decision-makers to address the important problem of water quality management and protection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Desalination Treatment of Irrigation Water)
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14 pages, 1291 KiB  
Article
Effect of Using Trichoderma spp. on Turfgrass Quality under Different Levels of Salinity
by Nour S. Abu-Shanab, Kholoud M. Alananbeh, Yahia A. Othman and Malik G. Al-Ajlouni
Water 2022, 14(23), 3943; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14233943 - 04 Dec 2022
Viewed by 2009
Abstract
Lawns achieve environmental, functional, and aesthetical roles in urban environments. The objectives of this research were to assess the effect of different salinity levels on Trichoderma isolates and to study the effect of Trichoderma spp. on perennial ryegrass under different levels of salinity. [...] Read more.
Lawns achieve environmental, functional, and aesthetical roles in urban environments. The objectives of this research were to assess the effect of different salinity levels on Trichoderma isolates and to study the effect of Trichoderma spp. on perennial ryegrass under different levels of salinity. T. harzianum (ThLem2017-01) and T. atroviride (TaDP2019-01) isolates had a higher mycelium growth rate than T. atroviride (TaDP2019-02) when salinity levels were low. In contrast, the mycelium growth rate of T. atroviride (TaDP2019-02) isolate at high salinity levels had superior results. Turfgrass seeds that were inoculated with (TaDP2019-02) isolate maintained high radicle length, coleoptile length, and leaf length under high salinity levels. Increasing salinity level decreased clippings’ fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), and shoot and root dry weight of perennial ryegrass. Interestingly, perennial ryegrass pots that were treated with (TaDP2019-02) isolate had increased FW and DW by 16 to 114% and 24 to 76%, respectively. Soils that were inoculated with Trichoderma (TaDP2019-02) had higher CO2 respiration (75%) than the control. Therefore, using T. atroviride (TaDP2019-02) isolate revealed promising results in increasing plant biomass and as an environmentally friendly alternative factor to overcome salinity stress. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Desalination Treatment of Irrigation Water)
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52 pages, 13558 KiB  
Article
Desalination of Irrigation Water Using Metal Polymers
by David D. J. Antia
Water 2022, 14(20), 3224; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14203224 - 13 Oct 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1785
Abstract
Rain-fed and irrigated agriculture associated with salinized soil and saline water supplies is characterized by low crop yields. Partial desalination of this saline water will increase crop yields. Recent studies have established that supported metal polymers can be used to produce partially desalinated [...] Read more.
Rain-fed and irrigated agriculture associated with salinized soil and saline water supplies is characterized by low crop yields. Partial desalination of this saline water will increase crop yields. Recent studies have established that supported metal polymers can be used to produce partially desalinated irrigation water without producing a waste reject brine. This study assesses the ability of more than 90 different unsupported metal polymer formulations (containing one or more of Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, and Zn) to remove Na+ ions and Cl− ions from saline water (seawater, brine, brackish water, and flowback water). The polymers were constructed using a simple sol-gel approach at ambient temperatures. The overall ion removal followed a first-order reaction. Removal selectivity between Na+ and Cl− ions was a function of polymer formulation. Mg@Al polymers preferentially remove Cl− ions, while Fe@Ca polymers tend to remove Cl− and Na+ ions in more equal proportions. Ion removal can be rapid, with >50% removed within 1 h. These results were used to develop a process methodology, which will allow most seawater, brackish water, and saline flowback water to be desalinated to form usable irrigation water. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Desalination Treatment of Irrigation Water)
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44 pages, 24873 KiB  
Article
Catalytic Partial Desalination of Saline Water
by David D. J. Antia
Water 2022, 14(18), 2893; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14182893 - 16 Sep 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1759
Abstract
More than 1 billion ha of land is adversely affected by salinization, including about 54 million ha of irrigated cropland. This study trials a batch flow, bubble column, static bed, catalytic, pressure swing adsorption−desorption, zero valent iron, and diffusion reactor train, which is [...] Read more.
More than 1 billion ha of land is adversely affected by salinization, including about 54 million ha of irrigated cropland. This study trials a batch flow, bubble column, static bed, catalytic, pressure swing adsorption−desorption, zero valent iron, and diffusion reactor train, which is designed to partially desalinate water, for use as either livestock feed water or partially desalinated irrigation water. ZVI desalination produces a partially desalinated water product, without producing a waste brine product. The trial demonstrates sequential batch processing of 50 (0.86 m3) batches of saline water (43 m3 total), using a single ZVI charge, without loss of activity. The trialed feed water contained between 1 and 9 g NaCl L−1. The average desalination was 41.84% (standard deviation was 15.61%). The optimum batch processing time is determined as being between 12 and 24 h. For each batch, the first-order forward rate constants, for both Cl− and Na+ ion removal, decline with time. The study considers the irrigation application of the product water on crop yield for 70 crop varieties; the application of the technology to desalinate a saline aquifer; applications of the technology to improve the environmental efficiency of conventional desalination plants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Desalination Treatment of Irrigation Water)
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