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Water
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Rainfall-Runoff and Extreme Event Modelling. Novel Database Systems
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Rainfall-Runoff and Extreme Event Modelling. Novel Database Systems

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Water and Climate Change".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (16 October 2023) | Viewed by 3318

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Maria Manuela Portela

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Guest Editor
Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability (CERIS), Lisbon University, Lisbon, Portugal
Interests: surface hydrology; extreme hydrological events; statistical models; trend detection; regionalization models; uncertainty and risks analysis and design of infra-structures
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. José Pedro Gamito de Saldanha Calado Matos

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Guest Editor
Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability (CERIS), Lisbon University, Lisbon, Portugal
Interests: advanced topics in water resources and environment; impact assessment; hydrology and water resources
Prof. Dr. Martina Zeleňáková

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Košice, Vysokoskolska 4, 042 00 Kosice, Slovakia
Interests: water management; water structures; hydrology; rainwater management; environmental impact assessment; environmental risks
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Luis Angel Espinosa

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Association of Instituto Superior Técnico for Research and Development (IST-ID), Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability (CERIS), Lisbon University, Lisbon, Portugal
Interests: data mining; environmental engineering; civil engineering; climatology; meteorology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Understanding the rainfall-runoff processes and modelling extreme hydrological events, such as heatwaves, droughts, snowstorms, and excessive rainfall, are essential contributions for preventing and controlling the expected impacts of climate change and their consequences on natural and societal systems.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has conducted scientific assessments that stress the possible future changes in freshwater availability and warnings about the rise in the intensity and frequency of extreme events. However, it is still difficult to draw precise conclusions on the magnitude of these changes due to several challenges in modelling and constraints in data availability, quality, and consistency.

Especially with regard to extreme events, critical gaps occur in our observations, which are often limited to small regions. In addition, numerous ungauged locations still exist, despite the fact that many countries have attempted to establish high-quality climatological networks. The coverage of large and ungauged areas can be achieved by implementing novel database systems, such as climate data records produced from satellite or radar observations. In this case, retrieval, validation, and spatial weighting strategies are crucial for modelling rainfall-runoff processes and extreme hydrological events.

This Special Issue is focused on, but not limited to, physically or conceptually based rainfall-runoff and extreme event modelling with both established and cutting-edge data sources (e.g., downscaling satellite and reanalysis climatological products). However, original contributions that use data from ground-based sensors are also accepted. Along with observational studies, data analyses, and numerical simulations, this Special Issue also invites research on novel algorithms, for instance, aiming at exploring, validating and calibrating new data sources.

Prof. Dr. Maria Manuela Portela
Dr. José Pedro Gamito de Saldanha Calado Matos
Prof. Dr. Martina Zeleňáková
Dr. Luis Angel Espinosa
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • rainfall-runoff
  • extreme hydrological events
  • satellite
  • reanalysis
  • downscaling
  • climate change

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 24397 KiB  
Article
Estimating the Peak Outflow and Maximum Erosion Rate during the Breach of Embankment Dam
by Mahmoud T. Ghonim, Ashraf Jatwary, Magdy H. Mowafy, Martina Zelenakova, Hany F. Abd-Elhamid, H. Omara and Hazem M. Eldeeb
Water 2024, 16(3), 399; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16030399 - 25 Jan 2024
Viewed by 830
Abstract
Understanding and modeling a dam breaching process is an essential investigation, because it aims to minimize the flood’s hazards, and its impact on people and structures, using suitable mitigation plans. In the current study, three-dimensional numerical modeling is carried out using the FLOW-3D [...] Read more.
Understanding and modeling a dam breaching process is an essential investigation, because it aims to minimize the flood’s hazards, and its impact on people and structures, using suitable mitigation plans. In the current study, three-dimensional numerical modeling is carried out using the FLOW-3D HYDRO program to investigate the impact of various factors, including the dam grain size materials, crest width, inflow discharge, and tail water depth on the dam breach process, particularly the peak outflow, and the erosion rate. The results show that changing the grain size of the dam material from fine sand to medium and coarse sand leads to an increase in the peak outflow discharge by 16.0% and the maximum erosion rate by 20.0%. Furthermore, increasing the dam crest width by 40% leads to a decrease in the peak outflow by 3.0% and the maximum erosion rates by 4.50%. Moreover, increasing the inflow discharge by 25.0% increases the peak outflow by 23.0% and the maximum erosion rates by 21.0%. Finally, increasing the tail water depth by 50.0% leads to decreasing the peak outflow by 4.50% and the maximum erosion rate by 43.0%. The study findings are considered of high importance for dam design and operation control. Moreover, the results can be applied for the optimum determination of the crest width and tail water depth that leads to improving the dam stability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rainfall-Runoff and Extreme Event Modelling. Novel Database Systems)
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19 pages, 6965 KiB  
Article
Generation of High-Resolution Gridded Runoff Product for the Republic of Korea Sub-Basins from Seasonal Merging of Global Reanalysis Datasets
by Woo-Yeon Sunwoo, Hoang Hai Nguyen and Kyung-Soo Jun
Water 2023, 15(21), 3741; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15213741 - 26 Oct 2023
Viewed by 926
Abstract
Gridded runoff product at the sub-basin level is pivotal for effective hydrologic modeling and applications. Although reanalyses can overcome the lack of traditional stream gauge networks to provide reliable geospatial runoff data, the inherent uncertainties associated with single products are still a problem. [...] Read more.
Gridded runoff product at the sub-basin level is pivotal for effective hydrologic modeling and applications. Although reanalyses can overcome the lack of traditional stream gauge networks to provide reliable geospatial runoff data, the inherent uncertainties associated with single products are still a problem. This study aims to improve the single products’ limitations over the heterogeneous Republic of Korea region by merging three common global reanalysis datasets to generate a high-quality and long-term gridded runoff product at a high resolution. The merging method relies on triple collocation (TC) analysis, which requires no reference runoff dataset, with a modification that was applied separately to wet and dry seasons (seasonal merging). A comparison between the merged runoff and its parent products at 0.10° grid, on a daily basis, and using the entire 10-year period (2011–2020) against an independent ground-based sub-basin runoff product generally indicated a superior performance of the merged product even at the national scale of Republic of Korea. Moreover, a slight improvement obtained with the seasonal merging compared to the traditional all-time merging highlighted the potential of this modification to address several drawbacks in the TC assumption, especially the non-stationary runoff pattern caused by seasonal rainfall effects in the Republic of Korea. Despite the need for further improvement such as bias correction, the results of this study encourage making a reliable benchmark runoff product at a regional scale, which is beneficial for flood/drought monitoring and artificial intelligence-based hydrologic model training. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rainfall-Runoff and Extreme Event Modelling. Novel Database Systems)
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20 pages, 1966 KiB  
Article
Addressing the Spatiotemporal Patterns of Heatwaves in Portugal with a Validated ERA5-Land Dataset (1980–2021)
by Luis Angel Espinosa, Maria Manuela Portela, Laryssa Mariana Moreira Freitas and Salem Gharbia
Water 2023, 15(17), 3102; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15173102 - 29 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1135
Abstract
This study presents a comprehensive analysis of heatwaves in mainland Portugal from 1 October 1980 to 30 September 2021 (41 hydrological years). It addresses a research gap by providing an updated assessment using high-resolution reanalysis daily minimum and maximum temperature data (Tmin and [...] Read more.
This study presents a comprehensive analysis of heatwaves in mainland Portugal from 1 October 1980 to 30 September 2021 (41 hydrological years). It addresses a research gap by providing an updated assessment using high-resolution reanalysis daily minimum and maximum temperature data (Tmin and Tmax) from the gridded ERA5-Land dataset, overcoming the lack of publicly available daily temperature records. To assess the representation of the previous dataset, nine different grid-point locations across the country were considered. By comparing monthly ERA5-Land temperature data to ground-based records from the Portuguese Met Office, a monthly validation of the data was conducted for the longest common period, demonstrating good agreement between the two datasets. The heatwave magnitude index (HWMI) was employed to establish the temperature thresholds and thus identify heatwaves (defined as three or more consecutive days above the threshold). With over 640 Tmin heatwave days recorded at each of the nine ERA5-Land grid-points, data analysis revealed a discernible upward trend in Tmin heatwaves. The grid-point situated in the capital city’s urban area, i.e., Lisbon, exhibited the highest number of Tmin heatwave days. With an average of more than 800 Tmax heatwave days over the 41-year period, the northern and interior regions of Portugal had the greatest number of occurrences, reaching up to 916. A kernel rate estimation method was applied to further investigate the annual frequency of Tmin and Tmax heatwave occurrences. Results exhibited clear temperature changes, with a widespread increase in the number of heatwave days over the past two decades, particularly for Tmax. In summary, the occurrence of this phenomenon displayed significant spatial variations, with the southern interior and coastal grid-points experiencing a greater increase in annual Tmax heatwave days, rising from 10 to 30 between 2018 and 2019. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rainfall-Runoff and Extreme Event Modelling. Novel Database Systems)
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