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Journals
Vaccines
Special Issues
Fish Cells Involved in Antiviral Immune Response
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Fish Cells Involved in Antiviral Immune Response

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2021) | Viewed by 10104

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Maria Del Mar Ortega-Villaizan Romo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández, (IBMC-UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain
Interests: DNA vaccine; molecular biology; virology; innate immunity; RBCs
Dr. Verónica Chico Gras

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández, (IBMC-UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain
Interests: field of fish immunology; innate and adaptive immune response; viral pathogens in aquaculture; red blood cells in the fish immune response

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

An introduction about the Special Issue

The immune system of fish is “markedly dissimilar” from that of higher vertebrates, and it is mostly unknown in most fish species. This lack of knowledge limits the development of control strategies against viral infectious diseases. Several cell types have been involved in the antiviral response of fish, typically monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and strikingly erythrocytes, among others. In this regard, this Special Issue aims to gather the most recent advances on the cell types that, until now, have been involved in the antiviral immune response of fish.

Dr. Maria Del Mar Ortega-Villaizan Romo
Dr. Verónica Chico Gras
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • fish immune response
  • antiviral molecules
  • fish viruses
  • immune cells
  • fish diseases

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 3355 KiB  
Article
Oral Vaccination of Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) with Baculovirus-Expressed Grass Carp Reovirus (GCRV) Proteins Induces Protective Immunity against GCRV Infection
by Changyong Mu, Qiwang Zhong, Yan Meng, Yong Zhou, Nan Jiang, Wenzhi Liu, Yiqun Li, Mingyang Xue, Lingbing Zeng, Vikram N. Vakharia and Yuding Fan
Vaccines 2021, 9(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9010041 - 12 Jan 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2810
Abstract
The grass carp reovirus (GCRV) causes severe hemorrhagic disease with high mortality and leads to serious economic losses in the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) industry in China. Oral vaccine has been proven to be an effective method to provide protection against [...] Read more.
The grass carp reovirus (GCRV) causes severe hemorrhagic disease with high mortality and leads to serious economic losses in the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) industry in China. Oral vaccine has been proven to be an effective method to provide protection against fish viruses. In this study, a recombinant baculovirus BmNPV-VP35-VP4 was generated to express VP35 and VP4 proteins from GCRV type Ⅱ via Bac-to-Bac baculovirus expression system. The expression of recombinant VP35-VP4 protein (rVP35-VP4) in Bombyx mori embryo cells (BmE) and silkworm pupae was confirmed by Western blotting and immunofluorescence assay (IFA) after infection with BmNPV-VP35-VP4. To vaccinate the grass carp by oral route, the silkworm pupae expressing the rVP35-VP4 proteins were converted into a powder after freeze-drying, added to artificial feed at 5% and fed to grass carp (18 ± 1.5 g) for six weeks, and the immune response and protective efficacy in grass carp after oral vaccination trial was thoroughly investigated. This included blood cell counting and classification, serum antibody titer detection, immune-related gene expression and the relative percent survival rate in immunized grass carp. The results of blood cell counts show that the number of white blood cells in the peripheral blood of immunized grass carp increased significantly from 14 to 28 days post-immunization (dpi). The differential leukocyte count of neutrophils and monocytes were significantly higher than those in the control group at 14 dpi. Additionally, the number of lymphocytes increased significantly and reached a peak at 28 dpi. The serum antibody levels were significantly increased at Day 14 and continued until 42 days post-vaccination. The mRNA expression levels of immune-related genes (IFN-1, TLR22, IL-1β, MHC I, Mx and IgM) were significantly upregulated in liver, spleen, kidney and hindgut after immunization. Four weeks post-immunization, fish were challenged with virulent GCRV by intraperitoneal injection. The results of this challenge study show that orally immunized group exhibited a survival rate of 60% and relative percent survival (RPS) of 56%, whereas the control group had a survival rate of 13% and RPS of 4%. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the silkworm pupae powder containing baculovirus-expressed VP35-VP4 proteins could induce both non-specific and specific immune responses and protect grass carp against GCRV infection, suggesting it could be used as an oral vaccine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Cells Involved in Antiviral Immune Response)
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25 pages, 2330 KiB  
Article
Cellular Immune Responses in Rainbow Trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) Following Vaccination and Challenge Against Salmonid Alphavirus (SAV)
by Kimberly A. Veenstra, Kjartan Hodneland, Susanne Fischer, Kota Takehana, Rodrigo Belmonte and Uwe Fischer
Vaccines 2020, 8(4), 725; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8040725 - 02 Dec 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3167
Abstract
Viral disease outbreaks remain a significant limiting factor for aquaculture. The majority of licensed vaccines used in the industry are administered as oil-adjuvanted formulations carrying inactivated whole pathogens. Cell-mediated immune responses, in particular those based on virus-specific cytotoxic T-cells (CTLs) to conventional inactivated [...] Read more.
Viral disease outbreaks remain a significant limiting factor for aquaculture. The majority of licensed vaccines used in the industry are administered as oil-adjuvanted formulations carrying inactivated whole pathogens. Cell-mediated immune responses, in particular those based on virus-specific cytotoxic T-cells (CTLs) to conventional inactivated oil-based vaccines, are largely unexplored. As vaccines cannot be optimized against viral pathogens if knowledge of host cellular immune mechanisms remains unknown, in this study we examined fundamental cell-mediated immune responses after vaccination of rainbow trout with an oil-adjuvanted inactivated vaccine against salmonid alphavirus (SAV) and after infection with SAV. A unique in vitro model system was developed to examine MHC class I restricted CTL responses in a clonal line of rainbow trout. The levels of cell-mediated cytotoxicity were compared to pathology, virus load, specific antibody response, changes in immune cell populations, and mRNA expression. Our results hint that different protective mechanisms are being triggered by infection compared to vaccination. While vaccination itself did not cause a strong cytotoxic or humoral response, subsequent challenge of vaccinated fish resulted in significantly stronger and faster specific cytotoxicity, alongside reduced viral titers and pathology. Hence, testing a vaccine on the capacity to induce cell-mediated cytotoxicity will still require a challenge test. Examination of cellular markers additionally indicates that the initial innate response induced by the vaccine could play an important role in steering adaptive mechanisms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Cells Involved in Antiviral Immune Response)
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16 pages, 2914 KiB  
Article
IgM+ and IgT+ B Cell Traffic to the Heart during SAV Infection in Atlantic Salmon
by Anne Flore Bakke, Håvard Bjørgen, Erling Olaf Koppang, Petter Frost, Sergey Afanasyev, Preben Boysen, Aleksei Krasnov and Hege Lund
Vaccines 2020, 8(3), 493; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030493 - 31 Aug 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3100
Abstract
B cells of teleost fish differentiate in the head kidney, and spleen, and either remain in the lymphatic organs or move to the blood and peripheral tissues. There is limited knowledge about piscine B cell traffic to sites of vaccination and infection and [...] Read more.
B cells of teleost fish differentiate in the head kidney, and spleen, and either remain in the lymphatic organs or move to the blood and peripheral tissues. There is limited knowledge about piscine B cell traffic to sites of vaccination and infection and their functional roles at these sites. In this work, we examined the traffic of B cells in Atlantic salmon challenged with salmonid alphavirus (SAV). In situ hybridization (RNAScope) showed increased numbers of immunoglobin (Ig)M+ and IgT+ B cells in the heart in response to SAV challenge, with IgM+ B cells being most abundant. An increase in IgT+ B cells was also evident, indicating a role of IgT+ B cells in nonmucosal tissues and systemic viral infections. After infection, B cells were mainly found in the stratum spongiosum of the cardiac ventricle, colocalizing with virus-infected myocardial-like cells. From sequencing the variable region of IgM in the main target organ (heart) and comparing it with a major lymphatic organ (the spleen), co-occurrence in antibody repertoires indicated a transfer of B cells from the spleen to the heart, as well as earlier recruitment of B cells to the heart in vaccinated fish compared to those that were unvaccinated. Transcriptome analyses performed at 21 days post-challenge suggested higher expression of multiple mediators of inflammation and lymphocyte-specific genes in unvaccinated compared to vaccinated fish, in parallel with a massive suppression of genes involved in heart contraction, metabolism, and development of tissue. The adaptive responses to SAV in vaccinated salmon appeared to alleviate the disease. Altogether, these results suggest that migration of B cells from lymphatic organs to sites of infection is an important part of the adaptive immune response of Atlantic salmon to SAV. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Cells Involved in Antiviral Immune Response)
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