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Vaccines
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Trained Immunity-Based Vaccines: A New Generation in Vaccine Development
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Trained Immunity-Based Vaccines: A New Generation in Vaccine Development

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 April 2024) | Viewed by 2646

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Laura Conejero

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Innovation and Development, Inmunotek S.L., Alcalá de Henares, Spain
Interests: infection and immunity; vaccines; immunotherapy; trained immunity; asthma

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues, 

The need to find novel approaches to develop effective vaccines to fight against infections is a global issue. In this regard, emerging pathogens and the increasing threat of antimicrobial resistance place preventing infections as a public health priority. Recently, the novel concept of trained-immunity-based vaccines (TIbV) has been coined. TIbVs are described as vaccines with the ability to induce innate immune memory. Thus, they do not only confer a pathogen-specific protection against the antigens they contain, but they rather act by stimulating both the innate and the adaptive immune system, providing a long-lasting, broad-spectrum protection against a wide range of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Although originally described in the context of infection, scientific evidence over the last few years has demonstrated the potential role of trained immunity as a tool in sterile settings such as cancer and allergy. In this Special Issue, original studies and reviews are welcome. Research areas may include (but not limited to) the following: TIbVs in the context of infectious diseases, trained immunity as a strategy for cancer immunotherapy, or trained immunity as an alternative tool for the prevention and treatment of allergic diseases.

Dr. Laura Conejero
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • trained immunity
  • vaccination
  • infection
  • heterologous protection
  • trained-immunity-based vaccines (TIbV)
  • trained immunity for cancer immunotherapy
  • trained-immunity-based allergen vaccines

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 2202 KiB  
Article
MV130 in the Prevention of Recurrent Respiratory Tract Infections: A Retrospective Real-World Study in Children and Adults
by Karla Montalbán-Hernández, Ana Cogollo-García, Patricia Girón de Velasco-Sada, Raquel Caballero, Miguel Casanovas, José Luis Subiza and Laura Conejero
Vaccines 2024, 12(2), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12020172 - 07 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1080
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are among the most common and important problems in clinical medicine, making antibiotics the gold standard therapeutic option regardless of their frequent viral etiology. Their excessive and inappropriate use contributes to the rapid rise of antibiotic resistance and underscores [...] Read more.
Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are among the most common and important problems in clinical medicine, making antibiotics the gold standard therapeutic option regardless of their frequent viral etiology. Their excessive and inappropriate use contributes to the rapid rise of antibiotic resistance and underscores the need for alternative strategies, especially when dealing with recurrent RTIs. Prevention is the ideal alternative, but specific vaccines targeting a wide range of respiratory pathogens are scarce. MV130 is a sublingual bacterial vaccine that induces trained immunity and provides non-specific protection against respiratory pathogens in various clinical settings according to the concept of TIbV (Trained Immunity-based Vaccine). A retrospective real-world study (RWS) was conducted to evaluate the annual incidence of RTIs and the consumption of antibiotics before and after the administration of MV130, using data sourced from the medical records of 599 patients (186 children and 413 adults) who suffered from recurrent RTIs. The median number of infectious episodes in children was significantly reduced by more than 70% from 5 episodes (interquartile range (IQR) 4.0–6.0) to 1 (IQR, 0.0–2.0) (p < 0.001) after MV130. Similarly, in adults, the median number of episodes before MV130 immunization was 5 (IQR, 4.0–6.0), which dropped by more than 80% to 1 (IQR, 0.0–1.0) during the year following MV130 immunization (p < 0.001). The median number of antibiotic courses also significantly decreased for both children and adults by over 80% (p < 0.001). This RWS showed that MV130 is an effective strategy for the prevention of respiratory infections and the reduction of associated antibiotic consumption. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trained Immunity-Based Vaccines: A New Generation in Vaccine Development)
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Review

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27 pages, 2026 KiB  
Review
Vaccines Induce Homeostatic Immunity, Generating Several Secondary Benefits
by Arun B. Arunachalam
Vaccines 2024, 12(4), 396; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12040396 - 09 Apr 2024
Viewed by 1132
Abstract
The optimal immune response eliminates invading pathogens, restoring immune equilibrium without inflicting undue harm to the host. However, when a cascade of immunological reactions is triggered, the immune response can sometimes go into overdrive, potentially leading to harmful long-term effects or even death. [...] Read more.
The optimal immune response eliminates invading pathogens, restoring immune equilibrium without inflicting undue harm to the host. However, when a cascade of immunological reactions is triggered, the immune response can sometimes go into overdrive, potentially leading to harmful long-term effects or even death. The immune system is triggered mostly by infections, allergens, or medical interventions such as vaccination. This review examines how these immune triggers differ and why certain infections may dysregulate immune homeostasis, leading to inflammatory or allergic pathology and exacerbation of pre-existing conditions. However, many vaccines generate an optimal immune response and protect against the consequences of pathogen-induced immunological aggressiveness, and from a small number of unrelated pathogens and autoimmune diseases. Here, we propose an “immuno-wave” model describing a vaccine-induced “Goldilocks immunity”, which leaves fine imprints of both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory milieus, derived from both the innate and the adaptive arms of the immune system, in the body. The resulting balanced, ‘quiet alert’ state of the immune system may provide a jump-start in the defense against pathogens and any associated pathological inflammatory or allergic responses, allowing vaccines to go above and beyond their call of duty. In closing, we recommend formally investigating and reaping many of the secondary benefits of vaccines with appropriate clinical studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trained Immunity-Based Vaccines: A New Generation in Vaccine Development)
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