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IgA, IgG and Cell-Mediated Immunity: A Comprehensive Understanding of Effective...
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IgA, IgG and Cell-Mediated Immunity: A Comprehensive Understanding of Effective Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Vaccines

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Influenza Virus Vaccines".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2023) | Viewed by 5894

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Cunbao Liu

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
Interests: research and development on subunit vaccines; mRNA vaccines targeting infectious diseases

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the major causative agents of acute lower respiratory tract infection in infants and the elderly. Due to the lack of specific antiviral therapies, vaccines have been considered since the virus was discovered. Unfortunately, vaccine development has been hampered for half a century because lethal immunopathology was observed after inactivated vaccine immunization in infants. Since then, new vaccine immunization strategies and new vaccine forms have been applied to RSV vaccine development, among which maternal immunization strategy, vaccines based on viral vectors, subunit vaccines based on prefusion conformation design, and vaccines based on mRNA technology platforms have shown good application prospects. The latest clinical results show that prime injection of the prefusion forms of F protein without boost showed a promising effect in the elderly population, even without adjuvant.

Considering the complexity of RSV vaccination targets, which include infants, pregnant women and the elderly, we think it is time to summarize the experiences on the development of RSV vaccines based on non-inactivated technologies, in particular, those which can avoid immunopathology in infants, and those which may induce a high rate of protection and long-lasting efficacy in the elderly. In this Special Issue, contributions in the form of original research or reviews, including, but not limited to, the following topics are welcome: (i) basic research on RSV invasion and immunopathology; (ii) vaccine immunization strategies; (iii) vaccine antigen prefusion protein design; (iv) adjuvant effects to elevate vaccine efficacy and to lower the risk of immunopathology; and (v) strategies to avoid antibody decline and prolong vaccine efficacy.

Dr. Cunbao Liu
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • respiratory syncytial virus vaccine (RSV)
  • antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE)
  • maternal immunization
  • prefusion antigen
  • cell-mediated immunity (CMI)

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 2569 KiB  
Article
Dissolving Microneedles Loaded with Nanoparticle Formulation of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fusion Protein Virus-like Particles (F-VLPs) Elicits Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses
by Ipshita Menon, Smital Patil, Priyal Bagwe, Sharon Vijayanand, Akanksha Kale, Keegan Braz Gomes, Sang Moo Kang and Martin D’Souza
Vaccines 2023, 11(4), 866; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11040866 - 18 Apr 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2373
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the leading causes of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children ages five years and below. Recent outbreaks of the virus have proven that RSV remains a severe burden on healthcare services. Thus, a vaccine for RSV is [...] Read more.
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the leading causes of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children ages five years and below. Recent outbreaks of the virus have proven that RSV remains a severe burden on healthcare services. Thus, a vaccine for RSV is a need of the hour. Research on novel vaccine delivery systems for infectious diseases such as RSV can pave the road to more vaccine candidates. Among many novel vaccine delivery systems, a combined system with polymeric nanoparticles loaded in dissolving microneedles holds a lot of potential. In this study, the virus-like particles of the RSV fusion protein (F-VLP) were encapsulated in poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs). These NPs were then loaded into dissolving microneedles (MNs) composed of hyaluronic acid and trehalose. To test the in vivo immunogenicity of the nanoparticle-loaded microneedles, Swiss Webster mice were immunized with the F-VLP NPs, both with and without adjuvant monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) NPs loaded in the MN. The mice immunized with the F-VLP NP + MPL NP MN showed high immunoglobulin (IgG and IgG2a) levels both in the serum and lung homogenates. A subsequent analysis of lung homogenates post-RSV challenge revealed high IgA, indicating the generation of a mucosal immune response upon intradermal immunization. A flowcytometry analysis showed high CD8+ and CD4+ expression in the lymph nodes and spleens of the F-VLP NP + MPL NP MN-immunized mice. Thus, our vaccine elicited a robust humoral and cellular immune response in vivo. Therefore, PLGA nanoparticles loaded in dissolving microneedles could be a suitable novel delivery system for RSV vaccines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue IgA, IgG and Cell-Mediated Immunity: A Comprehensive Understanding of Effective Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Vaccines)
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14 pages, 2343 KiB  
Article
RSV A2-Based Prefusion F Vaccine Candidates Induce RSV A and RSV B Cross Binding and Neutralizing Antibodies and Provide Protection against RSV A and RSV B Challenge in Preclinical Models
by Freek Cox, Eirikur Saeland, Anne Thoma, Ward van den Hoogen, Lisanne Tettero, Joke Drijver, Cornelis Vaneman, Yolinda van Polanen, Tina Ritschel, Arangassery Rosemary Bastian, Benoit Callendret, Roland Zahn and Leslie van der Fits
Vaccines 2023, 11(3), 672; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11030672 - 16 Mar 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2474
Abstract
RSV is divided into two antigenic subtypes, RSV A and RSV B, which is largely based on the variation in the G protein, while the fusion protein F is more conserved and a target for antibody-mediated neutralization. Here we evaluate the breadth of [...] Read more.
RSV is divided into two antigenic subtypes, RSV A and RSV B, which is largely based on the variation in the G protein, while the fusion protein F is more conserved and a target for antibody-mediated neutralization. Here we evaluate the breadth of the protective immune responses across RSV A and RSV B subtypes, induced by vaccines based on the RSV A-based fusion protein, stabilized in the prefusion conformation (preF) in preclinical models. Immunization of naïve cotton rats with preF subunit or preF encoded by a replication incompetent Adenoviral 26, induced antibodies capable of neutralizing recent RSV A and RSV B clinical isolates, as well as protective efficacy against a challenge with RSV A and RSV B strains. Similarly, induction of cross-neutralizing antibodies was observed after immunization with Ad26-encoded preF, preF protein or a mix of both (Ad26/preF protein) in RSV pre-exposed mice and African Green Monkeys. Transfer of serum of human subjects immunized with Ad26/preF protein into cotton rats provide protection against challenges with both RSV A and RSV B, with complete protection against both strains observed in the lower respiratory tract. In contrast, almost no protection against RSV A and B infection was observed after the transfer of a human serum pool isolated pre-vaccination. These results collectively show that the RSV A-based monovalent Ad26/preF protein vaccine induced neutralizing antibodies, as well as protection against both RSV A and RSV B subtypes in animals, including by passive transfer of human antibodies alone, suggesting that clinical efficacy against both subtypes can be achieved. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue IgA, IgG and Cell-Mediated Immunity: A Comprehensive Understanding of Effective Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Vaccines)
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