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Vaccines
Special Issues
Vaccines in Ruminants
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Vaccines in Ruminants

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Veterinary Vaccines".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 9819

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Noemí Sevilla

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
Interests: ruminant viruses; viral immunology; adenovirus-based vaccines
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. José M. Rojas

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
Interests: immunology; vaccines; virus; immune response; sheep; BTV; PPRV
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Verónica Martín

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
Interests: viral immunology; adenovirus-based vaccines; virus; recombinant adenoviruses; immune response; sheep; BTV; PPRV
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Collegues,

Due to the risk of viral escape from antiviral treatments as well as the excessive use of antibiotics that leads to the appearance of bacterial resistances, vaccination continues to be one of the best measures to prevent infectious diseases, not only in humans but also in ruminants. The importance and impact of a pandemic caused by a human pathogen is not the same as that of diseases in ruminants. But, precisely because in our globalized world more and more frequent jumps of pathogens from animals to humans are taking place, animal health should be a priority.

The diseases that affect ruminants are usually important given the economic losses they produce, which are felt more severely in countries with few resources. Ruminant vaccination therefore also represents a weapon in the fight against poverty.

In this special issue we encourage you to share both new works and reviews as well as comments that highlight the advances in vaccinations and host molecular mechanisms underlying protection against the different diseases that affect ruminants.

We are looking forward to your interesting manuscript.

Dr. Noemí Sevilla
Dr. José M. Rojas
Dr. Verónica Martín
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • immunology
  • vaccines
  • virus
  • immune response
  • sheep
  • ruminants
  • new generation of vaccines
  • host-interaction

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 984 KiB  
Article
Relationship between Vaccine Application and Climate Factors in Sheep and Goat Farms in Greece
by Eleni I. Katsarou and George C. Fthenakis
Vaccines 2023, 11(4), 797; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11040797 - 4 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1147
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were (a) to evaluate the importance of climate-related variables in the vaccination patterns applied in sheep and goat farms in Greece and (b) to assess potential interactions between these factors and previously established important health management- and [...] Read more.
The objectives of the present study were (a) to evaluate the importance of climate-related variables in the vaccination patterns applied in sheep and goat farms in Greece and (b) to assess potential interactions between these factors and previously established important health management- and human resources-related factors applied in the farms. Vaccination patterns against chlamydial abortion, clostridial infections, contagious agalactia, contagious ecthyma, foot-rot, paratuberculosis, pneumonia or staphylococcal mastitis were assessed. Climatic variables (2010–2019 and 2018–2019) were obtained for 444 locations with small ruminant farms throughout Greece. Patterns of vaccine administration in the farms were obtained through interviews with farmers. The following nine outcomes were considered: ‘vaccination against chlamydial abortion’, ‘vaccination against clostridial infections’, ‘vaccination against contagious agalactia’, ‘vaccination against contagious ecthyma’, ‘vaccination against foot-rot’, ‘vaccination against paratuberculosis’, ‘vaccination against bacterial pneumonia’, ‘vaccination against staphylococcal mastitis’ and ‘total number of optional vaccines administered’. Univariable and multivariable analyses were first performed to establish associations of each of the above outcomes with climatic variables. Then, the same approach was employed to assess the importance of climatic variables against health management- and human resources-related factors in the administration of vaccines in the farms of the study. Climatic variables had a higher association with vaccinations against infections in sheep flocks (26 associations) than in goat herds (9 associations) (p = 0.002) and in farms with semi-extensive or extensive management (32 associations) than in farms with intensive or semi-intensive management (8 associations) (p < 0.0001). In 26 cases (38.8% of all analyses evaluated), the climatic variables overshadowed the management- and human resources-related variables assessed as significant predictors for vaccination. In most cases, these referred to sheep flocks (nine cases) and farms with semi-extensive or extensive management (eight cases). For all eight infections, there were changes in the climatic variables found to be significant predictors from the 10-year dataset to the 2-year dataset. The results indicated that, in some cases, climate factors overshadowed factors traditionally considered for the formulation of vaccination programs. This points out the significance of taking into account climate conditions in the health management of small ruminant farms. Future studies can be focused on formulating vaccination programs in accordance with climate factors and also on setting the optimum season(s) for vaccination of animals based on the circulation of the pathogens, the risks for the development of diseases and the stage within the annual production cycle of the animals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccines in Ruminants)
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19 pages, 1041 KiB  
Article
Efficacy of Phase I and Phase II Coxiella burnetii Bacterin Vaccines in a Pregnant Ewe Challenge Model
by Sarah E. Williams-Macdonald, Mairi Mitchell, David Frew, Javier Palarea-Albaladejo, David Ewing, William T. Golde, David Longbottom, Alasdair J. Nisbet, Morag Livingstone, Clare M. Hamilton, Stephen F. Fitzgerald, Søren Buus, Emil Bach, Annemieke Dinkla, Hendrik-Jan Roest, Ad P. Koets and Tom N. McNeilly
Vaccines 2023, 11(3), 511; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11030511 - 22 Feb 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1757
Abstract
The bacterium Coxiella burnetii can cause the disease Q-fever in a wide range of animal hosts. Ruminants, including sheep, are thought to play a pivotal role in the transmission of C. burnetii to humans; however, the only existing livestock vaccine, namely, Coxevac® [...] Read more.
The bacterium Coxiella burnetii can cause the disease Q-fever in a wide range of animal hosts. Ruminants, including sheep, are thought to play a pivotal role in the transmission of C. burnetii to humans; however, the only existing livestock vaccine, namely, Coxevac® (Ceva Animal Health Ltd., Libourne, France), a killed bacterin vaccine based on phase I C. burnetii strain Nine-Mile, is only approved for use in goats and cattle. In this study, a pregnant ewe challenge model was used to determine the protective effects of Coxevac® and an experimental bacterin vaccine based on phase II C. burnetii against C. burnetii challenge. Prior to mating, ewes (n = 20 per group) were vaccinated subcutaneously with either Coxevac®, the phase II vaccine, or were unvaccinated. A subset of pregnant ewes (n = 6) from each group was then challenged 151 days later (~100 days of gestation) with 106 infectious mouse doses of C. burnetii, Nine-Mile strain RSA493. Both vaccines provided protection against C. burnetii challenge as measured by reductions in bacterial shedding in faeces, milk and vaginal mucus, and reduced abnormal pregnancies, compared to unvaccinated controls. This work highlights that the phase I vaccine Coxevac® can protect ewes against C. burnetii infection. Furthermore, the phase II vaccine provided comparable levels of protection and may offer a safer and cost-effective alternative to the currently licensed vaccine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccines in Ruminants)
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18 pages, 2509 KiB  
Article
Protection against Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Afforded by Maternal Antibodies from Cows Immunized with an Inactivated Vaccine
by Gilles Meyer, Charlotte Foret-Lucas, Maxence Delverdier, Antoine Cuquemelle, Aurélie Secula and Hervé Cassard
Vaccines 2023, 11(1), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11010141 - 9 Jan 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2440
Abstract
The passive protection afforded by the colostrum from cattle that were vaccinated prepartum with an inactivated combination vaccine against the bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) was evaluated after an experimental challenge of calves. Pregnant cows without or with a low ELISA and neutralizing [...] Read more.
The passive protection afforded by the colostrum from cattle that were vaccinated prepartum with an inactivated combination vaccine against the bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) was evaluated after an experimental challenge of calves. Pregnant cows without or with a low ELISA and neutralizing BRSV antibody titers were twice vaccinated or not vaccinated, the last immunization being at one month prior to calving. Vaccination was followed by a rapid increase in BRSV antibody titers after the second immunization. Twenty-eightnewborn calves were fed during the 6 h following birth, with 4 L of colostrum sourced from vaccinated cows (14 vaccine calves) or non-vaccinated cows (14 control calves) and were challenged with BRSV at 21 days of age. We showed that maternal immunity to BRSV provides a significant reduction in the clinical signs of BRSV in calves, especially for severe clinical forms. This protection was correlated with reduced BRSV detection in the lower respiratory tract but not in nasal swabs, indicating an absence of protection against BRSV nasal excretion. Finally, transcriptomic assays in bronchoalveolar lavages showed no statistical differences between groups for chemokine and cytokine mRNA transcriptions, with the exception of the overexpression of IL-9 at days 6 and 10 post-challenge, and a severe downregulation of CXCL-1 at day 3 post-challenge, in the vaccine group. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccines in Ruminants)
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9 pages, 2036 KiB  
Communication
Vaccination against Bacterial Mastitis in Sheep
by Natalia G. C. Vasileiou, Daphne T. Lianou, Charalambia K. Michael, George C. Fthenakis and Vasia S. Mavrogianni
Vaccines 2022, 10(12), 2088; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10122088 - 7 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1584
Abstract
The objective of this review is to discuss the application of vaccination for the prevention of bacterial mastitis in ewes, performed within the frame of health management schemes in sheep flocks. Mastitis is a multi-faceted infection, caused most often by staphylococci; hence, special [...] Read more.
The objective of this review is to discuss the application of vaccination for the prevention of bacterial mastitis in ewes, performed within the frame of health management schemes in sheep flocks. Mastitis is a multi-faceted infection, caused most often by staphylococci; hence, special emphasis is given to staphylococcal mastitis, also given that most relevant studies refer to vaccinations against that infection. Studies regarding various vaccines have been performed; most studies refer to vaccination by using a vaccine making use of cell-free surface polysaccharides in various vehicles, bacterial unbound cells or bacterial cells embedded in their biofilm matrix. Vaccination against mastitis should be better performed during the final stage of pregnancy to allow protection of ewes from lambing and should be considered as one of many control measures for the prevention of the disease. The expected benefits of mastitis vaccination in sheep flocks include the following: (a) reduced incidence risk of clinical and subclinical mastitis, (b) reduced somatic cell counts, optimum chemical composition, absence of staphylococci in milk, (c) increased milk production, (d) reduced dissemination of mastitis-causing pathogens and (e) reduction of antibiotic use in flocks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccines in Ruminants)
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20 pages, 1971 KiB  
Article
Administration of Vaccines in Dairy Sheep and Goat Farms: Patterns of Vaccination, Associations with Health and Production Parameters, Predictors
by Daphne T. Lianou, Charalambia K. Michael, Efthymia Petinaki, Vasia S. Mavrogianni and George C. Fthenakis
Vaccines 2022, 10(9), 1372; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10091372 - 23 Aug 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1959
Abstract
This paper reports findings regarding patterns of vaccine usage in sheep and goat farms, in 325 sheep flocks and 119 goat herds throughout Greece. The objectives of the study were (a) to describe the patterns of vaccine administration in small ruminant farms and [...] Read more.
This paper reports findings regarding patterns of vaccine usage in sheep and goat farms, in 325 sheep flocks and 119 goat herds throughout Greece. The objectives of the study were (a) to describe the patterns of vaccine administration in small ruminant farms and (b) to highlight factors that were associated with vaccinations in the farms. Vaccination against brucellosis was performed in all farms into the study. Among optional vaccinations, anti-clostridial vaccination was most frequently performed (in 97.8% of farms), followed by vaccination against contagious agalactia, (56.5% of farms), pneumonia (41.2%), chlamydial abortion (38.1%), staphylococcal mastitis (36.0%), and paratuberculosis (9.5%). Vaccinations against pneumonia and staphylococcal mastitis were performed more frequently in sheep flocks, whilst vaccinations against paratuberculosis were performed more frequently in goat herds. On average, 2.8 and 2.7 optional vaccinations (i.e., additionally to vaccination against brucellosis) were performed in sheep and goat farms, respectively. The increased number of vaccines administered was associated with a higher average milk production in the respective farms. There was an association of vaccination against staphylococcal mastitis with a reduced recovery of staphylococci from the bulk-tank raw milk. In multivariable analyses, significant associations of the administration of the various optional vaccines were seen with 15 variables, 11 related to health management practices and 4 related to the demographic characteristics of farmers; the collaboration with a veterinarian, the daily number of milking sessions, and the period spent daily by the farmer at the farm premises were each associated with the administration of vaccines against three infections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccines in Ruminants)
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