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20 pages, 5856 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Capsid-Specific Antibody Responses of Domestic Pigs Immunized with Low-Virulent African Swine Fever Virus

by Priscilla Y. L. Tng, Laila Al-Adwani, Egle Pauletto, Joshua Y. K. Hui and Christopher L. Netherton

Vaccines 2023, 11(10), 1577; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11101577 - 10 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1258

Abstract

African swine fever (ASF) is a lethal disease in pigs that has grave socio-economic implications worldwide. For the development of vaccines against the African swine fever virus (ASFV), immunogenic antigens that generate protective immune responses need to be identified. There are over 150 viral proteins—many of which are uncharacterized—and humoral immunity to ASFV has not been closely examined. To profile antigen-specific antibody responses, we developed luciferase-linked antibody capture assays (LACAs) for a panel of ASFV capsid proteins and screened sera from inbred and outbred animals that were previously immunized with low-virulent ASFV before challenge with virulent ASFV. Antibodies to B646L/p72, D117L/p17, M1249L, and E120R/p14.5 were detected in this study; however, we were unable to detect B438L-specific antibodies. Anti-B646L/p72 and B602L antibodies were associated with recovery from disease after challenges with genotype I OUR T88/1 but not genotype II Georgia 2007/1. Antibody responses against M1249L and E120R/p14.5 were observed in animals with reduced clinical signs and viremia. Here, we present LACAs as a tool for the targeted profiling of antigen-specific antibody responses to inform vaccine development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Virus Infection, Immunity and Vaccines)

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16 pages, 6622 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Effective PEDV Vaccine Candidates Based on Viral Culture and Protease Activity

by Dae-Min Kim, Sung-Hyun Moon, Seung-Chai Kim, Ho-Seong Cho and Dongseob Tark

Vaccines 2023, 11(5), 923; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11050923 - 30 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1847

Abstract

Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is a highly contagious disease that has been reported annually in several Asian countries, causing significant economic losses to the swine livestock industry. Although vaccines against the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) are available, their efficacy remains questionable due to limitations such as viral genome mutation and insufficient intestinal mucosal immunity. Therefore, the development of a safe and effective vaccine is necessary. In this study, a virulent Korean strain of PEDV, CKT-7, was isolated from a piglet with severe diarrhea, and six different conditions were employed for serial passage of the strain in a cell culture system to generate effective live attenuated vaccine (LAV) candidates. The characteristics of these strains were analyzed in vitro and in vivo, and the CKT-7 N strain was identified as the most effective vaccine candidate, with a viral titer peak of 8.67 ± 0.29 log₁₀TCID₅₀/mL, and no mortality or diarrhea symptoms were observed in five-day-old piglets. These results indicate that LAV candidates can be generated through serial passage with different culture conditions and provide valuable insights into the development of a highly effective LAV against PEDV. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Virus Infection, Immunity and Vaccines)

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12 pages, 2573 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancement of Vaccine-Induced T-Cell Responses by PD-L1 Blockade in Calves

by Tomohiro Okagawa, Satoru Konnai, Hayato Nakamura, Otgontuya Ganbaatar, Yamato Sajiki, Kei Watari, Haruka Noda, Mitsuru Honma, Yukinari Kato, Yasuhiko Suzuki, Naoya Maekawa, Shiro Murata and Kazuhiko Ohashi

Vaccines 2023, 11(3), 559; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11030559 - 01 Mar 2023

Viewed by 2031

Abstract

Interactions between programmed death 1 (PD-1) and PD-ligand 1 (PD-L1) cause functional exhaustion of T cells by inducing inhibitory signals, thereby attenuating effector functions of T cells. We have developed an anti-bovine PD-L1 blocking antibody (Ab) and have demonstrated that blockade of the interaction between PD-1 and PD-L1 reactivates T-cell responses in cattle. In the present study, we examined the potential utility of PD-1/PD-L1-targeted immunotherapy in enhancing T-cell responses to vaccination. Calves were inoculated with a hexavalent live-attenuated viral vaccine against bovine respiratory infections in combination with treatment with an anti-PD-L1 Ab. The expression kinetics of PD-1 in T cells and T-cell responses to viral antigens were measured before and after vaccination to evaluate the adjuvant effect of anti-PD-L1 Ab. PD-1 expression was upregulated in vaccinated calves after the administration of a booster vaccination. The activation status of CD4⁺, CD8⁺, and γδTCR⁺ T cells was enhanced by the combination of vaccination and PD-L1 blockade. In addition, IFN-γ responses to viral antigens were increased following combinatorial vaccination with PD-L1 blockade. In conclusion, the blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction enhances T-cell responses induced by vaccination in cattle, indicating the potential utility of anti-PD-L1 Ab in improving the efficacy of current vaccination programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Virus Infection, Immunity and Vaccines)

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