Submit to Special Issue Submit Abstract to Special Issue Review for Vaccines Propose a Special Issue

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Epidemiology, Vaccinology and Surveillance of COVID-19

Print Special Issue Flyer
Special Issue Editors
Special Issue Information
Keywords
Published Papers

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "COVID-19 Vaccines and Vaccination".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 June 2024 | Viewed by 16264

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Min Liu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
Interests: epidemiology of infectious diseases; reproductive health; big data research and application in health

Dr. Jue Liu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
Interests: epidemiology of infectious diseases; prevention; control and management of infectious diseases; maternal and child health; big data research and application in health
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

At present, COVID-19 is still a global pandemic, and SARS-CoV-2 is constantly evolving and mutating, producing variants with different transmissibility and virulence. The rapid spread of COVID-19 causes enormous impacts on social, economic, and healthcare systems in the world. Effective treatments to block the spread of COVID-19 have not been developed yet, so countries implement a series of nontreatment interventions, such as social distancing, isolation, face masks, and quarantine, to reduce its rapid transmission. Therefore, we would like to encourage the presentation to this Special Issue of the molecular characterization of different SARS-CoV-2 variants and the epidemiological characterization of the COVID-19 caused by them. Given that the COVID-19 vaccine can effectively reduce the infection rate and severity rate of COVID-19, topics concerning vaccine effectiveness, safety, willingness to vaccinate, and hesitancy of vaccinating against COVID-19 will also be welcome. Adding new information on these topics could provide a better understanding of the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and help design new surveillance and prevention strategies.

Prof. Dr. Min Liu
Dr. Jue Liu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

COVID-19
epidemiology
vaccinology
vaccine adverse event
vaccine hesitancy
surveillance

Published Papers (9 papers)

Download All Papers

Order results

Result details

Show export options Show export options

Select all

Export citation of selected articles as:

Research

Jump to: Other

13 pages, 1725 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimating All-Cause Deaths Averted in the First Two Years of the COVID-19 Vaccination Campaign in Italy

by Giovanni Corrao, Gloria Porcu, Alina Tratsevich, Danilo Cereda, Giovanni Pavesi, Guido Bertolaso and Matteo Franchi

Vaccines 2024, 12(4), 413; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12040413 - 13 Apr 2024

Viewed by 704

Abstract

Comparing deaths averted by vaccination campaigns is a crucial public health endeavour. Excess all-cause deaths better reflect the impact of the pandemic than COVID-19 deaths. We used a seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average with exogenous factors model to regress daily all-cause deaths on annual trend, seasonality, and environmental temperature in three Italian regions (Lombardy, Marche and Sicily) from 2015 to 2019. The model was used to forecast excess deaths during the vaccinal period (December 2020–October 2022). We used the prevented fraction to estimate excess deaths observed during the vaccinal campaigns, those which would have occurred without vaccination, and those averted by the campaigns. At the end of the vaccinal period, the Lombardy region proceeded with a more intensive COVID-19 vaccination campaign than other regions (on average, 1.82 doses per resident, versus 1.67 and 1.56 in Marche and Sicily, respectively). A higher prevented fraction of all-cause deaths was consistently found in Lombardy (65% avoided deaths, as opposed to 60% and 58% in Marche and Sicily). Nevertheless, because of a lower excess mortality rate found in Lombardy compared to Marche and Sicily (12, 24 and 23 per 10,000 person-years, respectively), a lower rate of averted deaths was observed (22 avoided deaths per 10,000 person-years, versus 36 and 32 in Marche and Sicily). In Lombardy, early and full implementation of adult COVID-19 vaccination was associated with the largest reduction in all-cause deaths compared to Marche and Sicily. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology, Vaccinology and Surveillance of COVID-19)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1410 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Organisation of the COVID-19 Vaccination Process by the Teachers in a Region of Poland

by Tadeusz Jędrzejczyk, Anna Tyrańska-Fobke, Daniel Ślęzak, Weronika Kamińska, Mariusz F. Kaszubowski, Agnieszka Bem and Marlena Robakowska

Vaccines 2023, 11(10), 1619; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11101619 - 20 Oct 2023

Viewed by 899

Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess the organisational process of vaccination within the National Vaccination Programme against COVID-19 (NVP) in the professional group of teachers in Pomeranian Province, Poland. The main goal of the survey was to assess the quality of planning and executing of the NVP and to find a correlation between social and employment placements with the level of perception of chosen quality indicators of the NVP. The presented cross-sectional survey was conducted among 4622 teachers from all levels of education in public and non-public institutions who received the SARS-CoV-2 virus vaccination campaign with the vaccine from AstraZeneca as part of the NVP. The survey was conducted using an original, self-designed questionnaire prepared for this study and distributed to teachers in the form of an online survey via email. Bayesian logistic and linear regression were used to estimate the relationship between predictors and dependent variables. Age was the main factor associated with the performance assessment of the vaccination centre (log[BF] = 0.86–16.88), while gender was the main factor associated with the assessment of NVP (log[BF] = 3.15–10,6). The evaluation of the vaccination registration process (log[BF] = −7.01–50.26) and the evaluation of the information received on the management of post-vaccination reactions (log[BF] = −2.22–65.26) were significant parts of the NVP. It is crucial to tailor information messages to the age and gender of the recipients and to ensure the quality of the information provided by medical personnel, in particular the possible occurrence of vaccination reactions and how to deal with them. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology, Vaccinology and Surveillance of COVID-19)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 410 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thromboembolic Events after COVID-19 Vaccination: An Italian Retrospective Real-World Safety Study

by Francesca Futura Bernardi, Annamaria Mascolo, Marina Sarno, Nicolina Capoluongo, Ugo Trama, Rosanna Ruggiero, Liberata Sportiello, Giovanni Maria Fusco, Massimo Bisogno, Enrico Coscioni, Anna Iervolino, Pierpaolo Di Micco, Annalisa Capuano and Alessandro Perrella

Vaccines 2023, 11(10), 1575; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11101575 - 10 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1321

Abstract

Introduction: Real-world safety studies can provide important evidence on the thromboembolic risk associated with COVID-19 vaccines, considering that millions of people have been already vaccinated against COVID-19. In this study, we aimed to estimate the incidence of thromboembolic events after COVID-19 vaccination and to compare the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine with other COVID-19 vaccines. Methods: We conducted a retrospective real-world safety study using data from two different data sources: the Italian Pharmacovigilance database (Rete Nazionale di Farmacovigilanza, RNF) and the Campania Region Health system (Sistema INFOrmativo saNità CampanIA, SINFONIA). From the start date of the COVID-19 vaccination campaign (27 December 2021) to 27 September 2022, information on COVID-19 vaccinations and thromboembolic events were extracted from the two databases. The reporting rate (RR) and its 95% confidence interval (95%CI) of thromboembolic events for 10,000 doses was calculated for each COVID-19 vaccine. Moreover, the odds of being vaccinated with the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine vs. the other COVID-19 vaccines in cases with thromboembolic events vs. controls without thromboembolic events were computed. Results: A total of 12,692,852 vaccine doses were administered in the Campania Region, of which 6,509,475 (51.28%) were in females and mostly related to the Pfizer-BioNtech vaccine (65.05%), followed by Moderna (24.31%), Oxford–AstraZeneca (9.71%), Janssen (0.91%), and Novavax (0.02%) vaccines. A total of 641 ICSRs with COVID-19 vaccines and vascular events were retrieved from the RNF for the Campania Region, of which 453 (70.67%) were in females. Most ICSRs reported the Pfizer-BioNtech vaccine (65.05%), followed by Oxford–AstraZeneca (9.71%), Moderna (24.31%), and Janssen (0.91%). A total of 2451 events were reported in the ICSRs (3.8 events for ICSRs), of which 292 were thromboembolic events. The higher RRs of thromboembolic events were found with the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine (RR: 4.62, 95%CI: 3.50–5.99) and Janssen vaccine (RR: 3.45, 95%CI: 0.94–8.82). Thromboembolic events were associated with a higher likelihood of exposure to the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine compared to Pfizer-BioNtech (OR: 6.06; 95%CI: 4.22–8.68) and Moderna vaccines (OR: 6.46; 95%CI: 4.00–10.80). Conclusion: We observed a higher reporting of thromboembolic events with viral-vector-based vaccines (Oxford–AstraZeneca and Janssen) and an increased likelihood of being exposed to the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine compared to the mRNA vaccines (Pfizer-BioNtech and Moderna) among thromboembolic cases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology, Vaccinology and Surveillance of COVID-19)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 2918 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vaccination Utilization and Subnational Inequities during the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Interrupted Time-Series Analysis of Administrative Data across 12 Low- and Middle-Income Countries

by George Mwinnyaa, Michael A. Peters, Gil Shapira, Rachel Neill, Husnia Sadat, Sylvain Yuma, Pierre Akilimali, Shahadat Hossain, Naod Wendrad, Wisdom K. Atiwoto, Anthony Adofo Ofosu, Jean Patrick Alfred, Helen Kiarie, Chea Sanford Wesseh, Chris Isokpunwu, Desmond Maada Kangbai, Abdifatah Ahmed Mohamed, Kadidja Sidibe, Salome’ Drouard, Pablo Amor Fernandez, Viviane Azais, Tawab Hashemi, Peter M. Hansen and Tashrik Ahmed Show full author list Hide full author list

Vaccines 2023, 11(9), 1415; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11091415 - 24 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1194

Abstract

Background: During and after the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic, many countries experienced declines in immunization that have not fully recovered to pre-pandemic levels. This study uses routine health facility immunization data to estimate variability between and within countries in post-pandemic immunization service recovery for BCG, DPT1, and DPT3. Methods: After adjusting for data reporting completeness and outliers, interrupted time series regression was used to estimate the expected immunization service volume for each subnational unit, using an interruption point of March 2020. We assessed and compared the percent deviation of observed immunizations from the expected service volume for March 2020 between and within countries. Results: Six countries experienced significant service volume declines for at least one vaccine as of October 2022. The shortfall in BCG service volume was ~6% (95% CI −1.2%, −9.8%) in Guinea and ~19% (95% CI −16%, 22%) in Liberia. Significant cumulative shortfalls in DPT1 service volume are observed in Afghanistan (−4%, 95% CI −1%, −7%), Ghana (−3%, 95% CI −1%, −5%), Haiti (−7%, 95% CI −1%, −12%), and Kenya (−3%, 95% CI −1%, −4%). Afghanistan has the highest percentage of subnational units reporting a shortfall of 5% or higher in DPT1 service volume (85% in 2021 Q1 and 79% in 2020 Q4), followed by Bangladesh (2020 Q1, 83%), Haiti (80% in 2020 Q2), and Ghana (2022 Q2, 75%). All subnational units in Bangladesh experienced a 5% or higher shortfall in DPT3 service volume in the second quarter of 2020. In Haiti, 80% of the subnational units experienced a 5% or higher reduction in DPT3 service volume in the second quarter of 2020 and the third quarter of 2022. Conclusions: At least one region in every country has a significantly lower-than-expected post-pandemic cumulative volume for at least one of the three vaccines. Subnational monitoring of immunization service volumes using disaggregated routine health facility information data should be conducted routinely to target the limited vaccination resources to subnational units with the highest inequities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology, Vaccinology and Surveillance of COVID-19)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 258 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Perception of the Lebanese Adults about Vaccination: A Survey

by Rania Sakr, Mariana Helou, Cima Hamieh, Michelle Estephan, Remie Chrabieh, Pascale Salameh, Georges Khazen, Harout Kolanjian, Elsy Jabbour and Rola Husni

Vaccines 2023, 11(3), 621; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11030621 - 09 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1142

Abstract

Introduction: With the continuous spread and emergence of transmissible diseases, focusing on preventive measures is essential to decrease their incidence and spread. In addition to behavioral measures, vaccination is an optimal way to protect the population and eradicate infectious diseases. The majority are aware of children’s vaccinations, while many might not know that adult vaccinations are also essential. Objectives: This study aims to understand the perception of Lebanese adults towards vaccination and their knowledge and awareness of its importance. This is a national cross-sectional study, conducted between January 2020 and January 2021. Results: the data were collected from 1023 subjects, the majority being Lebanese, previously healthy, and with a graduate or post-graduate level of education. Out of these participants, 44.9% were advised to take vaccines, half of them by healthcare workers. The most common vaccine received during adult life is the Flu vaccine. Overall, 25.6% of the participants were unaware that they needed vaccines and 27.9% thought it is not indicated. Participants’ knowledge about vaccination is variable. In total, 39.4% agree or are uncertain whether vaccines contain harmful chemicals and 48.4% believe that vaccines will trigger diseases. The level of education and occupation significantly enhances knowledge about vaccination. Some participants 27.3% are concerned about the vaccine’s side effects. The group of young participants, graduates, and nonsmokers think that the vaccine is a necessity and had a positive attitude towards vaccination. Conclusions: Many Lebanese lack knowledge about adult vaccination protection and its benefits in the community. It is essential that the country’s health ministry department collaborate with the healthcare system to launch awareness campaigns about adult vaccination in the country to overcome the barriers and ensure better coverage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology, Vaccinology and Surveillance of COVID-19)

13 pages, 773 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness and Protection Duration of Anti-COVID-19 Vaccinations among Healthcare Personnel in Cluj-Napoca, Romania

by Maria I. Brumboiu, Edina Iuga, Andreea Ivanciuc, Sergiu Mutaffof, Alice S. Tudosa, Cristina Gherasimovici and Irina Iaru

Vaccines 2023, 11(3), 521; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11030521 - 23 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1377

Abstract

The anti-COVID-19 vaccines, developed for use during the pandemic period, must be evaluated for effectiveness in order to coordinate the vaccination program. Therefore, this study aimed to measure the anti-COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE) and duration of protection against symptomatic forms of infection among healthcare personnel who were professionally exposed to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. A prospective cohort study, which was conducted in a university hospital between January 2021 and April 2022, compared immunologically naïve and previously infected personnel who were vaccinated, revaccinated, or unvaccinated. The VE was measured based on survival rates constructed with the actuarial method, using 30 day intervals. Among the 783 subjects that were included in the study, those that were vaccinated showed a decrease in VE from 90.98% (95% confidence intervals (CI): 74.87–96.77) in the first 30 days to 69.95% (95% CI: 40.29–84.87) at 60 days after vaccination. The VE for revaccinated personnel was 93.27% (95% CI: 77.53–97.99) at 60 days and 86.54% (95% CI: 75.59–92.58) at 90 days after revaccination. For previously infected personnel, protection against reinfection was 94.03% (95% CI: 79.41–98.27) at 420 days and 82.08% (95% CI: 53.93–93.03) at 450 days after revaccination. The highest VE for preventing the symptomatic forms of COVID-19 was observed in the revaccinated, but only for a 3-month duration. Better protection against reinfection was provided by revaccination after passing through infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology, Vaccinology and Surveillance of COVID-19)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Other

Jump to: Research

15 pages, 3122 KiB

Open AccessCommentary

Harnessing the Power of Collaboration to Expand the Coverage and Equity of COVID-19 Vaccinations in India: A Community Collaboration Model

by Gopal Krishna Soni, Surbhi Seth, Sonal Arora, Kapil Singh, Amrita Kumari, Natasha Kanagat and Rebecca Fields

Vaccines 2023, 11(6), 1022; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061022 - 24 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1847

Abstract

Early in 2021, India embarked on the uphill journey of the COVID-19 vaccination of the largest population group in the world in a prioritized manner and in the shortest possible time. Considering the endless variety of geography and diverse socio-economic demographic, religious, and community contexts, there was a high likelihood of certain population subgroups with known vulnerabilities facing inequities, which were anticipated to be further accentuated by a digital divide. This necessitated devising solutions for such communities in a localized manner to aid the local government in breaking the service access and uptake barriers with an inclusive approach. To bridge this vital gap, the Momentum Routine Immunization Transformation and Equity project implemented a three-tiered collaboration, viz., government, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and a wide range of vulnerable and at-risk communities, utilizing knowledge exchange and use of data. The project implemented localization strategies through the NGOs for community engagement in conjunction with government vaccination teams to universalize COVID-19 vaccination uptake up to the last mile. The collaboration resulted in reaching close to 50 million beneficiaries through messaging and facilitated the administration of more than 14 million vaccine doses, including 6.1 million doses for vulnerable and marginalized communities in 18 States and Union territories in India, along with suggesting implications for public health practice and research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology, Vaccinology and Surveillance of COVID-19)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 1265 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Global Excess Mortality during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Weijing Shang, Yaping Wang, Jie Yuan, Zirui Guo, Jue Liu and Min Liu

Vaccines 2022, 10(10), 1702; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101702 - 12 Oct 2022

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4612

Abstract

Background: Currently, reported COVID-19 deaths are inadequate to assess the impact of the pandemic on global excess mortality. All-cause excess mortality is a WHO-recommended index for assessing the death burden of COVID-19. However, the global excess mortality assessed by this index remains unclear. We aimed to assess the global excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science for studies published in English between 1 January 2020, and 21 May 2022. Cross-sectional and cohort studies that reported data about excess mortality during the pandemic were included. Two researchers independently searched the published studies, extracted data, and assessed quality. The Mantel–Haenszel random-effects method was adopted to estimate pooled risk difference (RD) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: A total of 79 countries from twenty studies were included. During the COVID-19 pandemic, of 2,228,109,318 individuals, 17,974,051 all-cause deaths were reported, and 15,498,145 deaths were expected. The pooled global excess mortality was 104.84 (95% CI 85.56–124.13) per 100,000. South America had the highest pooled excess mortality [134.02 (95% CI: 68.24–199.80) per 100,000], while Oceania had the lowest [−32.15 (95% CI: −60.53–−3.77) per 100,000]. Developing countries had higher excess mortality [135.80 (95% CI: 107.83–163.76) per 100,000] than developed countries [68.08 (95% CI: 42.61–93.55) per 100,000]. Lower middle-income countries [133.45 (95% CI: 75.10–191.81) per 100,000] and upper-middle-income countries [149.88 (110.35–189.38) per 100,000] had higher excess mortality than high-income countries [75.54 (95% CI: 53.44–97.64) per 100,000]. Males had higher excess mortality [130.10 (95% CI: 94.15–166.05) per 100,000] than females [102.16 (95% CI: 85.76–118.56) per 100,000]. The population aged ≥ 60 years had the highest excess mortality [781.74 (95% CI: 626.24–937.24) per 100,000]. Conclusions: The pooled global excess mortality was 104.84 deaths per 100,000, and the number of reported all-cause deaths was higher than expected deaths during the global COVID-19 pandemic. In South America, developing and middle-income countries, male populations, and individuals aged ≥ 60 years had a heavier excess mortality burden. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology, Vaccinology and Surveillance of COVID-19)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1973 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Immunogenicity and Safety of COVID-19 Vaccines among People Living with HIV: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Liangyu Kang, Weijing Shang, Peng Gao, Yaping Wang, Jue Liu and Min Liu

Vaccines 2022, 10(9), 1569; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10091569 - 19 Sep 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2309

Abstract

Background: The immunogenicity and safety of COVID-19 vaccines among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) are unclear. We aimed to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of COVID-19 vaccines among PLWH. Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science from 1 January 2020 to 28 April 2022 and included observational studies, randomized clinical trials, and non-randomized clinical trials reporting extractable data about the immunogenicity and safety of COVID-19 vaccines among PLWH. Results: A total of 34 eligible studies covering 4517 PLWH were included. The pooled seroconversion rates among PLWH after the first and second doses were 67.51% (95% confident interval (CI) 49.09–85.93%) and 96.65% (95%CI 95.56–97.75%), respectively. The seroconversion was similar between PLWH and healthy controls after the first (risk ratio (RR) = 0.89, 95%CI 0.76–1.04) and the second (RR = 0.97, 95%CI 0.93–1.00) dose. Moreover, the geometric mean titer (GMT) showed no significant difference between PLWH and healthy controls after the first dose (standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.30, 95%CI -1.11, 1.70) and the second dose (SMD = -0.06, 95%CI -0.18, 0.05). Additionally, the pooled incidence rates of total adverse events among PLWH after the first and the second dose were 46.55% (95%CI 28.29–64.82%) and 30.96% (95%CI 13.23–48.70%), respectively. There was no significant difference in risks of total adverse events between PLWH and healthy controls after the first (RR = 0.86, 95%CI 0.67–1.10) and the second (RR = 0.88, 95%CI 0.68–1.14) dose. Conclusions: The available evidence suggested that the immunogenicity and safety of COVID-19 vaccines among PLWH were acceptable. There was no significant difference in the seroconversion rates and incidence rates of adverse events of COVID-19 vaccines between PLWH and healthy controls. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology, Vaccinology and Surveillance of COVID-19)

► Show Figures

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Epidemiology, Vaccinology and Surveillance of COVID-19

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editors

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Published Papers (9 papers)

Research

Other

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI