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Sustainable Chemistry
Special Issues
Circular Economy in Energy Storage Materials
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Circular Economy in Energy Storage Materials

A special issue of Sustainable Chemistry (ISSN 2673-4079).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 44329

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Cristina Pozo-Gonzalo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC 3125, Australia
Interests: applied electrochemistry; energy storage; metal air batteries; ionic liquid electrolytes; metal recovery

Special Issue Information

Dear colleagues,

The main scope of this Special Issue is the three main pillars of circular economy: redesign, repurpose and recovery in the area of energy storage materials—in general, strategies to extend materials’ lifetime before they reach the end of life but also considering resources sustainability. Energy storage materials will include current and well established technologies, but also emerging and new technologies.

One possible focus will be the design of electrodes and electrolytes which are of paramount importance in order to enhance the lifetime of a battery and battery safety during operation and during transportation, but also aiming to reduce the use of critical raw materials. The issue will also include papers focusing on battery repurposing and studies to understand lifetime prediction and state of health. Research work focusing on the recovery of key materials following the circular economy model, as well as providing greener approaches to current recovery methodologies by reducing or eliminating waste hazard will also be covered in this Special Issue.

Dr. Cristina Pozo-Gonzalo
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sustainable Chemistry is an international peer-reviewed open access quarterly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1000 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Circular economy
  • Energy storage
  • Sustainability
  • Recovery
  • Redesign
  • Repurpose
  • Solid and liquid electrolytes
  • Electrode
  • Safety
  • Nonvolatile and nonflammable solvents
  • Ionic liquids
  • Battery

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 2531 KiB  
Article
Chemical Upcycling of PET Waste towards Terephthalate Redox Nanoparticles for Energy Storage
by Nicolas Goujon, Jérémy Demarteau, Xabier Lopez de Pariza, Nerea Casado, Haritz Sardon and David Mecerreyes
Sustain. Chem. 2021, 2(4), 610-621; https://doi.org/10.3390/suschem2040034 - 03 Nov 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3570
Abstract
Over 30 million ton of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is produced each year and no more than 60% of all PET bottles are reclaimed for recycling due to material property deteriorations during the mechanical recycling process. Herein, a sustainable approach is proposed to produce [...] Read more.
Over 30 million ton of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is produced each year and no more than 60% of all PET bottles are reclaimed for recycling due to material property deteriorations during the mechanical recycling process. Herein, a sustainable approach is proposed to produce redox-active nanoparticles via the chemical upcycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) waste for application in energy storage. Redox-active nanoparticles of sizes lower than 100 nm were prepared by emulsion polymerization of a methacrylic-terephthalate monomer obtained by a simple methacrylate functionalization of the depolymerization product of PET (i.e., bis-hydroxy(2-ethyl) terephthalate, BHET). The initial cyclic voltammetry results of the depolymerization product of PET used as a model compound show a reversible redox process, when using a 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate/dimethyl sulfoxide electrolyte system, with a standard redox potential of −2.12 V vs. Fc/Fc+. Finally, the cycling performance of terephthalate nanoparticles was investigated using a 0.1 M TBAPF6 solution in acetonitrile as electrolyte in a three-electrode cell. The terephthalate anode electrode displays good cycling stability and performance at high C-rate (i.e., ≥5C), delivering a stable specific discharge capacity of 32.8 mAh.g−1 at a C-rate of 30 C, with a capacity retention of 94% after 100 cycles. However, a large hysteresis between the specific discharge and charge capacities and capacity fading are observed at lower C-rate (i.e., ≤2C), suggesting some irreversibility of redox reactions associated with the terephthalate moiety, in particular related to the oxidation process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circular Economy in Energy Storage Materials)
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Review

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39 pages, 7933 KiB  
Review
A Review on Battery Market Trends, Second-Life Reuse, and Recycling
by Yanyan Zhao, Oliver Pohl, Anand I. Bhatt, Gavin E. Collis, Peter J. Mahon, Thomas Rüther and Anthony F. Hollenkamp
Sustain. Chem. 2021, 2(1), 167-205; https://doi.org/10.3390/suschem2010011 - 09 Mar 2021
Cited by 189 | Viewed by 35166
Abstract
The rapid growth, demand, and production of batteries to meet various emerging applications, such as electric vehicles and energy storage systems, will result in waste and disposal problems in the next few years as these batteries reach end-of-life. Battery reuse and recycling are [...] Read more.
The rapid growth, demand, and production of batteries to meet various emerging applications, such as electric vehicles and energy storage systems, will result in waste and disposal problems in the next few years as these batteries reach end-of-life. Battery reuse and recycling are becoming urgent worldwide priorities to protect the environment and address the increasing need for critical metals. As a review article, this paper reveals the current global battery market and global battery waste status from which the main battery chemistry types and their management, including reuse and recycling status, are discussed. This review then presents details of the challenges, opportunities, and arguments on battery second-life and recycling. The recent research and industrial activities in the battery reuse domain are summarized to provide a landscape picture and valuable insight into battery reuse and recycling for industries, scientific research, and waste management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circular Economy in Energy Storage Materials)
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Other

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14 pages, 1458 KiB  
Perspective
Analysis of Sustainable Methods to Recover Neodymium
by Kalani Periyapperuma, Laura Sanchez-Cupido, Jennifer M. Pringle and Cristina Pozo-Gonzalo
Sustain. Chem. 2021, 2(3), 550-563; https://doi.org/10.3390/suschem2030030 - 17 Sep 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4374
Abstract
Neodymium (Nd) is one of the most essential rare-earth metals due to its outstanding properties and crucial role in green energy technologies such as wind turbines and electric vehicles. Some of the key uses includes permanent magnets present in technological applications such as [...] Read more.
Neodymium (Nd) is one of the most essential rare-earth metals due to its outstanding properties and crucial role in green energy technologies such as wind turbines and electric vehicles. Some of the key uses includes permanent magnets present in technological applications such as mobile phones and hard disk drives, and in nickel metal hydride batteries. Nd demand is continually growing, but reserves are severely limited, which has put its continued availability at risk. Nd recovery from end-of-life products is one of the most interesting ways to tackle the availability challenge. This perspective concentrates on the different methods to recover Nd from permanent magnets and rechargeable batteries, covering the most developed processes, hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy, and with a special focus on electrodeposition using highly electrochemical stable media (e.g., ionic liquids). Among all the ionic liquid chemistries, only phosphonium ionic liquids have been studied in-depth, exploring the impact of temperature, electrodeposition potential, salt concentration, additives (e.g., water) and solvation on the electrodeposition quality and quantity. Finally, the importance of investigating new ionic liquid chemistries, as well as the effect of other metal impurities in the ionic liquid on the deposit composition or the stability of the ionic liquids are discussed. This points to important directions for future work in the field to achieve the important goal of efficient and selective Nd recovery to overcome the increasingly critical supply problems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circular Economy in Energy Storage Materials)
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