Religiosity and Spirituality in Philosophical Practice: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives

A special issue of Religions (ISSN 2077-1444). This special issue belongs to the section "Religions and Health/Psychology/Social Sciences".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 April 2024) | Viewed by 8739

Special Issue Editors


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Associate Professor, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
Interests: philosophical practice; logic and critical thinking; analytic philosophy; experimental philosophy; epistemology; philosophy of science and technology; philosophy of religion; moral psychology; positive psychology
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Guest Editor
Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
Interests: moral psychology; positive psychology; social psychology; cultural psychology; psychology of technology
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Guest Editor
Erasmus Institute for Philosophical Practice, 3032 AD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Interests: individual coaching and counseling; Socratic group dialogue; philosophical walks; health science and epidemiology; the relationship between concepts and places

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Guest Editor
Department of Philosophy, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
Interests: historiography of Indian philosophy; philosophy of religion; Buddhism; political philosophy; philosophical counseling

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Philosophical Practice (PP), also known as philosophical counseling and therapy, is a new paradigm in contemporary Western philosophical research. The German philosopher Gerd B. Achenbach established the Institute for Philosophical Practice and Counseling in 1981, an event that was regarded as the beginning of the contemporary PP movement. PP is the application of philosophy in people’s daily life. A trained philosophical practitioner tries to correct people’s misconceptions and improve their ways of thinking through philosophical approaches. In this way, the practical or existential problems that they encounter in their daily lives can be well discussed and possibly be solved, so that they might ultimately obtain inner peace and profound happiness.

Since the very beginning of the contemporary PP movement, the roles of religiosity and spirituality have always been emphasized and explored. On the one hand, from the perspective of theories, the religious thoughts in history such as Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism and Daoism are important intellectual resources of the practical wisdom in both Eastern and Western philosophy. On the other hand, from the perspective of methods, religious and spiritual practices such as pastoral care and counseling, mindfulness meditation, reading, writing, and painting are all useful methods in the contemporary PP.

Thus, the purpose of this issue is to discuss the religious and spiritual dynamics in PP both theoretically and methodologically. We welcome original contributions of relevance to religions and PP with the hope of identifying the roles and positions of religiosity and spirituality in living a philosophical life. Authors are invited to submit theoretical or empirical research (quantitative, qualitative, case studies) and review papers. Intercultural, cross-tradition, and multidisciplinary research is highly welcome. Some keywords have been listed below for your possible reference.

Potential topics include but are not limited to:

  • Historical and contemporary perspectives on the relationship between religions and PP;
  • The demarcation of PP from religious counseling (agreements and differences);
  • Relationship between different styles of counseling (religious, philosophical, psychological, humanistic, artistic, medical, etc.);
  • Religious themes (theodicy, eschatology, determinism, reincarnation, etc.) in philosophical consultations;
  • Which questions should be referred to a specific kind of counsellor (pastor, guru, philosophical or humanistic counselor, psychologist, or doctor, etc.);
  • Whether and how religiosity and spirituality can be helpful in discussing people’s practical or existential problems in a secularized or post-secularized world.

Dr. Xiaojun Ding
Prof. Dr. Feng Yu
Dr. Peter Harteloh
Prof. Dr. Balaganapathi Devarakonda
Guest Editors

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a double-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Religions is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1800 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • religion

  • religiosity
  • spirituality
  • counseling
  • pastoral counseling
  • psychological counseling
  • philosophical practice
  • philosophical counseling
  • philosophical therapy
  • philosophy of religion
  • Christianity
  • Islam
  • Hinduism
  • Buddhism
  • Judaism
  • Daoism
  • mindfulness
  • meditation

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

10 pages, 243 KiB  
Article
Hildegard of Bingen: Philosophical Life and Spirituality
by Peter Harteloh
Religions 2024, 15(4), 506; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15040506 - 19 Apr 2024
Viewed by 352
Abstract
Hildegard of Bingen (1098–1179) was a medieval mystic. From a young age, she had many colorful visions and became well known and influential not only in her own time but in ours as well. Her music reached the mellow house scene in the [...] Read more.
Hildegard of Bingen (1098–1179) was a medieval mystic. From a young age, she had many colorful visions and became well known and influential not only in her own time but in ours as well. Her music reached the mellow house scene in the 1990s, reviving Hildegard’s spirituality for people today. In this paper, I will approach Hildegard as a philosophical practitioner and conduct an imaginary philosophical consultation. I will study her biography, listen to her words by some authentic text fragments and propose a spiritual exercise on her music in order not to just think about Hildegard of Bingen but to try and think like Hildegard of Bingen, in line with the principles of philosophical practice. This way, I will try to understand Hildegard in a practical way and not (just) annotate the regular (theoretical) interpretations of her life. I will distinguish three phases in her life as movements towards spirituality: (1) her relationship with the world, (2) her relationship with God, and (3) her relationship with herself as a spiritual being. I will argue that her life is an example of a philosophical life. Hildegard’s “not fitting in any place” (being átopos) and her development define such a life as a path towards an authentic self, attained by spirituality. The paper intends to contribute both to the understanding of philosophical consultations and to the understanding of Hildegard of Bingen. Full article
18 pages, 845 KiB  
Article
Spiritual Exercises in the Rinzai Zen Tradition: Imminence and Disruption in Ikkyū Sōjun and Hakuin Ekaku
by Kevin Taylor and Eli Kramer
Religions 2024, 15(2), 226; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15020226 - 16 Feb 2024
Viewed by 768
Abstract
In this paper, we will present Rinzai practices from Zen Masters Ikkyū Sōjun (一休宗純, 1394–1481) and Hakuin Ekaku (白隠 慧鶴, 1686–1769) as offering a distinctive kind of spiritual exercise: disruptive reorientation to transcendence (enlightenment) through immanence (a return to the world in all [...] Read more.
In this paper, we will present Rinzai practices from Zen Masters Ikkyū Sōjun (一休宗純, 1394–1481) and Hakuin Ekaku (白隠 慧鶴, 1686–1769) as offering a distinctive kind of spiritual exercise: disruptive reorientation to transcendence (enlightenment) through immanence (a return to the world in all its ugly distractions, beauty, and insight). This paper seeks to explore Hadot’s philosophy as a way of life (PWL) through Rinzai Zen’s unique and often bizarre spiritual exercises. In so doing, this paper hopes to explore new grounds for PWL spiritual exercises in the eccentricities of Japanese Rinzai Zen masters whose approaches wander and diverge yet remain distinctively Rinzai in nature. In the first section, we provide some background on treating spiritual exercises in an intercultural context and explore the exemplarily disruptive spiritual exercises that Rinzai Zen offers PWL practice, especially through poetry, kōans, and meditation in the midst of everyday activity. We then turn to particular examples found in the lives and spiritual practices of Ikkyū and Hakuin. We conclude with reflections on how Rinzai Zen and PWL inform one another through the exploration of “spiritual exercise” and disruption not only as scholarly pursuits but also in terms of our own arts of mindful living today. Full article
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11 pages, 215 KiB  
Article
“Normalcy” in Behavioral Philosophy and in Spiritual Practice
by Aleksandar Fatic
Religions 2024, 15(2), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15020205 - 08 Feb 2024
Viewed by 842
Abstract
This paper introduces the concept of behavioral philosophy, discusses its relationship to philosophical counseling and psychotherapy, and focuses on the concept of normalcy as the normative foundation for a broader discussion on pathology versus philosophical dysfunctionality in life. Following the starting definitions, the [...] Read more.
This paper introduces the concept of behavioral philosophy, discusses its relationship to philosophical counseling and psychotherapy, and focuses on the concept of normalcy as the normative foundation for a broader discussion on pathology versus philosophical dysfunctionality in life. Following the starting definitions, the argument proceeds to considering how normalcy as a normative foundation of both behavioral philosophy and philosophical counseling and of psychotherapy (along with pathology and pathologization) plays a role in the perspective of behavioral self-improvement sought by behavioral philosophy and by psychotherapy (for various reasons, depending on the psychotherapeutic school and methodology). The author concludes that normalcy, rather than pathology or mental disorder, is the focal concept to discuss in order to understand the role of spirituality and spiritual conviction and belief within the context of therapeutic change, whether it is interpreted philosophically or strictly psychotherapeutically. Full article
10 pages, 507 KiB  
Article
The Spirituality of Logic-Based Therapy
by Elliot D. Cohen
Religions 2024, 15(1), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15010092 - 11 Jan 2024
Viewed by 693
Abstract
Logic-Based Therapy and Consultation (LBTC) identifies sets of irrational thinking or “cardinal fallacies” that promote self-defeating emotions, such as depression, anxiety, guilt, and anger. To overcome these fallacies, LBTC enlists philosophical ideas to attain virtue. The latter “guiding virtues” are ideals, never fully [...] Read more.
Logic-Based Therapy and Consultation (LBTC) identifies sets of irrational thinking or “cardinal fallacies” that promote self-defeating emotions, such as depression, anxiety, guilt, and anger. To overcome these fallacies, LBTC enlists philosophical ideas to attain virtue. The latter “guiding virtues” are ideals, never fully achievable, which are thus aspirational in character. Philosophical ideas are considered “uplifting” when they phenomenologically connect the client to such virtues. From this phenomenological perspective, this connection is experienced by the client as a “leading up” or transcendence with a sense of liberation from the suffering generated by the cardinal fallacy. Herein, lies an intensely spiritual experience. For clients who are religious and utilize religious philosophies to aspire to virtue, this experience is deeply religious. For those who embrace non-religious philosophies (those that are not God-centered), this liberating experience is nonetheless spiritual. It is typically described by clients as a sense of freedom or lightness; a deep peace of mind or serenity associated with the guiding virtue of all guiding virtues: metaphysical security. This article provides an analysis of the nature and conditions under which this deeply spiritual experience is attainable during the course of LBTC practice. Full article
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10 pages, 219 KiB  
Article
Worlding with the Creal: Autonomous Intelligence and Philosophical Practice
by Luis de Miranda
Religions 2024, 15(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15010026 - 22 Dec 2023
Viewed by 614
Abstract
Philosophical practice is guided by an ideal of autonomous intelligence: to think for oneself. But is a fully autonomous form of intelligence possible? Autonomy in thinking may be thought to be relative or absolute. First, one may imagine an asymptotic social process of [...] Read more.
Philosophical practice is guided by an ideal of autonomous intelligence: to think for oneself. But is a fully autonomous form of intelligence possible? Autonomy in thinking may be thought to be relative or absolute. First, one may imagine an asymptotic social process of self-ruling; in this case, to become philosophically healthy would then mean to become more virtuous and more autonomous cognitively, relative to others or to a previous version of ourselves. But there seems to be a contradiction here, as autonomy seems to imply, by definition, completeness rather than comparison or relativity, the latter being seen as a form of dependence. Hence, a second stance, absolute rather than relative: the idea that some humans can achieve a perfect state of philosophical health, implying full autonomous intelligence. This hypothesis was historically thought to imply a state of autarkia, self-divinization, or autotheosis: being divine by one’s own effort. Many have forgotten that most ancient philosophers, chief among them Epicurus, Plato, and Aristotle, thought this likeness to a god (homoiosis theoi) to be the reward of theoria, a theoretical life. I argue that we can reconcile relative and absolute cognition by understanding autonomous intelligence to be a cosmotheosis: a becoming divine not as an act of singular separation, but by welcoming the multiversal reality that we already are, and partaking in the universal creative worlding process referred to here as “Creal”. In this sense, philosophical practice calls for a pantheistic form of religiosity; a shared cosmology that compossibilizes all intercreative entities. Full article
13 pages, 274 KiB  
Article
Spiritual Exercises and the Question of Religion in the Work of Pierre Hadot
by Matthew Sharpe
Religions 2023, 14(8), 998; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14080998 - 03 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1331
Abstract
This paper addresses John M. Cooper’s critique, and related critiques, of Pierre Hadot’s conception of philosophy as a way of life for collapsing the distinction between philosophy and religion, via the category of “spiritual exercises”. The paper has two parts. Part 1, a [...] Read more.
This paper addresses John M. Cooper’s critique, and related critiques, of Pierre Hadot’s conception of philosophy as a way of life for collapsing the distinction between philosophy and religion, via the category of “spiritual exercises”. The paper has two parts. Part 1, a pars destruens, will show how Hadot presents three cogent rebuttals of these charges, with which he was familiar as early as the 1980s, following the publication of the first edition of his 1981 collection, Exercises spirituels et philosophie antique. In part 2, a pars construens, putting aside the vexed category of “religion”, we will examine how Hadot reconsiders the place of the sacred in ancient philosophy, positioning the latter as not the attempt to rationally dispel any sense of the sacred in the world, but to relocate it from within the sanctioned cultic places and temples of traditional Greco-Roman religion to within the inner life of the godlike sage. Full article
24 pages, 1012 KiB  
Article
The Therapy of Desire in Times of Crisis: Lessons Learned from Buddhism and Stoicism
by Xiaojun Ding, Yueyao Ma, Feng Yu and Lily M. Abadal
Religions 2023, 14(2), 237; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14020237 - 09 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2530
Abstract
Desire is an important philosophical topic that deeply impacts everyday life. Philosophical practice is an emerging trend that uses philosophical theories and methods as a guide to living a eudaimonic life. In this paper, we define desire philosophically and compare different theories of [...] Read more.
Desire is an important philosophical topic that deeply impacts everyday life. Philosophical practice is an emerging trend that uses philosophical theories and methods as a guide to living a eudaimonic life. In this paper, we define desire philosophically and compare different theories of desire in specific Eastern and Western traditions. Based on the Lacanian conceptual–terminological triad of “Need-Demand-Desire”, the research of desire is further divided into three dimensions, namely, the subject of desire, the object of desire, and the desire itself. The concept of desire is then analyzed from this triad and these three dimensions through different philosophical theories. This paper selects Buddhism as the representative of Eastern tradition, and Stoicism as the representative of the West, paying special attention to Stoicism’s “spiritual exercises” following Pierre Hadot. By exploring and comparing the Buddhist paths to liberation from suffering (i.e., the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path) and the two theoretical pillars in Stoicism (i.e., the notions of “living according to nature” and “the dichotomy of control”), practical guidance is then provided for understanding and regulating desire in times of crisis. This understanding and regulation of desire constitutes a philosophical therapy for today’s troubles, particularly those caused by excessive or irrational desires. Full article
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