Luther’s theology and Feminism

A special issue of Religions (ISSN 2077-1444).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2019) | Viewed by 35140

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
California Lutheran University, PLTS 2000 Center Street, Suite 200, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This project calls for a focused and an in-depth treatment of Martin Luther’s theology from a feminist perspective, broadly conceived.

The word “feminism” [1] is used beyond its historical roots with European and North American feminism to include a variety of voices that identify with scholarship that 1) acknowledges the reality of sex/gender in human life, 2) that offers critical reading of the Christian tradition(s) with a special attention to the voices and experiences of women, and 3) that at least on some level concerns itself with issues of equality, justice, and emancipation [2].

The contributions in this issue/ebook will offer 1) fresh and intellectually rigorous assessment of Luther’s theology vis-à-vis feminist concerns, 2) theological analysis with Luther’s sources and teachings with contemporary constructive questions in mind, and 3) feminist reconstruction of theologies that engage Luther critically and from “doctrinal” or philosophical points of view. The articles will, collectively, suggest important and well-argued paradigm shifts as well as they will model revised or entirely new methods for Luther scholarship. The word “theology” is the key, and the word can be construed broadly.

Authors for this project read Luther in different languages and they critique and construct with Luther’s theology in different contexts. The 16th century man Luther, with his substantial and rich production (with its inner tensions and evolutions), is engaged critically and constructively, by women scholars who consider his voice worth testing and conversing with, and/or who engage Luther in their own theological work. While a variety of topics are included, Luther’s theology is considered particularly for its value for “freedom theologies” and freedom urgencies.

Namely, there are reasons to consider Martin Luther as a freedom fighter in his time and place, and as an ally for freedom work today. Considering the monk Luther’s powerful personal experience of freedom of conscience that led him on a path of a reformer (with consequences intended and unintended), and paying close attention to his major statements about the theological premises and both philosophical and practical implications of “Christian Freedom,” which he argued Christologically and from his un-authorized “new” reading of the Scriptures, and observing the different kinds of eruptions vis-a-vis power and theological imagination and epistemologies of his day, it is easy to see how his reforming vision aroused hopes for freedom and radical changes in the world as well as the church.

The interest in these articles, however, is not the historical assessment of Luther in this regard, but rather the promise of his theology – its ingredients and orientations in critical analysis and conversation with feminist theologies today. One shared, underlying question can be this: How can Luther’s theology fuel theological freedom work today, and if so, with what premises, elements, caveats and considerations?

The aim with this issue/e-book is to offer a substantial milestone study that stands tall in the field of theological scholarship  - on a par with the pioneering milestone works achieved by Catholic feminist scholars with their critical and forward-looking treatment of the Christian tradition broadly speaking, while rooting themselves within the Catholic tradition (e.g. E. Johnson, R. R. Ruether). In the bull’s eye in this study is Martin Luther, a key figure in Christian theological tradition, a “game changer” in many ways, whose production warrants critical and substantial and collective engagement from feminist scholars. Lutheran feminist scholars in particular are called to the task. This work is long overdue.

Authors are invited to suggest a preliminary topic and title for their article, with a description of their goals, sources, and methods. The final plan for the whole will be designed by and negotiated with the editor and in conversation with the contributors. The editor will organize the articles in relevant groups and write an introduction.

[1] Feminist scholarship, originating in Europe and North America academically speaking, has caused a major eruption and emancipation in Christian theology – a reformation of the reformations, still ongoing, and ever multiplying with new conversation partners and hermeneutics to be tested and applied. Womanist, Hispanic/Latina/Mujerista theologies, and Asian and African and other “Fourth World” feminist theologies, including “Indecent theology”, have further expanded the scholarship.

[2] With the preliminary question of “how about women”, feminist scholarship has significantly contributed to theological work in several ways: e.g., bringing a human experience, a woman’s experience in particular, to the forefront in interpreting Christian sources, correcting or refocusing patriarchal narratives of the central, or “marginal”, Christian stories, and calling for significant paradigm shifts vis-a-vis theological categories, questions, source assessment and analysis, and methods, and speaking theologically to the different dimensions of human life. Equality, emancipation, solidarity and justice are some of the core values in feminist theological work.

Prof. Dr. Kirsi Stjerna
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a double-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Religions is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1800 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • women, feminist, theology
  • gender/sex, queer
  • freedom, liberation, emancipation
  • experience, body, sexuality
  • reason, faith, redemption, Scriptures, hermeneutics, epistemology
  • grace
  • sin, will, virtue
  • church, sacraments

Published Papers (9 papers)

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Editorial

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2 pages, 133 KiB  
Editorial
Epilogue: Luther’s Theology and Feminism
by Kirsi Stjerna
Religions 2020, 11(5), 240; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11050240 - 12 May 2020
Viewed by 1369
Abstract
‘Critically’ and ‘compassionately’—these are key words for engaging Luther and feminist scholarship in the same space.[...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Luther’s theology and Feminism)

Research

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8 pages, 182 KiB  
Article
Free to Die: A Lutheran-Relational Approach to Medical Assistance in Dying
by Kayko Driedger Hesslein
Religions 2020, 11(4), 213; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11040213 - 23 Apr 2020
Viewed by 3197
Abstract
In 2016, Canada legalized Bill C-14, which removed from the Criminal Code medical assistance in dying (MAID) under certain circumstances. In essence, the Bill legalized what is commonly described as euthanasia, under the provisions that the patient has a terminal medical diagnosis, anticipates [...] Read more.
In 2016, Canada legalized Bill C-14, which removed from the Criminal Code medical assistance in dying (MAID) under certain circumstances. In essence, the Bill legalized what is commonly described as euthanasia, under the provisions that the patient has a terminal medical diagnosis, anticipates extreme suffering, is at least 18 years old and still maintains their own medical power of attorney, has received the same diagnosis from two separate doctors, and requests such a procedure without duress. The bill exempts doctors and nurses from culpability in murder, along with those aiding the medical staff. The bill replaces sections of the Criminal Code that criminalize death by suicide. In this article, I first review the theological and historical interpretation of suicide within the Christian church. I then offer a specifically Lutheran feminist framework of our baptism into death, Luther’s explanation of the First Commandment, and Christian freedom to affirm Christians’ faithful decisions in seeking medical assistance in dying. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Luther’s theology and Feminism)
14 pages, 234 KiB  
Article
To Spite the Devil: Martin Luther and Katharina von Bora’s Wedding as Reform and Resistance
by Diane V. Bowers
Religions 2020, 11(3), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11030116 - 09 Mar 2020
Viewed by 7188
Abstract
The basis of Martin Luther’s decision to marry Katharina von Bora on 13 June 1525, stemmed from his public, theological position that unless one were a particular exception, all men and women should marry. However, Luther’s decision to marry when he did was [...] Read more.
The basis of Martin Luther’s decision to marry Katharina von Bora on 13 June 1525, stemmed from his public, theological position that unless one were a particular exception, all men and women should marry. However, Luther’s decision to marry when he did was controversial because the Peasants’ Revolt raged, and it was surprising because up until November of 1524 Luther had stated that he was in his mind averse to marriage (for himself). Yet in May of 1525 Luther stated that he intended to take “his Katie” to wife, and in June, he did so. Why did Luther change his mind, and marry precisely when he did? I argue that the timing of his decision was influenced by Luther’s apocalyptic sensibility that he was living in the last days, the immediate political context of the Peasants’ Revolt, and the death of Elector Frederick the Wise of Saxony, Luther’s patron and protector. The reason for his choice of Katharina von Bora as his wife included the need to secure for her financial support, but no less, her exercise of her own agency in choosing him as a husband. Can we say that Luther also personally warmed to the idea of marriage, drawn to the companionship of bed and table that it provided? There is certainly support for answering “yes.” Luther’s decision to marry was a theological, confessional, and political act, and yet these do not preclude the very human, personal, and relational factors in his decision. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Luther’s theology and Feminism)
10 pages, 193 KiB  
Article
Martin Luther and the Early Modern Beginnings of a Feminist Maternal Theology
by Amy Marga
Religions 2020, 11(3), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11030115 - 09 Mar 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3916
Abstract
This essay argues that the German Reformer, Martin Luther, makes a contribution to a Christian feminist theology of mothering. His preaching and theology about child-bearing stand out in the Christian theology of his time because of the realistic way in which he describes [...] Read more.
This essay argues that the German Reformer, Martin Luther, makes a contribution to a Christian feminist theology of mothering. His preaching and theology about child-bearing stand out in the Christian theology of his time because of the realistic way in which he describes the experiences of pregnancy and birth, especially in contrast to conventional descriptions of the Virgin Mary’s maternity. Yet Luther is no feminist. He maintains essentialist views of women and attaches women too closely to home life. But his optimistic view of the female child-bearing body subverts the traditional Christian views of the cursed female body and affirms the power that women have in God’s activities of creation and new creation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Luther’s theology and Feminism)
9 pages, 195 KiB  
Article
Language, Sex, and Luther: Feminist Observations
by Mary J. Streufert
Religions 2020, 11(2), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11020083 - 11 Feb 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2392
Abstract
Reading Luther from a feminist perspective reveals paradoxes and ambiguities in Luther’s writings related to language and sex, but we cannot make sense of Luther without important historical information, particularly the history of the meaning of sex; it affords a fresh reading of [...] Read more.
Reading Luther from a feminist perspective reveals paradoxes and ambiguities in Luther’s writings related to language and sex, but we cannot make sense of Luther without important historical information, particularly the history of the meaning of sex; it affords a fresh reading of Luther. Even while Luther reinforces male-identified language and symbolism, he begins to shift it, and his work offers clues relevant to theological dialogue on the androcentrism of the Christian tradition 500 years into the ongoing reformation of Christianity. Because of the power dynamics infused in Western accounts of sex, gender, and sexuality for humans, Christians cannot in good faith cling to a primary gender or sex identity for God. More careful English translations demonstrate Luther is a resource in this work because he begins to shift an androcentric view of God and humanity even while paradoxically repeating it. Previous English translations of Luther have obscured his shifts in language and imagery and thus have led English readers to misunderstand Luther’s subtle but powerful views. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Luther’s theology and Feminism)
14 pages, 290 KiB  
Article
Contradictions, Contextuality, and Conceptuality: Why Is It that Luther Is Not a Feminist?
by Else Marie Wiberg Pedersen
Religions 2020, 11(2), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11020081 - 10 Feb 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3255
Abstract
It is the aim of this article to constructively discuss some of the feminist critique that has been raised against the sixteenth century reformer, Martin Luther, and concomitantly to demonstrate the complexity, and primarily liberal aspects, of his view of women. At its [...] Read more.
It is the aim of this article to constructively discuss some of the feminist critique that has been raised against the sixteenth century reformer, Martin Luther, and concomitantly to demonstrate the complexity, and primarily liberal aspects, of his view of women. At its outset, the article points to the fact that there are many different types of feminism, the biggest difference existing between constructivist and essentialist feminisms. Having placed myself as a constructivist feminist with a prophetic-liberating perspective, I ponder how feminism as an -ism can again earn the respect it seems to have lost in the wider academia. I suggest that feminists nuance their use of strong concepts when assessing historical texts, viewing the assessed texts against the backdrop of their historical context, and that feminists stop romanticizing the Middle Ages as a golden age for women. In this vein, I point to the problem that many feminists make unsubstantiated and counterfactual statements based on co-readings of different strands of Protestantism, and that they often uncritically repeat these statements. I problematize, first, the psycho-historian Lyndal Roper’s claim that Luther should have held some of the most misogynist formulations known, which is absurd against the backdrop of the misogyny found in the centuries before Luther, especially in medieval texts by the Dominicans /the Scholastics. Second, the claims of feminist theologian Rosemary R. Ruether’s that Luther, like Calvin, worsened the status of women, which are counterfactual. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Luther’s theology and Feminism)
8 pages, 195 KiB  
Article
Luther/an(d) Feminist Intersectional Theology
by Caryn D. Riswold
Religions 2020, 11(2), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11020054 - 21 Jan 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2611
Abstract
This article will offer some criteria for evaluating a contemporary feminist engagement with Martin Luther’s work. The key theory and method is intersectionality: where Luther’s theology has resonance with intersectionality is where his work continues to have potential for feminist theological engagement. In [...] Read more.
This article will offer some criteria for evaluating a contemporary feminist engagement with Martin Luther’s work. The key theory and method is intersectionality: where Luther’s theology has resonance with intersectionality is where his work continues to have potential for feminist theological engagement. In turn, intersectionality helps identify and explain some of the lingering failures and limitations of his work for contemporary theology. Six core concepts of intersectionality will be explored and applied to Luther’s work, suggesting that where he fails is precisely where contemporary feminist theology has significant insight to offer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Luther’s theology and Feminism)
14 pages, 267 KiB  
Article
Luther, Same-Sex Marriage, and the Evangelical-Lutheran Church of Finland: A Gender-Sensitive Historical Analysis
by Sini Mikkola
Religions 2020, 11(1), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11010048 - 18 Jan 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 6295
Abstract
The issue of whether to accept same-sex relationships as marriages has been under discussion worldwide in recent years, including in the Nordic countries, such as Finland. While in other Nordic countries, the Lutheran churches officiate same-sex marriages, the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland [...] Read more.
The issue of whether to accept same-sex relationships as marriages has been under discussion worldwide in recent years, including in the Nordic countries, such as Finland. While in other Nordic countries, the Lutheran churches officiate same-sex marriages, the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland (ELCF) has rejected it on theological grounds that are largely based on Reformation Era sources. This article examines the constitution committee report that was used as the basis of the decision made by the General Synod of the ELCF in May 2018 to not accept same-sex marriages. Through close reading of the report and performing content analysis from a gender-sensitive historical perspective, the article claims that the validity of the arguments of the report can be called into question, due to the lack of a hermeneutical awareness of the differences between the sixteenth and the twenty-first centuries, and the highly selective use of the sources from the Reformation Era in the document. The article concludes by pointing out that making use of the Reformation heritage in theology, instead of replicating the arguments of the sixteenth century, would have produced a theologically and historically more solid report, which could well have been in favor of extending the view on marriage in the ELCF. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Luther’s theology and Feminism)

Review

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18 pages, 284 KiB  
Review
Women in Luther’s Life and Theology: Scholarship in Recent Years
by Laura Kathryn Jurgens
Religions 2020, 11(2), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11020068 - 31 Jan 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3997
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to provide a broad but comprehensive review of the current scholarship on Martin Luther and women. Luther’s thoughts and actions still play an important role as witnessed by the recent events commemorating the five-hundredth anniversary of the [...] Read more.
The purpose of this article is to provide a broad but comprehensive review of the current scholarship on Martin Luther and women. Luther’s thoughts and actions still play an important role as witnessed by the recent events commemorating the five-hundredth anniversary of the Protestant Reformation. However, after five-hundred years, it is surprising that there continues to be relatively little scholarship on Luther’s ideas about women, especially from a feminist perspective. Luther wrote much about women and related topics such as marriage, sexuality, and the family which can be found throughout nearly every type of his works. For example, Luther not only wrote extensively about women throughout his theological works, but also wrote personal correspondence to women. Yet, Luther’s theological attitudes towards women and his encounters with women need to be explored further. This review is significant because it highlights the major scholarly works that address Luther and women. This review not only provides a helpful framework for the readers of this Special Issue of Religions, but it also emphasizes the necessity for future scholarship to continue to explore Martin Luther’s complex relationship with women in his life and theology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Luther’s theology and Feminism)
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