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14 pages, 1188 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of VOCs in Urine Samples Directed towards of Bladder Cancer Detection

by Tomasz Ligor, Przemysław Adamczyk, Tomasz Kowalkowski, Ileana Andreea Ratiu, Anna Wenda-Piesik and Bogusław Buszewski

Molecules 2022, 27(15), 5023; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27155023 - 07 Aug 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2090

Abstract

Bladder cancer is one of most common types of cancer diagnosed in the genitourinary tract. Typical tests are costly and characterized by low sensitivity, which contributes to a growing interest in volatile biomarkers. Head space solid phase microextraction (SPME) was applied for the [...] Read more.

Bladder cancer is one of most common types of cancer diagnosed in the genitourinary tract. Typical tests are costly and characterized by low sensitivity, which contributes to a growing interest in volatile biomarkers. Head space solid phase microextraction (SPME) was applied for the extraction of volatile organic compounds from urine samples, and gas chromatography time of flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC TOF MS) was used for the separation and detection of urinary volatiles. A cohort of 40 adult patients with bladder cancer and 57 healthy persons was recruited. Different VOC profiles were obtained for urine samples taken from each group. Twelvecompounds were found only in the samples from theBC group.The proposed candidate biomarkers are butyrolactone; 2-methoxyphenol; 3-methoxy-5-methylphenol; 1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexa-1,3-dien-1-yl)-2-buten-1-one; nootkatone and 1-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexenyl)-2-buten-1-one.Since most of the studies published in the field are proving the potential of VOCs detected in urine samples for the screening and discrimination of patients with bladder cancer from healthy, but rarely presenting the identity of proposed biomarkers, our study represents a novel approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Volatile Organic Compounds Analysis in Various Matrices)

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13 pages, 1641 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chemometric Analysis of Urinary Volatile Organic Compounds to Monitor the Efficacy of Pitavastatin Treatments on Mammary Tumor Progression over Time

by Paul Grocki, Mark Woollam, Luqi Wang, Shengzhi Liu, Maitri Kalra, Amanda P. Siegel, Bai-Yan Li, Hiroki Yokota and Mangilal Agarwal

Molecules 2022, 27(13), 4277; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27134277 - 03 Jul 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1802

Abstract

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urine are potential biomarkers of breast cancer. Previously, our group has investigated breast cancer through analysis of VOCs in mouse urine and identified a panel of VOCs with the ability to monitor tumor progression. However, an unanswered question [...] Read more.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urine are potential biomarkers of breast cancer. Previously, our group has investigated breast cancer through analysis of VOCs in mouse urine and identified a panel of VOCs with the ability to monitor tumor progression. However, an unanswered question is whether VOCs can be exploited similarly to monitor the efficacy of antitumor treatments over time. Herein, subsets of tumor-bearing mice were treated with pitavastatin at high (8 mg/kg) and low (4 mg/kg) concentrations, and urine was analyzed through solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Previous investigations using X-ray and micro-CT analysis indicated pitavastatin administered at 8 mg/kg had a protective effect against mammary tumors, whereas 4 mg/kg treatments did not inhibit tumor-induced damage. VOCs from mice treated with pitavastatin were compared to the previously analyzed healthy controls and tumor-bearing mice using chemometric analyses, which revealed that mice treated with pitavastatin at high concentrations were significantly different than tumor-bearing untreated mice in the direction of healthy controls. Mice treated with low concentrations demonstrated significant differences relative to healthy controls and were reflective of tumor-bearing untreated mice. These results show that urinary VOCs can accurately and noninvasively predict the efficacy of pitavastatin treatments over time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Volatile Organic Compounds Analysis in Various Matrices)

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9 pages, 4209 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Emission Profiles of Volatiles during 3D Printing with ABS, ASA, Nylon, and PETG Polymer Filaments

by Wojciech Wojnowski, Mariusz Marć, Kaja Kalinowska, Paulina Kosmela and Bożena Zabiegała

Molecules 2022, 27(12), 3814; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27123814 - 14 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2566

Abstract

In this short communication we characterize the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing using four polymer materials, namely polyethylene terephthalate glycol-modified (PETG), acrylonitrile styrene acrylate (ASA), Nylon, and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). Detailed emission profiles are [...] Read more.

In this short communication we characterize the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing using four polymer materials, namely polyethylene terephthalate glycol-modified (PETG), acrylonitrile styrene acrylate (ASA), Nylon, and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). Detailed emission profiles are obtained during thermal degradation of the polymers as a function of temperature and also in real-time during 3D printing. Direct quantitative measurement was performed using proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS). Qualitative determination of the volatiles emitted from the printed elements at various temperatures was accomplished using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The emission rates of VOCs differ significantly between the different polymer filaments, with the emission from Nylon and PETG more than an order of magnitude lower than that of ABS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Volatile Organic Compounds Analysis in Various Matrices)

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23 pages, 15414 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Volatile Organic Compounds and Physiological Parameters as Markers of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Infection with Phytopathogens

by Aleksandra Steglińska, Katarzyna Pielech-Przybylska, Regina Janas, Mieczysław Grzesik, Sebastian Borowski, Dorota Kręgiel and Beata Gutarowska

Molecules 2022, 27(12), 3708; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27123708 - 09 Jun 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1905

Abstract

The feasibility of early disease detection in potato seeds storage monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and plant physiological markers was evaluated using 10 fungal and bacterial pathogens of potato in laboratory-scale experiments. Data analysis of HS-SPME-GC-MS revealed 130 compounds released from infected [...] Read more.

The feasibility of early disease detection in potato seeds storage monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and plant physiological markers was evaluated using 10 fungal and bacterial pathogens of potato in laboratory-scale experiments. Data analysis of HS-SPME-GC-MS revealed 130 compounds released from infected potatoes, including sesquiterpenes, dimethyl disulfide, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, 2,6,11-trimethyldodecane, benzothiazole, 3-octanol, and 2-butanol, which may have been associated with the activity of Fusarium sambucinum, Alternaria tenuissima and Pectobacterium carotovorum. In turn, acetic acid was detected in all infected samples. The criteria of selection for volatiles for possible use as incipient disease indicators were discussed in terms of potato physiology. The established physiological markers proved to demonstrate a negative effect of phytopathogens infecting seed potatoes not only on the kinetics of stem and root growth and the development of the entire root system, but also on gas exchange, chlorophyll content in leaves, and yield. The negative effect of phytopathogens on plant growth was dependent on the time of planting after infection. The research also showed different usefulness of VOCs and physiological markers as the indicators of the toxic effect of inoculated phytopathogens at different stages of plant development and their individual organs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Volatile Organic Compounds Analysis in Various Matrices)

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14 pages, 1716 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Very Volatile Organic Compounds and Odors from Veneered Medium Density Fiberboard Coated with Water-Based Lacquers

by Weidong Wang, Xiwei Shen, Siqi Zhang, Ruixue Lv, Ming Liu, Wang Xu, Yu Chen and Huiyu Wang

Molecules 2022, 27(11), 3626; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27113626 - 05 Jun 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1864

Abstract

Very volatile organic compounds (VVOCs) are a group of important odor pollutants affecting indoor air quality that have been shown to be harmful to human health. A 15 L environmental chamber, combined with multi-bed tube was used to collect gases. Fifteen very volatile [...] Read more.

Very volatile organic compounds (VVOCs) are a group of important odor pollutants affecting indoor air quality that have been shown to be harmful to human health. A 15 L environmental chamber, combined with multi-bed tube was used to collect gases. Fifteen very volatile organic compounds (VVOCs), including 12 odor compounds, were identified from veneered medium density fiberboard coated with water-based lacquer (WB-MDF) using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry/olfactometry (GC-MS/O). The total very volatile organic compound (TVVOC) and total odor intensity (TOI) showed a decreasing trend over time, reaching equilibrium on day 28. TVVOC showed an overall slow-fast-slow emission profile, from day 3 to day 7, with a maximum decay rate of 29.7%. TOI showed the greatest rate of decline from day 1 to day 3, at approximately 12%. Alkane and alcohol VVOCs were the more abundant compounds, accounting for at least 60% and even up to 80% of the total. The major odor impression was fruity, with a highest odor rating of 6.6, followed by sweet, with an odor rating of 6.1. Although the odor impression changed from sweet to fruity over time, it seemed pleasant overall. The odor contributors were mainly alkanes, alcohols, esters, and ethers, which had relatively high odor intensities. The main odor-contributing substances were dichloromethane, ethanol, ethyl acetate, 2-methylacrylic acid methyl ester, and tetrahydrofuran. When WB-MDF is used for furniture or other decorative materials, it is strongly recommended that it be stored under ventilation for at least 28 days and the adoption of substitute solvents of lacquers, modified adhesives, and low-odor wood raw materials is recommended. These possible initiatives would contribute to the aim of building an environmentally friendly indoor environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Volatile Organic Compounds Analysis in Various Matrices)

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14 pages, 1854 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Volatiles Released from Roots of Wild and Domesticated Tomato Plants under Insect Attack

by Ana Shein Lee Díaz, Muhammad Syamsu Rizaludin, Hans Zweers, Jos M. Raaijmakers and Paolina Garbeva

Molecules 2022, 27(5), 1612; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27051612 - 28 Feb 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3099

Abstract

Plants produce volatile organic compounds that are important in communication and defense. While studies have largely focused on volatiles emitted from aboveground plant parts upon exposure to biotic or abiotic stresses, volatile emissions from roots upon aboveground stress are less studied. Here, we [...] Read more.

Plants produce volatile organic compounds that are important in communication and defense. While studies have largely focused on volatiles emitted from aboveground plant parts upon exposure to biotic or abiotic stresses, volatile emissions from roots upon aboveground stress are less studied. Here, we investigated if tomato plants under insect herbivore attack exhibited a different root volatilome than non-stressed plants, and whether this was influenced by the plant’s genetic background. To this end, we analyzed one domesticated and one wild tomato species, i.e., Solanum lycopersicum cv Moneymaker and Solanum pimpinellifolium, respectively, exposed to leaf herbivory by the insect Spodoptera exigua. Root volatiles were trapped with two sorbent materials, HiSorb and PDMS, at 24 h after exposure to insect stress. Our results revealed that differences in root volatilome were species-, stress-, and material-dependent. Upon leaf herbivory, the domesticated and wild tomato species showed different root volatile profiles. The wild species presented the largest change in root volatile compounds with an overall reduction in monoterpene emission under stress. Similarly, the domesticated species presented a slight reduction in monoterpene emission and an increased production of fatty-acid-derived volatiles under stress. Volatile profiles differed between the two sorbent materials, and both were required to obtain a more comprehensive characterization of the root volatilome. Collectively, these results provide a strong basis to further unravel the impact of herbivory stress on systemic volatile emissions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Volatile Organic Compounds Analysis in Various Matrices)

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16 pages, 904 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Defoliation Treatments of Babica Grape Variety(Vitis vinifera L.) on Volatile Compounds Content in Wine

by Toni Kujundžić, Vesna Rastija, Domagoj Šubarić, Vladimir Jukić, Florian Schwander and Mato Drenjančević

Molecules 2022, 27(3), 714; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030714 - 21 Jan 2022

Viewed by 1539

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of defoliation performed in the Babica red grape variety on the volatile compounds in produced wine. Three treatments were performed during 2017 and 2018: the removal of six leaves before flowering (FL) and [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of defoliation performed in the Babica red grape variety on the volatile compounds in produced wine. Three treatments were performed during 2017 and 2018: the removal of six leaves before flowering (FL) and at the end of veraison (VER), as well as control (C). Volatile compounds were analyzed using a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrophotometric detector. Results were statistically evaluated by analysis of variance (ANOVA at the p = 0.05 level) and principal component analysis (PCA). Defoliation treatments were affected by the concentration of several compounds, but only in one year. The VER2017 treatment significantly increased the concentration of three aliphatic esters up to 8 C atoms and octanoic acid ethyl ester. The FL2017 treatment increased the concentration of three aliphatic alcohols. The FL2018 treatment has significantly enhanced the concentration ethyl cinnamate but decreased the concentrations of eugenol and dihydro-2-methyl-3(2H)-thiophenone. Both defoliation treatments reduced the concentration of γ-decanolactone in 2017. Aldehydes, monoterpenoles, and monoterpenes remained unaffected by the defoliation treatments. Vintage was found to be the largest source of variability for most volatile compounds under investigation, which was confirmed by PCA. The effect of defoliation in the mild-Mediterranean climate was found to mostly depend on seasonal weather conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Volatile Organic Compounds Analysis in Various Matrices)

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18 pages, 7431 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detection and Identification of VOCs Using Differential Ion Mobility Spectrometry (DMS)

by Wojciech Fabianowski, Mirosław Maziejuk, Monika Szyposzyńska and Monika Wiśnik-Sawka

Molecules 2022, 27(1), 234; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010234 - 30 Dec 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1644

Abstract

The article presents a technique of differential ion mobility spectrometry (DMS) applicable to the detection and identification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from such categories as n-alkanes, alcohols, acetate esters, ketones, botulinum toxin, BTX, and fluoro- and chloro-organic compounds. A possibility of mixture [...] Read more.

The article presents a technique of differential ion mobility spectrometry (DMS) applicable to the detection and identification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from such categories as n-alkanes, alcohols, acetate esters, ketones, botulinum toxin, BTX, and fluoro- and chloro-organic compounds. A possibility of mixture identification using only the DMS spectrometer is analyzed, and several examples are published for the first time. An analysis of different compounds and their mechanisms of fragmentation, influence on effective ion temperature, and high electric field intensity is discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Volatile Organic Compounds Analysis in Various Matrices)

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17 pages, 854 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fresh Basil Infusion: Effect of Sous-Vide Heat Treatment on Their Volatile Composition Profile, Sensory Profile, and Color

by Artur Głuchowski, Ewa Czarniecka-Skubina, Krzysztof Tambor and Elvyra Jariené

Molecules 2022, 27(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010005 - 21 Dec 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2552

Abstract

Herbs, including basil, are used to enhance the flavor of food products around the world. Its potential is influenced by the quality of fresh herbs and processing practices, wherein conditions of heat treatment play an important role. The aim of the research was [...] Read more.

Herbs, including basil, are used to enhance the flavor of food products around the world. Its potential is influenced by the quality of fresh herbs and processing practices, wherein conditions of heat treatment play an important role. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of sous-vide heat treatment on the volatile compounds profile, sensory quality, and color of basil infusions. The material used for research was aqueous basil infusion prepared conventionally at 100 °C, and using the sous-vide method (65, 75, and 85 °C). The composition of volatile compounds was identified by GC/MS analysis, the sensory profile was assessed using a group of trained panelists, while the color was instrumentally assessed in the CIE Lab system. No significant differences were found in the intensity of the taste and aroma of basil infusions at different temperatures. Seventy headspace volatile compounds were identified in the analyzed samples, ten of which exceeded 2% of relative area percentage. The most abundant compounds were eucalyptol (27.1%), trans-ocimene (11.0%), β-linalool (9.2%), and β-myrcene (6.7%). Most of the identified compounds belonged to the terpenes and alcohols groups. Our findings show that the conventional herbal infusion was more like a sous-vide infusion prepared at the lowest temperature SV₆₅, while SV₇₅ and SV₈₅ were similar to each other but different from the conventional. However, a smaller number of volatile compounds in the samples heated at higher temperatures of sous-vide were identified. The sous-vide samples showed a higher content of alkanes. The sous-vide method (p ≤ 0.05) resulted in darker, less green, and less yellow basil leaves than fresh and traditionally steeped ones. Long heat treatment under vacuum at higher temperatures causes a pronounced change in the aroma composition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Volatile Organic Compounds Analysis in Various Matrices)

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14 pages, 3029 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Volatile Compounds in Blackcurrant Berries: Differences among Cultivars

by Sandy Pagès-Hélary, Laurence Dujourdy and Nathalie Cayot

Molecules 2021, 26(20), 6254; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26206254 - 15 Oct 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1676

Abstract

Berries of blackcurrant are known to produce a strong flavor. Some previous studies have reported that a given cultivar of blackcurrant can produce berries with a specific profile of volatile compounds. For the Burgundy region in France, the Noir de Bourgogne cultivar is [...] Read more.

Berries of blackcurrant are known to produce a strong flavor. Some previous studies have reported that a given cultivar of blackcurrant can produce berries with a specific profile of volatile compounds. For the Burgundy region in France, the Noir de Bourgogne cultivar is especially important because it is the main ingredient of a liquor with a designation of origin. The aim of the present study was to characterize the volatile fractions of berries from 15 cultivars in order to explore the possibility of using different cultivars for liquor production. The plants were cultivated under the same conditions and harvested in the same year. The volatile fractions of the harvested berries were analyzed using HS-SPME-GC-MS. Thorough univariate statistical analysis and multivariate analysis were applied to the dataset, which made it possible to identify groups within cultivars. The Rosenthal cultivar exhibited a quite flat profile; the Lositkia, Ben Tiran, and Barchatnaia cultivars shared common features; the Noir de Bourgogne cultivar showed the highest amounts of molecules such as 3-carene, limonene, β-phellandrene, ocimene, α-terpinolene, and bicyclogermacrene. None of the studied varieties were close to the Noir de Bourgogne on the basis of VOC analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Volatile Organic Compounds Analysis in Various Matrices)

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16 pages, 1390 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Ability to Produce Pleasant Aromas on Sour Whey and Buttermilk By-Products by Mold Galactomyces geotrichum: Identification of Key Odorants

by Kamila Szudera-Kończal, Kamila Myszka, Piotr Kubiak and Małgorzata Anna Majcher

Molecules 2021, 26(20), 6239; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26206239 - 15 Oct 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1703

Abstract

Currently, there is a growing demand for flavorings, especially of natural origin. It is worth paying attention to the biotechnological processes of flavor production, characterized by simplicity, high efficiency and relatively low cost. In this study, we analyzed the ability of the Galac [...] Read more.

Currently, there is a growing demand for flavorings, especially of natural origin. It is worth paying attention to the biotechnological processes of flavor production, characterized by simplicity, high efficiency and relatively low cost. In this study, we analyzed the ability of the Galac tomyces geotrichum mold to transform by-products of the dairy industry: sour whey and buttermilk to complex flavour mixtures with pleasant, honey-rose aroma. Furthermore, the aroma complexity of the fermentation product has been carefully identified applying a sensomic approach involving the use of gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and stable isotope dilution assay (SIDA) to identify and quantify aroma compounds. Based on the calculation of odor activity value (OAV), 13 key aroma compounds were present in both tested variants. The highest OAVs were found for phenylacetaldehyde (honey-like) in the buttermilk variant (912) and 2-phenylethanol (rose-like) in the sour whey variant (524). High values of this indicator were also recorded for phenylacetaldehyde (319) and 3-methyl-1-butanol with a fruity aroma (149) in the sour whey culture. The other compounds identified are 3-methylbutanal (malty), 2,3-butanedione (cheesy), isovaleric acid (cheesy), 3-(methylthio)-propanal (boiled potato), butanoic acid (vinegar), (E)-2-nonenal (fatty), ethyl furaneol (burnt sugar), dimethyl trisulfide (cabbage), and acetic acid (vinegar). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Volatile Organic Compounds Analysis in Various Matrices)

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10 pages, 6372 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Volatile Terpenes and Terpenoids in the Leaves of Pinus Species—A Potentially Abundant Renewable Resource

by Wensu Ji and Xiaoyue Ji

Molecules 2021, 26(17), 5244; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175244 - 29 Aug 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2342

Abstract

Pinaceae plants are widely distributed in the world, and the resources of pine leaves are abundant. In the extensive literature concerning Pinus species, there is much data on the composition and the content of essential oil of leaves. Still, a detailed comparative analysis [...] Read more.

Pinaceae plants are widely distributed in the world, and the resources of pine leaves are abundant. In the extensive literature concerning Pinus species, there is much data on the composition and the content of essential oil of leaves. Still, a detailed comparative analysis of volatile terpenes and terpenoids between different species is missing. In this paper, headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to determine the volatile terpenes and terpenoids of typical Pinus species in China. A total of 46 volatile terpenes and terpenoids were identified, and 12 common compounds were found, which exhibited a great diversity in the leaves of Pinus species. According to the structures and properties of the compounds, all those compounds can be classified into four categories, namely monoterpenes, oxygenated terpenes, terpene esters, and sesquiterpenes. The results of principal component analysis and cluster analysis showed that the leaves of the six Pinus species could be divided into two groups. The species and contents of volatile terpenes and terpenoids in the leaves were quite different. The results not only provide a reference for the utilization of pine leaves resource, but also bring a broader vision on the biodiversity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Volatile Organic Compounds Analysis in Various Matrices)

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Review

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13 pages, 3253 KiB

Open AccessReview

Exhaled Aldehydes as Biomarkers for Lung Diseases: A Narrative Review

by Maximilian Alexander Floss, Tobias Fink, Felix Maurer, Thomas Volk, Sascha Kreuer and Lukas Martin Müller-Wirtz

Molecules 2022, 27(16), 5258; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27165258 - 17 Aug 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2177

Abstract

Breath analysis provides great potential as a fast and non-invasive diagnostic tool for several diseases. Straight-chain aliphatic aldehydes were repeatedly detected in the breath of patients suffering from lung diseases using a variety of methods, such as mass spectrometry, ion mobility spectrometry, or [...] Read more.

Breath analysis provides great potential as a fast and non-invasive diagnostic tool for several diseases. Straight-chain aliphatic aldehydes were repeatedly detected in the breath of patients suffering from lung diseases using a variety of methods, such as mass spectrometry, ion mobility spectrometry, or electro-chemical sensors. Several studies found increased concentrations of exhaled aldehydes in patients suffering from lung cancer, inflammatory and infectious lung diseases, and mechanical lung injury. This article reviews the origin of exhaled straight-chain aliphatic aldehydes, available detection methods, and studies that found increased aldehyde exhalation in lung diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Volatile Organic Compounds Analysis in Various Matrices)

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20 pages, 868 KiB

Open AccessReview

Hyphenated Mass Spectrometry versus Real-Time Mass Spectrometry Techniques for the Detection of Volatile Compounds from the Human Body

by Oliver Gould, Natalia Drabińska, Norman Ratcliffe and Ben de Lacy Costello

Molecules 2021, 26(23), 7185; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237185 - 26 Nov 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2486

Abstract

Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that can be used for various applications in a number of scientific areas including environmental, security, forensic science, space exploration, agri-food, and numerous others. MS is also continuing to offer new insights into the proteomic and [...] Read more.

Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that can be used for various applications in a number of scientific areas including environmental, security, forensic science, space exploration, agri-food, and numerous others. MS is also continuing to offer new insights into the proteomic and metabolomic fields. MS techniques are frequently used for the analysis of volatile compounds (VCs). The detection of VCs from human samples has the potential to aid in the diagnosis of diseases, in monitoring drug metabolites, and in providing insight into metabolic processes. The broad usage of MS has resulted in numerous variations of the technique being developed over the years, which can be divided into hyphenated and real-time MS techniques. Hyphenated chromatographic techniques coupled with MS offer unparalleled qualitative analysis and high accuracy and sensitivity, even when analysing complex matrices (breath, urine, stool, etc.). However, these benefits are traded for a significantly longer analysis time and a greater need for sample preparation and method development. On the other hand, real-time MS techniques offer highly sensitive quantitative data. Additionally, real-time techniques can provide results in a matter of minutes or even seconds, without altering the sample in any way. However, real-time MS can only offer tentative qualitative data and suffers from molecular weight overlap in complex matrices. This review compares hyphenated and real-time MS methods and provides examples of applications for each technique for the detection of VCs from humans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Volatile Organic Compounds Analysis in Various Matrices)

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