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Olive Oil: From Processing to Health Benefits

A special issue of Molecules (ISSN 1420-3049). This special issue belongs to the section "Natural Products Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2020) | Viewed by 10255

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Interests: olive oil; nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; functional foods; anticancer drugs; natural products
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Olive oil is a food with officially recognized health claims by the EFSA or FDA based on its content in monounsaturated fatty acids; vitamins; and, especially, its phenolic ingredients. In recent years, several epidemiological studies, human nutritional interventions, and experimental investigations in animals have demonstrated the health benefits of olive oil. However, several studies have shown that the impact of olive oil on health is dependent on its content in specific ingredients, which in their turn are influenced by several factors like production processing (type of olive mill, malaxation conditions), packaging, cultivation practices, harvesting methods, and maintenance. On the other hand, the economic value of olive oil is largely defined by its content in healthy protecting ingredients, and for this reason there is considerable international interest in the effect of all the potential factors that can be implicated.

The target of this Special Issue is to bring together high-quality works on all the factors and parameters that influence the concentration of health-protecting ingredients in olive oil. Special emphasis will be given to the ingredients with officially recognized health claims (e.g., phenolic compounds, oleic acid, and vitamins) but also to other ingredients with published bioactive properties.

We invite investigators to contribute original research articles, as well as review articles, that will inspire research on the production of olive oil with optimal processing for increased health benefits.

Prof. Prokopios Magiatis
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • Olive oil
  • Phenolic ingredients
  • Lipids
  • Processing
  • Harvesting
  • Packaging
  • Cultivation practices
  • Health claim

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

10 pages, 751 KiB  
Article
Biogas Potential of the Side Streams Obtained in a Novel Phenolic Extraction System from Olive Mill Solid Waste
by África Fernández-Prior, Ángeles Trujillo-Reyes, Antonio Serrano, Guillermo Rodríguez-Gutiérrez, Claudio Reinhard and Fernando G. Fermoso
Molecules 2020, 25(22), 5438; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225438 - 20 Nov 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2030
Abstract
The olive oil production is an important industrial sector in many Mediterranean areas, but it is currently struggled by the necessity of a proper valorisation of the olive mill solid waste or alperujo. The alperujo is the main by-product generated during the two-phase [...] Read more.
The olive oil production is an important industrial sector in many Mediterranean areas, but it is currently struggled by the necessity of a proper valorisation of the olive mill solid waste or alperujo. The alperujo is the main by-product generated during the two-phase olive oil extraction, accounting for up to 80% of the initial olive mass. The alperujo is a source of valuable compounds, such as the pomace olive oil or highly interesting phenolic compounds. In the present research, a novel biorefinery approach has been used for phenolic compounds recovery. However, the extraction of these valuables compounds generates different exhausted phases with high organic matter content that are required to be managed. This study consists of the evaluation of the anaerobic biodegradability of the different fractions obtained in a novel biorefinery approach for the integral valorisation of alperujo. The results show that the different phases obtained during the biorefinery of the alperujo can be effectively subjected to anaerobic digestion and no inhibition processes were detected. The highest methane yield coefficients were obtained for the phases obtained after a two-months storages, i.e., suspended solids and liquid phase free of suspended solids, which generated 366 ± 7 mL CH4/g VS and 358 ± 6 mL CH4/g VS, respectively. The phenol extraction process reduced the methane yield coefficient around 25% due to the retention of biodegradable compounds during the extraction process. Regardless of this drop, the anaerobic digestion is a suitable technology for the stabilization of the different generated residual phases, whereas the high market price of the extracted phenols can largely compensate the slight decrease in the methane generation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Olive Oil: From Processing to Health Benefits)
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17 pages, 3985 KiB  
Article
Influence of Harvest Time and Malaxation Conditions on the Concentration of Individual Phenols in Extra Virgin Olive Oil Related to Its Healthy Properties
by Panagiotis Diamantakos, Triada Giannara, Maria Skarkou, Eleni Melliou and Prokopios Magiatis
Molecules 2020, 25(10), 2449; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25102449 - 24 May 2020
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 4176
Abstract
The phenolic fraction of the extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) has been studied over the past two decades because of its important health protective properties. Numerous studies have been performed in order to clarify the most crucial factors that affect the concentration of [...] Read more.
The phenolic fraction of the extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) has been studied over the past two decades because of its important health protective properties. Numerous studies have been performed in order to clarify the most crucial factors that affect the concentration of the EVOO’s phenolic fraction and many contradictory results have been reported. Having as target to maximize the phenolic content of EVOO and its healthy properties we investigated the impact of harvest time, malaxation temperature, and malaxation duration on the concentration of individual phenols in extra virgin olive oil. Olive oil was prepared in a lab-scale olive mill from different varieties in Greece. The extraction process for cultivar (cv) Koroneiki samples was performed at five different harvest periods from the same trees with three different malaxation temperatures and five different malaxation duration times (N = 75). Similar types of experiments were also performed for other varieties: cv Athenolia (N = 20), cv Olympia (N = 3), cv Kalamata (N = 3), and cv Throubolia Aegean (N=3) in order to compare the changes in the phenolic profile during malaxation. The quantitative analysis of the olive oil samples with NMR showed that the total phenolic content has a negative correlation with the ripening degree and the malaxation time. The NMR data we collected helped us to quantitate not only the total phenolic content but also the concentration of the major phenolic compounds such as oleocanthal, oleacein, oleokoronal, and oleomissional. We noticed different trends for the concentration of these phenols during malaxation process and for different malaxation temperatures. The different trends of the concentration of the individual phenols during malaxation and the completely different behavior of each variety revealed possible biosynthetic formation steps for oleocanthal and oleacein and may explain the discrepancies reported from previous studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Olive Oil: From Processing to Health Benefits)
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14 pages, 1771 KiB  
Article
New Strategies in the Cultivation of Olive Trees and Repercussions on the Nutritional Value of the Extra Virgin Olive Oil
by Irene Dini, Giulia Graziani, Anna Gaspari, Francesca Luisa Fedele, Andrea Sicari, Francesco Vinale, Pierpaolo Cavallo, Matteo Lorito and Alberto Ritieni
Molecules 2020, 25(10), 2345; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25102345 - 18 May 2020
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 3562
Abstract
The health advantages of extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) are ascribed mainly to the antioxidant ability of the phenolic compounds. Secoiridoids, hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, phenolic acid, and flavones, are the main nutraceutical substances of EVOO. Applications of beneficial microbes and/or their metabolites impact the plant [...] Read more.
The health advantages of extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) are ascribed mainly to the antioxidant ability of the phenolic compounds. Secoiridoids, hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, phenolic acid, and flavones, are the main nutraceutical substances of EVOO. Applications of beneficial microbes and/or their metabolites impact the plant metabolome. In this study the effects of application of selected Trichoderma strains or their effectors (secondary metabolites) on the phenolic compounds content and antioxidant potential of the EVOOs have been evaluated. For this purpose, Trichoderma virens (strain GV41) and Trichoderma harzianum (strain T22), well-known biocontrol agents, and two their metabolites harzianic acid (HA) and 6-pentyl-α-pyrone (6PP) were been used to treat plants of Olea europaea var. Leccino and var. Carolea. Then the nutraceutical potential of EVOO was evaluated. Total phenolic content was estimated by Folin–Ciocalteau’s assay, metabolic profile by High-Resolution Mass spectroscopy (HRMS-Orbitrap), and antioxidant activity by DPPH and ABTS assays. Our results showed that in the cultivation of the olive tree, T22 and its metabolites improve the nutraceutical value of the EVOOs modulating the phenolic profile and improving antioxidants activity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Olive Oil: From Processing to Health Benefits)
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