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Insects
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The Interactions between Plant Bacterial Pathogens and Their Insect Vectors
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The Interactions between Plant Bacterial Pathogens and Their Insect Vectors

A special issue of Insects (ISSN 2075-4450).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2019) | Viewed by 21040

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Nabil Killiny

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
Interests: vector biology; plant pathogen-vector interactions; RNA interference
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Bacterium-insect vector interactions involve propagation, circulation, and persistence within the vector body. The growth of plant-pathogenic bacteria in the vector’s hemolymph indicates that the hemolymph contains all the necessary nutrients for bacterial growth. Thus, insect-transmitted plant-pathogenic bacteria may alter their vectors’ fitness, survival, behavior, and metabolism. In addition to nutrients, bacteria can take up energetic nucleotides, such as ATP, from its vector. Interestingly, some bacteria are not circulative within the vector body, but localize only in the foregut where they multiply and form biofilm. Articles will focus on vector–plant bacteria interactions, factors affecting transmission, and new approaches to block the transmission and to decrease the dispersal of plant bacterial diseases.

Dr. Nabil Killiny
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Insects is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Bacteria-Insect Interactions
  • Bacterial Biofilm
  • Circulative Transmission
  • Foregut Limited Bacteria

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 12416 KiB  
Article
Immuno-Ultrastructural Localization and Putative Multiplication Sites of Huanglongbing Bacterium in Asian Citrus Psyllid Diaphorina citri
by El-Desouky Ammar, Diann Achor and Amit Levy
Insects 2019, 10(12), 422; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10120422 - 23 Nov 2019
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3218
Abstract
Huanglongbing, the most destructive citrus disease worldwide, is caused by the bacterium ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (CLas) and is vectored by the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP). Very little is known about the form and distribution of CLas in infected psyllids, especially at the [...] Read more.
Huanglongbing, the most destructive citrus disease worldwide, is caused by the bacterium ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (CLas) and is vectored by the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP). Very little is known about the form and distribution of CLas in infected psyllids, especially at the ultrastructural level. Here, we examined these aspects by transmission electron microscopy, combined with immunogold labeling. In CLas-exposed ACP adults, the CLas bacterial cells were found to be pleomorphic taking tubular, spherical, or flask-shaped forms, some of which seemed to divide further. Small or large aggregates of CLas were found in vacuolated cytoplasmic pockets of most ACP organs and tissues examined, including the midgut, filter chamber, hindgut, Malpighian tubules, and secretory cells of the salivary glands, in addition to fat tissues, epidermis, muscle, hemocytes, neural tissues, bacteriome, and walls of the female spermatheca and oviduct. Large aggregates of CLas were found outside the midgut within the filter chamber and between the sublayers of the basal lamina of the hindgut and Malpighian tubules. Novel intracytoplasmic structures that we hypothesized as ‘putative CLas multiplication sites’ were found in the cells of the midgut, salivary glands, and other tissues in CLas-exposed ACP. These structures, characterized by containing a granular matrix and closely packed bacterial cells, were unbound by membranes and were frequently associated with rough endoplasmic reticulum. Our results point to the close association between CLas and its psyllid vector, and provide support for a circulative-propagative mode of transmission. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interactions between Plant Bacterial Pathogens and Their Insect Vectors)
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15 pages, 5488 KiB  
Article
A Transcriptomics Approach Reveals Putative Interaction of Candidatus Liberibacter Solanacearum with the Endoplasmic Reticulum of Its Psyllid Vector
by Saptarshi Ghosh, Ola Jassar, Svetlana Kontsedalov, Galina Lebedev, Chunxia Wang, Donielle Turner, Amit Levy and Murad Ghanim
Insects 2019, 10(9), 279; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10090279 - 02 Sep 2019
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3509
Abstract
Candidatus Liberibacter solanacerum (CLso), transmitted by Bactericera trigonica in a persistent and propagative mode causes carrot yellows disease, inflicting hefty economic losses. Understanding the process of transmission of CLso by psyllids is fundamental to devise sustainable management strategies. Persistent transmission involves critical steps [...] Read more.
Candidatus Liberibacter solanacerum (CLso), transmitted by Bactericera trigonica in a persistent and propagative mode causes carrot yellows disease, inflicting hefty economic losses. Understanding the process of transmission of CLso by psyllids is fundamental to devise sustainable management strategies. Persistent transmission involves critical steps of adhesion, cell invasion, and replication before passage through the midgut barrier. This study uses a transcriptomic approach for the identification of differentially expressed genes with CLso infection in the midguts, adults, and nymphs of B. trigonica and their putative involvement in CLso transmission. Several genes related to focal adhesion and cellular invasion were upregulated after CLso infection. Interestingly, genes involved with proper functionality of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) were upregulated in CLso infected samples. Notably, genes from the endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation (ERAD) and the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway were overexpressed after CLso infection. Marker genes of the ERAD and UPR pathways were also upregulated in Diaphorina citri when infected with Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas). Upregulation of the ERAD and UPR pathways indicate induction of ER stress by CLso/CLas in their psyllid vector. The role of ER in bacteria–host interactions is well-documented; however, the ER role following pathogenesis of CLso/CLas is unknown and requires further functional validation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interactions between Plant Bacterial Pathogens and Their Insect Vectors)
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Review

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23 pages, 485 KiB  
Review
Lessons from One Fastidious Bacterium to Another: What Can We Learn about Liberibacter Species from Xylella fastidiosa
by Angela Kruse, Laura A. Fleites and Michelle Heck
Insects 2019, 10(9), 300; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10090300 - 16 Sep 2019
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4702
Abstract
Huanglongbing is causing economic devastation to the citrus industry in Florida, and threatens the industry everywhere the bacterial pathogens in the Candidatus Liberibacter genus and their insect vectors are found. Bacteria in the genus cannot be cultured and no durable strategy is available [...] Read more.
Huanglongbing is causing economic devastation to the citrus industry in Florida, and threatens the industry everywhere the bacterial pathogens in the Candidatus Liberibacter genus and their insect vectors are found. Bacteria in the genus cannot be cultured and no durable strategy is available for growers to control plant infection or pathogen transmission. However, scientists and grape growers were once in a comparable situation after the emergence of Pierce’s disease, which is caused by Xylella fastidiosa and spread by its hemipteran insect vector. Proactive quarantine and vector control measures coupled with interdisciplinary data-driven science established control of this devastating disease and pushed the frontiers of knowledge in the plant pathology and vector biology fields. Our review highlights the successful strategies used to understand and control X. fastidiosa and their potential applicability to the liberibacters associated with citrus greening, with a focus on the interactions between bacterial pathogen and insect vector. By placing the study of Candidatus Liberibacter spp. within the current and historical context of another fastidious emergent plant pathogen, future basic and applied research to develop control strategies can be prioritized. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interactions between Plant Bacterial Pathogens and Their Insect Vectors)
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11 pages, 270 KiB  
Review
Ecological Aspects of the Vector-Borne Bacterial Disease, Citrus Greening (Huanglongbing): Dispersal and Host Use by Asian Citrus Psyllid, Diaphorina Citri Kuwayama
by Lukasz L. Stelinski
Insects 2019, 10(7), 208; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10070208 - 16 Jul 2019
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5068
Abstract
Determining the influence of abiotic and biotic factors on pest dispersal behavior is a critical component of integrated pest management. The behavioral and physiological traits of movement of the Asian Citrus Psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, has received significant attention. Field and laboratory [...] Read more.
Determining the influence of abiotic and biotic factors on pest dispersal behavior is a critical component of integrated pest management. The behavioral and physiological traits of movement of the Asian Citrus Psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, has received significant attention. Field and laboratory experiments have explored the physiological capabilities of ACP dispersal, as well as, the abiotic and biotic drivers that initiate movement behavior. Abiotic factors such as temperature, barometric pressure, humidity, landscape, and orchard architecture, as well as, biotic factors including mating status, pathogen infection, and morphotype have been investigated in great detail. The current review focuses on dispersal of ACP with the goal of synthesizing current knowledge to suggest management tactics. Overall, vision serves as the primary modality for host finding in ACP. Current data suggest that ACP populations increase more within uniform landscapes of seedling trees, as compared to mature orchards with randomly interspersed young seedlings. The data also suggest that establishment and conservation of visual and physical barriers might be beneficial to protect orchards from ACP. Management of ACP must take into account large-area cooperation, orchard border surveillance and treatment, removal of non-crop habitat, and an understanding that immigration can occur from distances of several kilometers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interactions between Plant Bacterial Pathogens and Their Insect Vectors)

Other

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16 pages, 1074 KiB  
Opinion
The Probing Behavior Component of Disease Transmission in Insect-Transmitted Bacterial Plant Pathogens
by Timothy A. Ebert
Insects 2019, 10(7), 212; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10070212 - 19 Jul 2019
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3897
Abstract
Insects can be effective vectors of plant diseases and this may result in billions of dollars in lost agricultural productivity. New, emerging or introduced diseases will continue to cause extensive damage in afflicted areas. Understanding how the vector acquires the pathogen and inoculates [...] Read more.
Insects can be effective vectors of plant diseases and this may result in billions of dollars in lost agricultural productivity. New, emerging or introduced diseases will continue to cause extensive damage in afflicted areas. Understanding how the vector acquires the pathogen and inoculates new hosts is critical in developing effective management strategies. Management may be an insecticide applied to kill the vector or a host plant resistance mechanism to make the host plant less suitable for the vector. In either case, the tactic must act before the insect performs the key behavior(s) resulting in either acquisition or transmission. This requires knowledge of the timing of behaviors the insect uses to probe the plant and commence ingestion. These behaviors are visualized using electropenetrography (EPG), wherein the plant and insect become part of an electrical circuit. With the tools to define specific steps in the probing process, we can understand the timing of acquisition and inoculation. With that understanding comes the potential for more relevant testing of management strategies, through insecticides or host plant resistance. The primary example will be Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus transmitted by Diaphorina citri Kuwayama in the citrus agroecosystem, with additional examples used as appropriate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interactions between Plant Bacterial Pathogens and Their Insect Vectors)
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