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Geosciences
Special Issues
Earthquake Environmental Effects in the Historical and Recent Data
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Earthquake Environmental Effects in the Historical and Recent Data

A special issue of Geosciences (ISSN 2076-3263). This special issue belongs to the section "Natural Hazards".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (1 December 2020) | Viewed by 21007

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Leonello Serva

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Independent Consultant, Rome, Italy
Interests: seismic hazard and risk; paleoseismology; seismic landscape; macroseismology; ESI scale
Dr. Maria Francesca Ferrario

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Dipartimento di Scienza ed Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Como, Italy
Interests: surface faulting; earthquake environmental effects
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue in Geosciences aims at collecting papers on historical and recent data related to the environmental effects triggered by earthquakes.

Crustal earthquakes above moment magnitude ca. 5.5 produce diffuse effects on the natural environment (e.g., surface faulting, landslides, liquefaction, and tsunamis). Despite the fact that earthquake environmental effects (EEEs) are often neglected in the assessment of seismic intensities with recent scales (i.e., EMS), they can significantly improve the evaluation of the seismic intensity and, consequently, of the seismic hazard. The occurrence, size, and areal distribution of EEEs can be nowadays classified in a standardized way through the ESI scale (environmental scale intensity).

In this framework, the collection of these data from historical and recent records has become interesting.

This Special Issue therefore welcomes contributions on the following topics:

  • Compilation of EEEs for specific case histories and analysis of their spatial distribution;
  • Re-appraisal of environmental effects triggered by past events;
  • Comparison between intensity derived from environmental effects (ESI scale) with traditional macroseismic scales;
  • Analysis of the evolution through time of EEEs within seismic sequences and/or comparison of events occurred in different times;
  • Implementation of EEEs into SHA procedures.

Dr. Leonello Serva
Dr. Maria Francesca Ferrario
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Geosciences is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1800 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • earthquake environmental effects (EEEs)
  • ESI scale
  • earthquake-induced landslide
  • liquefaction
  • macroseismology
  • seismic landscape
  • seismic hazard assessment

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 6911 KiB  
Article
The 2017, MD = 4.0, Casamicciola Earthquake: ESI-07 Scale Evaluation and Implications for the Source Model
by Rosa Nappi, Sabina Porfido, Elisa Paganini, Luigina Vezzoli, Maria Francesca Ferrario, Germana Gaudiosi, Giuliana Alessio and Alessandro Maria Michetti
Geosciences 2021, 11(2), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11020044 - 22 Jan 2021
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3266
Abstract
On 21 August 2017 at 20:57 (local time) a very shallow (H = 1.2 km), moderate (Md = 4.0), earthquake hit the volcanic island of Ischia (Southern Italy), causing the death of two people. The study of the damage to the buildings with [...] Read more.
On 21 August 2017 at 20:57 (local time) a very shallow (H = 1.2 km), moderate (Md = 4.0), earthquake hit the volcanic island of Ischia (Southern Italy), causing the death of two people. The study of the damage to the buildings with the European Macroseismic Scale 98 (EMS-98), carried out immediately after the earthquake, highlighted that hilly area of Casamicciola Terme, on the northern side of the Mt. Epomeo, was the most damaged part of the island with locally quite relevant damage (I = VIII EMS). This seismic event is the first damaging earthquake in Ischia during the instrumental era. In fact, this provides, for the first time, the opportunity to integrate historical seismicity, macroseismic observations, instrumental information, and detailed mapping of the geological coseismic effects. In this work we evaluate the effects induced by the 2017 Casamicciola earthquake on the environment using the Environmental Seismic Intensity 2007 (ESI-07) macroseismic scale. This macroseismic analysis, together with the superficial coseismic faulting characteristics and the available geophysical information, allows us to reconsider the source model for the 2017 earthquake and the previous damaging historical earthquakes in the Casamicciola Terme area. The application of the ESI scale to the Casamicciola Terme earthquake of 21 August 2017 and the assignment of seismic intensity offers better spatial resolution, as well as an increase of the time window for the assessment of the seismic hazard, allowing to reduce the implicit uncertainty in the intensity attenuation laws in this peculiar volcano-tectonic setting. Since intensity is linked to the direct measure of damage, and it is commonly used in hazard assessment, we argue that building damage at Casamicciola Terme is strongly influenced by earthquake surface faulting and near field effects, and therefore controlled by the geometry of the seismic source. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Earthquake Environmental Effects in the Historical and Recent Data)
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22 pages, 5957 KiB  
Article
Seismically Induced Soil Liquefaction and Geological Conditions in the City of Jama due to the M7.8 Pedernales Earthquake in 2016, NW Ecuador
by Diego Avilés-Campoverde, Kervin Chunga, Eduardo Ortiz-Hernández, Eduardo Vivas-Espinoza, Theofilos Toulkeridis, Adriana Morales-Delgado and Dolly Delgado-Toala
Geosciences 2021, 11(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11010020 - 31 Dec 2020
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5075
Abstract
Seismically induced soil liquefaction has been documented after the M7.8, 2016 Pedernales earthquake. In the city of Jama, the acceleration recorded by soil amplification yielded 1.05 g with an intensity of VIII to IXESI-07. The current study combines geological, geophysical, and [...] Read more.
Seismically induced soil liquefaction has been documented after the M7.8, 2016 Pedernales earthquake. In the city of Jama, the acceleration recorded by soil amplification yielded 1.05 g with an intensity of VIII to IXESI-07. The current study combines geological, geophysical, and geotechnical data in order to establish a geological characterization of the subsoil of the city of Jama in the Manabi province of Ecuador. Then, the liquefaction potential index (LPI) has been evaluated considering the PGA-rock values calculated from deterministic methods applied to nearby geological faults, as well as the soil acceleration records for the city of Jama since the Pedernales megathrust earthquake. The importance of conducting geotechnical evaluations of particular colluvial, alluvial, and floodplain deposits, for which the liquefaction probability profiles have been additionally obtained, may serve as a useful tool for edifices foundations or earthquake resistant designs. Finally, the site response analysis is presented using a linear equivalent analysis, where previously seismic records compatible with the target spectrum have been selected. Hereby, the results of ground surface effects have been compared with the spectra of the Ecuadorian Regulation of Construction (NEC) in the context of local seismic amplification. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Earthquake Environmental Effects in the Historical and Recent Data)
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14 pages, 1851 KiB  
Article
Testing the Environmental Seismic Intensity Scale on Data Derived from the Earthquakes of 1626, 1759, 1819, and 1904 in Fennoscandia, Northern Europe
by Päivi Mäntyniemi, Mathilde B. Sørensen and Ruben E. Tatevossian
Geosciences 2021, 11(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11010014 - 29 Dec 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2916
Abstract
Earthquake environmental effects (EEEs) were compiled for the earthquakes of 1626, 1759, 1819, and 1904 in the Fennoscandian Peninsula, northern Europe. The principal source of information was the contemporary newspaper press. Macroseismic questionnaires collected in 1759 and 1904 were also consulted. We prepared [...] Read more.
Earthquake environmental effects (EEEs) were compiled for the earthquakes of 1626, 1759, 1819, and 1904 in the Fennoscandian Peninsula, northern Europe. The principal source of information was the contemporary newspaper press. Macroseismic questionnaires collected in 1759 and 1904 were also consulted. We prepared maps showing newly discovered EEEs together with previously known EEEs and analyzed their spatial distribution. We assigned intensities based on the 2007 Environmental Seismic Intensity (ESI) scale to 27 selected localities and compared them to intensities assigned based on the 1998 European Macroseismic Scale. While the overall agreement between the scales is good, intensities may remain uncertain due to the sparsity of written documentation. The collected data sets are most probably incomplete but still show that EEEs are not unprecedented cases in the target region. The findings include landslides and rockfalls as well as cascade effects with a risk potential and widespread water movements up to long distances. The winter earthquake of 1759 cracked ice over a large area. This investigation demonstrates that the ESI scale also has practical importance for regions with infrequent EEEs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Earthquake Environmental Effects in the Historical and Recent Data)
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14 pages, 7841 KiB  
Article
Intensity Reassessment of the 2017 Pohang Earthquake Mw = 5.4 (South Korea) Using ESI-07 Scale
by Sambit Prasanajit Naik, Ohsang Gwon, Sabina Porfido, Kiwoong Park, Kwangmin Jin, Young-Seog Kim and Jai-Bok Kyung
Geosciences 2020, 10(11), 471; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10110471 - 20 Nov 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3105
Abstract
The earthquake environmental effects (EEEs) around the epicentral area of the Pohang earthquake (Mw-5.4) that occurred on 15 November 2017 have been collected and classified using the Environmental Seismic Intensity Scale (ESI-07 scale) proposed by the International Union for Quaternary Research [...] Read more.
The earthquake environmental effects (EEEs) around the epicentral area of the Pohang earthquake (Mw-5.4) that occurred on 15 November 2017 have been collected and classified using the Environmental Seismic Intensity Scale (ESI-07 scale) proposed by the International Union for Quaternary Research (INQUA) focus group. The shallow-focus 15 November Pohang earthquake did not produce any surface rupture, but caused extensive secondary environmental effects and damage to life-line structures. This earthquake was one of the most damaging earthquakes during the instrumental seismic era of the Korean Peninsula. The EEEs included extensive liquefaction, ground cracks, ground settlement, localized rockfall, and variation of the water table. The main objective of this paper was to carry forward a comparative assessment of the Pohang earthquake’s intensity based on traditional macroseismic scales and the ESI-07 scale. With that objective, this study will also make a substantial contribution to any future revision of the ESI-07 scale, which mostly comprises case studies from Europe and South America. The comparison of the ESI-07 scale with traditional intensity scales similar to the intensity scale used by the Korean Meteorological Administration for the epicentral areas showed 1–2-degree differences in intensity. Moreover, the ESI scale provided a clearer picture of the intensity around the epicentral area, which is mostly agricultural land with a lack of urban units or buildings. This study urges the integration of the traditional and ESI-07 scale for such small magnitude earthquakes in the Korean Peninsula as well as around the world in future. This will predict seismic intensity more precisely and hence provide a more-effective seismic hazard estimation, particularly in areas of low seismic activity. The present study will also provide a useful and reliable tool for the seismic hazard assessment of similar earthquakes around the study area and land-use planning at a local scale considering the secondary effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Earthquake Environmental Effects in the Historical and Recent Data)
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16 pages, 14169 KiB  
Article
Assessing the Reliability of Earthquake Environmental Effects in Historical Events: Insights from the Southern Apennines, Italy
by Maria Francesca Ferrario, Leonello Serva and Livio Bonadeo
Geosciences 2020, 10(9), 332; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10090332 - 22 Aug 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2378
Abstract
Earthquake Environmental Effects (EEEs) are a common occurrence following moderate to strong seismic events. EEEs are described in literary sources even for earthquakes that occurred hundreds of years ago, but their potential for hazard assessment is not fully exploited. Here we analyze five [...] Read more.
Earthquake Environmental Effects (EEEs) are a common occurrence following moderate to strong seismic events. EEEs are described in literary sources even for earthquakes that occurred hundreds of years ago, but their potential for hazard assessment is not fully exploited. Here we analyze five earthquakes occurred in the Southern Apennines (Italy) between 1688 and 1980, to assess if EEEs are reliable indicators of the effects caused by past earthquakes. We investigate the spatial distribution of EEEs and their ability to repeatedly occur at the same place, and we quantitatively compare the macroseismic fields expressed in terms of damage-based intensity (MCS: Mercalli–Cancani–Sieberg) to the Environmental Scale Intensity (ESI) macroseismic field, derived from an intensity attenuation relation. We computed the field “ESI-MCS”, showing that results are consistent when comparing different seismic events and that ESI values are higher in the first ca. 10 km from the epicenter, while at distances greater than 20 km MCS values are higher than ESI. Our research demonstrates that (i) EEEs offer a detailed picture of earthquake effects in the near field and (ii) the reappraisal of literary sources under a modern perspective may provide improved input parameters that are useful for seismic hazard assessment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Earthquake Environmental Effects in the Historical and Recent Data)
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28 pages, 11075 KiB  
Article
Reappraisal of the 1863 Huércal-Overa Earthquake (Betic Cordillera, SE Spain) by the Analysis of ESI-07 Environmental Effects and Building Oriented Damage
by Pablo G. Silva, Javier Elez, Jorge L. Giner-Robles, Raúl Pérez-López, Elvira Roquero and Miguel Ángel Rodríguez-Pascua
Geosciences 2020, 10(8), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10080303 - 7 Aug 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3113
Abstract
This work reviews the 1863 Huércal-Overa earthquake (VI-VII EMS) based on the environmental seismic intensity scale (ESI-07) and oriented archaeoseismological building damage. The performed analysis identifies 23 environmental effects (EEEs) and 11 archaeoseismological effects (EAEs), completing a total of 34 intensity data-points within [...] Read more.
This work reviews the 1863 Huércal-Overa earthquake (VI-VII EMS) based on the environmental seismic intensity scale (ESI-07) and oriented archaeoseismological building damage. The performed analysis identifies 23 environmental effects (EEEs) and 11 archaeoseismological effects (EAEs), completing a total of 34 intensity data-points within the intensity zone ≥ VI EMS. The new ESI intensity data quintuplicate the previous intensity data-points ≥ VI EMS (five localities) for this event. Sixteen of the identified EEEs indicate the occurrence of intensity VII-VIII within the Almanzora valley, south of Huércal-Overa, over an area of ca. 12–15 km2. Anomalies in water bodies, slope movements, hydrogeological anomalies, ground cracking, and other effects (gas emissions, tree shaking) are the more diagnostic EEEs—with one of them indicating a local maximum intensity of VIII-IX ESI-07 (Alboraija lake). Environmental earthquake damage of intensity ≥ VI covers an area of c. 100 km2, compatible with a VIII ESI intensity event. The spatial distribution of EEEs and EAEs indicates that the zone of Almanzora River Gorge, which was depopulated during the earthquake epoch, was the epicentral area, and compatible with seismotectonic data from active shallow blind thrusting beneath the Almagro Range. The use of ESI data in nearly unpopulated areas help to fill gaps between damaged localities (EMS data) multiplying intensity data-points, providing a better definition of the intensity zones and offering a geological basis to look for suspect seismic sources. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Earthquake Environmental Effects in the Historical and Recent Data)
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