Ground Penetrating Radar Velocities

Dear Colleagues,

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a geophysical method based on electromagnetic (EM) wave propagation into the ground.This high-resolution method utilizes a range of frequencies from 10 MHz up to 2 GHz, and its fields of application are numerous. GPR has been successfully used in hydrological investigations to locate water tables and delineate shallow unconsolidated aquifers, in the surveyal of archaeological sites and architectural heritage, as a critical infrastructure assessment method for use in structures such as roads and bridges, as well as in water supply or other utility networks. Other applications include sedimentology, tectonic faults, agriculture, and civil and geotechnical engineering. Recently, the method has undergone enormous advancements with regard to studying near-surface structures of the far side of the Moon: lunar penetrating radar (LPR). All these applications require dedicated processing, imaging, and intrpretation techniques. 
Even though after processing, radargrams depict subsurface dielectric heterogeneities, interpretation is often challenging and physical parameters such as EM velocity, dielectric permittivity, and the attenuation of the EM signal are required for efficient interpretation. In the last few years, in the GPR community, a lot of work has been focused on the estimation of EM velocity into the ground or into structures. The scope of this issue aims to highlight the estimation of this specific attribute, which in its turn has been proven as a useful parameter for both the intrpretation of the suburface and further estimation of other desired parameters (such as dielectric permittivity) or for further processing of the radargrams (such as migration). 
Applications in areas including, but not limited to, 3D archaeology and cultural heritage, geology, hydrology, pedophysics, subsurface voids, and planetary studies are encouraged. Accordingly, we invite the submission of papers dealing with progress in the following topics:

1. GPR modeling;
2. GPR full waveform inversion;
3. Velocity estimation via diffraction analysis;
4. Multi-offset GPR data and velocity assessment;
5. GPR tomography;
6. The use of velocity estimation for time lapse GPR studies;
7. Migration;
8. Borehole GPR studies

Dr. Nikos Economou
Dr. Maksim Bano
Dr. Hai Liu
Guest Editors

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• ground penetrating radar
• velocity estimation
• earth’s subsurface characterization