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Galaxies
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Lorentz Violation in Astroparticles and Gravitational Waves
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Lorentz Violation in Astroparticles and Gravitational Waves

A special issue of Galaxies (ISSN 2075-4434).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2021) | Viewed by 21954

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Marco Schreck

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Federal University of Maranhão, Campus of Bacanga, São Luís - MA 65085-580, Brazil
Interests: Lorentz violation; CPT violation; Quantum field theory; Modified gravity; Finsler geometry

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Extensive searches for violations of CPT and Lorentz invariance have been carried out over the past two decades resulting in a considerable compilation of tight constraints on deviations from these fundamental symmetries. The Standard-Model Extension (SME) that provides a comprehensive, effective field theory framework for Lorentz violation has played a pivotal role in these endeavors. The bounds obtained are remarkable and make the Standard Model and General Relativity the theories best tested by experiment.

The current issue of the journal entitled "Galaxies" is focused on searches for Lorentz violation in astroparticles as well as gravitational waves that are detected on Earth. Searches for vacuum birefringence via high-energy photons originating from distant sources have resulted in the tightest constraints on Lorentz violation ever determined. A vast set of strict bounds on Lorentz violation for fermions is based on analyses of experimental data on ultra-high-energy cosmic rays as well as neutrino oscillations.

Furthermore, the announcement of the direct detection of gravitational waves by LIGO in 2016 opened a window complementary to that of electromagnetic and fermionic effects. Gravitational-wave signals have already been employed to set additional bounds on Lorentz violation in the gravity sector. The purpose of this issue is to provide a compilation of scientific works dedicated to both theoretical ideas and phenomenological searches for Lorentz violation in the context of astroparticle and gravitational-wave physics.

The collection of scientific articles of this issue is supposed to complement the literature on these specific exciting subfields. There is still room for searches for Lorentz violation in astroparticles to be carried out in the minimal and nonminimal SME, in particular. Furthermore, we intend to stimulate scientific research on the currently hot topic of gravitational waves in the context of Lorentz violation. Authors are encouraged to work in the language of the SME, but it is not mandatory to do so.

Dr. Marco Schreck
Guest Editor

Galaxies 2022 Best Paper Award (500 CHF)
Winner announcement date: 30 June 2022

We are pleased to announce the “Galaxies 2022 Special Issue Best Paper Award for Lorentz Violation in Astroparticles and Gravitational Waves” for research and review articles published in this special issue in Galaxies. One review or research article in the Special Issue will receive this award. The paper will be selected after a thorough evaluation by the journal award committee, and the winner will be announced on 30 June 2022.

You can see details on the link: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/galaxies/awards

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Galaxies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Special relativity
  • General relativity
  • Particle physics
  • Spacetime symmetries
  • Lorentz violation
  • CPT violation
  • Standard-Model Extension
  • Cosmic rays
  • Photons
  • Electromagnetic waves
  • Neutrinos
  • Neutrino oscillations
  • Gravitational waves
  • Gravitons
  • Modified dispersion relations
  • Vacuum dispersion
  • Vacuum birefringence
  • Modified wave equations
  • Unusual particle physics processes
  • Experimental tests
  • Finsler geometry
  • Quantum field theory

Published Papers (9 papers)

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Editorial

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3 pages, 190 KiB  
Editorial
Lorentz Violation in Astroparticles and Gravitational Waves
by Marco Schreck
Galaxies 2022, 10(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/galaxies10010013 - 17 Jan 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2007
Abstract
Lorentz invariance is one of the fundamental continuous symmetries of the laws of nature [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lorentz Violation in Astroparticles and Gravitational Waves)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

26 pages, 409 KiB  
Article
Lorentz Violation by the Preferred Frame Effects and Cosmic and Gamma Ray Propagation
by Georgy I. Burde
Galaxies 2021, 9(4), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/galaxies9040119 - 14 Dec 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2245
Abstract
The ‘relativity with a preferred frame’, designed to reconcile the relativity principle with the existence of the cosmological preferred frame, incorporates the preferred frame at the level of special relativity (SR) while retaining the fundamental spacetime symmetry, which, in the standard SR, manifests [...] Read more.
The ‘relativity with a preferred frame’, designed to reconcile the relativity principle with the existence of the cosmological preferred frame, incorporates the preferred frame at the level of special relativity (SR) while retaining the fundamental spacetime symmetry, which, in the standard SR, manifests itself as Lorentz invariance. In this paper, the processes, accompanying the propagation of cosmic rays and gamma rays through the background radiation from distant sources to Earth, are considered on the basis of particle dynamics and electromagnetic field dynamics developed within the framework of the ‘relativity with a preferred frame’. Applying the theory to the photopion-production and pair-production processes shows that the modified particle dynamics and electrodynamics lead to measurable signatures in the observed cosmic and gamma-ray spectra which can provide an interpretation of some puzzling features found in the observational data. Other processes responsible for gamma-ray attenuation are considered. It is found, in particular, that electromagnetic cascades, developing on cosmic microwave background and extragalactic background light, may be reduced or suppressed due to the preferred frame effects which should influence the shape of the very high-energy gamma-ray spectra. Other possible observational consequences of the theory, such as the birefringence of light propagating in vacuo and dispersion, are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lorentz Violation in Astroparticles and Gravitational Waves)
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25 pages, 1183 KiB  
Article
Quantum Gravity Phenomenology Induced in the Propagation of UHECR, a Kinematical Solution in Finsler and Generalized Finsler Spacetime
by Marco Danilo Claudio Torri
Galaxies 2021, 9(4), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/galaxies9040103 - 14 Nov 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2072
Abstract
It is well-known that the universe is opaque to the propagation of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECRs) since these particles dissipate energy during their propagation interacting with the background fields present in the universe, mainly with the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) in the so-called [...] Read more.
It is well-known that the universe is opaque to the propagation of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECRs) since these particles dissipate energy during their propagation interacting with the background fields present in the universe, mainly with the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) in the so-called GZK cut-off phenomenon. Some experimental evidence seems to hint at the possibility of a dilation of the GZK predicted opacity sphere. It is well-known that kinematical perturbations caused by supposed quantum gravity (QG) effects can modify the foreseen GZK opacity horizon. The introduction of Lorentz Invariance Violation can indeed reduce, and in some cases making negligible, the CMB-UHECRs interaction probability. In this work, we explore the effects induced by modified kinematics in the UHECR lightest component phenomenology from the QG perspective. We explore the possibility of a geometrical description of the massive fermions interaction with the supposed quantum structure of spacetime in order to introduce a Lorentz covariance modification. The kinematics are amended, modifying the dispersion relations of free particles in the context of a covariance-preserving framework. This spacetime description requires a more general geometry than the usual Riemannian one, indicating, for instance, the Finsler construction and the related generalized Finsler spacetime as ideal candidates. Finally we investigate the correlation between the magnitude of Lorentz covariance modification and the attenuation length of the photopion production process related to the GZK cut-off, demonstrating that the predicted opacity horizon can be dilated even in the context of a theory that does not require any privileged reference frame. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lorentz Violation in Astroparticles and Gravitational Waves)
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33 pages, 978 KiB  
Article
Astrophysical Neutrinos in Testing Lorentz Symmetry
by Ágnes Roberts
Galaxies 2021, 9(3), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/galaxies9030047 - 8 Jul 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2353
Abstract
An overview of searches related to neutrinos of astronomical and astrophysical origin performed within the framework of the Standard-Model Extension is provided. For this effective field theory, key definitions, intriguing physical consequences, and the mathematical formalism are summarized within the neutrino sector to [...] Read more.
An overview of searches related to neutrinos of astronomical and astrophysical origin performed within the framework of the Standard-Model Extension is provided. For this effective field theory, key definitions, intriguing physical consequences, and the mathematical formalism are summarized within the neutrino sector to search for effects from a background that could lead to small deviations from Lorentz symmetry. After an introduction to the fundamental theory, examples of various experiments within the astronomical and astrophysical context are provided. Order-of-magnitude bounds of SME coefficients are shown illustratively for the tight constraints that this sector allows us to place on such violations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lorentz Violation in Astroparticles and Gravitational Waves)
10 pages, 345 KiB  
Article
Constraints on Lorentz Invariance Violation with Multiwavelength Polarized Astrophysical Sources
by Qi-Qi Zhou, Shuang-Xi Yi, Jun-Jie Wei and Xue-Feng Wu
Galaxies 2021, 9(2), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/galaxies9020044 - 20 Jun 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1744
Abstract
Possible violations of Lorentz invariance (LIV) can produce vacuum birefringence, which results in a frequency-dependent rotation of the polarization plane of linearly polarized light from distant sources. In this paper, we try to search for a frequency-dependent change of the linear polarization angle [...] Read more.
Possible violations of Lorentz invariance (LIV) can produce vacuum birefringence, which results in a frequency-dependent rotation of the polarization plane of linearly polarized light from distant sources. In this paper, we try to search for a frequency-dependent change of the linear polarization angle arising from vacuum birefringence in the spectropolarimetric data of astrophysical sources. We collect five blazars with multiwavelength polarization measurements in different optical bands (UBVRI). Taking into account the observed polarization angle contributions from both the intrinsic polarization angle and the rotation angle induced by LIV, and assuming that the intrinsic polarization angle is an unknown constant, we obtain new constraints on LIV by directly fitting the multiwavelength polarimetric data of the five blazars. Here, we show that the birefringence parameter η quantifying the broken degree of Lorentz invariance is limited to be in the range of −9.63×10−8<η<6.55×10−6 at the 2σ confidence level, which is as good as or represents one order of magnitude improvement over the results previously obtained from ultraviolet/optical polarization observations. Much stronger limits can be obtained by future multiwavelength observations in the gamma-ray energy band. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lorentz Violation in Astroparticles and Gravitational Waves)
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10 pages, 277 KiB  
Article
On Plane Wave Solutions in Lorentz-Violating Extensions of Gravity
by J. R. Nascimento, A. Yu. Petrov and A. R. Vieira
Galaxies 2021, 9(2), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/galaxies9020032 - 8 May 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2050
Abstract
In this paper, we obtain dispersion relations corresponding to plane wave solutions in Lorentz-breaking extensions of gravity with dimension 3, 4, 5 and 6 operators. We demonstrate that these dispersion relations display a usual Lorentz-invariant mode when the corresponding additive term involves higher [...] Read more.
In this paper, we obtain dispersion relations corresponding to plane wave solutions in Lorentz-breaking extensions of gravity with dimension 3, 4, 5 and 6 operators. We demonstrate that these dispersion relations display a usual Lorentz-invariant mode when the corresponding additive term involves higher derivatives. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lorentz Violation in Astroparticles and Gravitational Waves)
9 pages, 289 KiB  
Article
Constraints on Space-Time-Matter Theory in the Framework of the Standard-Model Extension
by James Overduin, Hamna Ali and Francis Walz
Galaxies 2021, 9(2), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/galaxies9020026 - 26 Apr 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2301
Abstract
We use experimental limits on Lorentz violation within the framework of the Standard-Model Extension to derive quantitative constraints on Space-Time-Matter theory, a version of Kaluza–Klein theory in which the cylinder condition is relaxed so that four-dimensional physics can in principle depend on the [...] Read more.
We use experimental limits on Lorentz violation within the framework of the Standard-Model Extension to derive quantitative constraints on Space-Time-Matter theory, a version of Kaluza–Klein theory in which the cylinder condition is relaxed so that four-dimensional physics can in principle depend on the extra coordinates. The extra dimensions are not necessarily compact or length-like. We find that the associated variation in fundamental quantities such as rest mass must occur slowly, on cosmological scales. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lorentz Violation in Astroparticles and Gravitational Waves)
10 pages, 595 KiB  
Article
Signatures of Lorentz Violation in Continuous Gravitational-Wave Spectra of Ellipsoidal Neutron Stars
by Rui Xu, Yong Gao and Lijing Shao
Galaxies 2021, 9(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/galaxies9010012 - 29 Jan 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2992
Abstract
We studied the effects of the Lorentz invariance violation on the rotation of neutron stars (NSs) in the minimal gravitational Standard-Model Extension framework, and calculated the quadrupole radiation generated by them. Aiming at testing Lorentz invariance with observations of continuous gravitational waves (GWs) [...] Read more.
We studied the effects of the Lorentz invariance violation on the rotation of neutron stars (NSs) in the minimal gravitational Standard-Model Extension framework, and calculated the quadrupole radiation generated by them. Aiming at testing Lorentz invariance with observations of continuous gravitational waves (GWs) from rotating NSs in the future, we compared the GW spectra of a rotating ellipsoidal NS under Lorentz-violating gravity with those of a Lorentz-invariant one. The former were found to possess frequency components higher than the second harmonic, which does not happen for the latter, indicating those higher frequency components to be potential signatures of Lorentz violation in continuous GW spectra of rotating NSs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lorentz Violation in Astroparticles and Gravitational Waves)
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9 pages, 823 KiB  
Article
Oscillating Cosmological Force Modifies Newtonian Dynamics
by Igor I. Smolyaninov
Galaxies 2020, 8(2), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/galaxies8020045 - 22 May 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2647
Abstract
In the Newtonian limit of general relativity a force acting on a test mass in a central gravitational field is conventionally defined by the attractive Newtonian gravity (inverse square) term plus a small repulsive cosmological force, which is proportional to the slow acceleration [...] Read more.
In the Newtonian limit of general relativity a force acting on a test mass in a central gravitational field is conventionally defined by the attractive Newtonian gravity (inverse square) term plus a small repulsive cosmological force, which is proportional to the slow acceleration of the universe expansion. In this paper we considered the cosmological-force correction due to fast quantum oscillations of the universe scale factor as a potential solution of the cosmological constant problem. These fast fluctuations of the cosmological scale factor violate Lorentz invariance at the Planck scale, and they induce strong changes to the current sign and magnitude of the average cosmological force, thus making it one of the potential probable causes for the modification of Newtonian dynamics in galaxy-scale systems. The modified cosmological force may be responsible for the recently discovered “cosmic-clock” behavior of disk galaxies in the low-redshift universe. The obtained results have strong implications for astroparticle physics since they demonstrate that typical galaxy rotation curves may be obtained without (or almost without) dark-matter particles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lorentz Violation in Astroparticles and Gravitational Waves)
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