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Future Internet
Special Issues
Cyber Security Challenges in the New Smart Worlds
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Cyber Security Challenges in the New Smart Worlds

A special issue of Future Internet (ISSN 1999-5903). This special issue belongs to the section "Cybersecurity".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 19724

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Agostino Forestiero

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute for High-Performance Computing and Networking, National Research Council of Italy, 87036 Cosenza, Italy
Interests: artificial intelligence; personalized medicine; patient-centric care; healthcare IoT; biomedical data integration; precision health
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Mohamed Abd Elaziz

E-Mail Website
Co-Guest Editor
Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Galala University, Suze 435611, Egypt
Interests: biomedical informatics; artificial intelligence; deep learning; machine learning; 6G networks; signal processing; internet of things
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The ever-increasing smart technologies, applications, and infrastructures offer enormous opportunities. However, new unprecedented security and privacy challenges and emerging security threats that are hard to detect using traditional tools emerge since these hyperconnected systems are highly prone to cyber-attacks and other forms of security threats at all layers. Cybersecurity management systems need to be designed to adapt to the changing security threats autonomously without user intervention and provide maximum protection against intrusions, malware, and various types of cyber-attacks. This Special Issue focuses on advanced cybersecurity technologies and new, improved security techniques of information theory for complex smart systems, providing the grounds for discussion that not only takes the device security into account but also their grid-interconnected network. Many intelligent techniques have a great potential to evolve cyber threat detection and can be integrated into cybersecurity systems to provide more innovative, secure, and robust privacy-preserving solutions for personal and ubiquitous systems. Integration plays a crucial role in providing enhanced security for intelligent autonomous systems and enables organizations to change their security landscape.

We encourage original submissions on the most recent advances in the field of security related to theoretical and applied cutting-edge research on standards, frameworks, models, and approaches to cybersecurity management in smart environments in the era of intelligent learning and Artificial Intelligence technologies.

Dr. Agostino Forestiero
Dr. Mohamed Abd Elaziz
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Future Internet is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • AI technologies for cybersecurity and threat intelligence in smart systems
  • trust, security, and privacy issues in cyber-physical systems
  • cybersecurity management in smart environments
  • blockchain-enabled cyber-physical systems
  • trustworthy data collection/processing in smart infrastructures
  • AI-based cybersecurity techniques for IoT, IoE, IoH, and IoV
  • security by design for smart systems
  • security in smart grid, cloud, edge, and fog computing

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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21 pages, 538 KiB  
Article
Prospects of Cybersecurity in Smart Cities
by Fernando Almeida
Future Internet 2023, 15(9), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15090285 - 23 Aug 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2776
Abstract
The complex and interconnected infrastructure of smart cities offers several opportunities for attackers to exploit vulnerabilities and carry out cyberattacks that can have serious consequences for the functioning of cities’ critical infrastructures. This study aims to address this phenomenon and characterize the dimensions [...] Read more.
The complex and interconnected infrastructure of smart cities offers several opportunities for attackers to exploit vulnerabilities and carry out cyberattacks that can have serious consequences for the functioning of cities’ critical infrastructures. This study aims to address this phenomenon and characterize the dimensions of security risks in smart cities and present mitigation proposals to address these risks. The study adopts a qualitative methodology through the identification of 62 European research projects in the field of cybersecurity in smart cities, which are underway during the period from 2022 to 2027. Compared to previous studies, this work provides a comprehensive view of security risks from the perspective of multiple universities, research centers, and companies participating in European projects. The findings of this study offer relevant scientific contributions by identifying 7 dimensions and 31 sub-dimensions of cybersecurity risks in smart cities and proposing 24 mitigation strategies to face these security challenges. Furthermore, this study explores emerging cybersecurity issues to which smart cities are exposed by the increasing proliferation of new technologies and standards. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyber Security Challenges in the New Smart Worlds)
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24 pages, 1019 KiB  
Article
Effective and Efficient DDoS Attack Detection Using Deep Learning Algorithm, Multi-Layer Perceptron
by Sheeraz Ahmed, Zahoor Ali Khan, Syed Muhammad Mohsin, Shahid Latif, Sheraz Aslam, Hana Mujlid, Muhammad Adil and Zeeshan Najam
Future Internet 2023, 15(2), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15020076 - 15 Feb 2023
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5118
Abstract
Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks pose an increasing threat to businesses and government agencies. They harm internet businesses, limit access to information and services, and damage corporate brands. Attackers use application layer DDoS attacks that are not easily detectable because of impersonating [...] Read more.
Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks pose an increasing threat to businesses and government agencies. They harm internet businesses, limit access to information and services, and damage corporate brands. Attackers use application layer DDoS attacks that are not easily detectable because of impersonating authentic users. In this study, we address novel application layer DDoS attacks by analyzing the characteristics of incoming packets, including the size of HTTP frame packets, the number of Internet Protocol (IP) addresses sent, constant mappings of ports, and the number of IP addresses using proxy IP. We analyzed client behavior in public attacks using standard datasets, the CTU-13 dataset, real weblogs (dataset) from our organization, and experimentally created datasets from DDoS attack tools: Slow Lairs, Hulk, Golden Eyes, and Xerex. A multilayer perceptron (MLP), a deep learning algorithm, is used to evaluate the effectiveness of metrics-based attack detection. Simulation results show that the proposed MLP classification algorithm has an efficiency of 98.99% in detecting DDoS attacks. The performance of our proposed technique provided the lowest value of false positives of 2.11% compared to conventional classifiers, i.e., Naïve Bayes, Decision Stump, Logistic Model Tree, Naïve Bayes Updateable, Naïve Bayes Multinomial Text, AdaBoostM1, Attribute Selected Classifier, Iterative Classifier, and OneR. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyber Security Challenges in the New Smart Worlds)
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12 pages, 962 KiB  
Article
A Unified PUF and Crypto Core Exploiting the Metastability in Latches
by Ronaldo Serrano, Ckristian Duran, Marco Sarmiento, Tuan-Kiet Dang, Trong-Thuc Hoang and Cong-Kha Pham
Future Internet 2022, 14(10), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14100298 - 17 Oct 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1621
Abstract
Hardware acceleration of cryptography algorithms represents an emerging approach to obtain benefits in terms of speed and side-channel resistance compared to software implementations. In addition, a hardware implementation can provide the possibility of unifying the functionality with some secure primitive, for example, a [...] Read more.
Hardware acceleration of cryptography algorithms represents an emerging approach to obtain benefits in terms of speed and side-channel resistance compared to software implementations. In addition, a hardware implementation can provide the possibility of unifying the functionality with some secure primitive, for example, a true random number generator (TRNG) or a physical unclonable function (PUF). This paper presents a unified PUF-ChaCha20 in a field-programmable gate-array (FPGA) implementation. The problems and solutions of the PUF implementation are described, exploiting the metastability in latches. The Xilinx Artix-7 XC7A100TCSG324-1 FPGA implementation occupies 2416 look-up tables (LUTs) and 1026 flips-flops (FFs), reporting a 3.11% area overhead. The PUF exhibits values of 49.15%, 47.52%, and 99.25% for the average uniformity, uniqueness, and reliability, respectively. Finally, ChaCha20 reports a speed of 0.343 cycles per bit with the unified implementation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyber Security Challenges in the New Smart Worlds)
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Review

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18 pages, 432 KiB  
Review
Opportunities for Early Detection and Prediction of Ransomware Attacks against Industrial Control Systems
by Mazen Gazzan and Frederick T. Sheldon
Future Internet 2023, 15(4), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15040144 - 07 Apr 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2771
Abstract
Industrial control systems (ICS) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems, which control critical infrastructure such as power plants and water treatment facilities, have unique characteristics that make them vulnerable to ransomware attacks. These systems are often outdated and run on proprietary [...] Read more.
Industrial control systems (ICS) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems, which control critical infrastructure such as power plants and water treatment facilities, have unique characteristics that make them vulnerable to ransomware attacks. These systems are often outdated and run on proprietary software, making them difficult to protect with traditional cybersecurity measures. The limited visibility into these systems and the lack of effective threat intelligence pose significant challenges to the early detection and prediction of ransomware attacks. Ransomware attacks on ICS and SCADA systems have become a growing concern in recent years. These attacks can cause significant disruptions to critical infrastructure and result in significant financial losses. Despite the increasing threat, the prediction of ransomware attacks on ICS remains a significant challenge for the cybersecurity community. This is due to the unique characteristics of these systems, including the use of proprietary software and limited visibility into their operations. In this review paper, we will examine the challenges associated with predicting ransomware attacks on industrial systems and the existing approaches for mitigating these risks. We will also discuss the need for a multi-disciplinary approach that involves a close collaboration between the cybersecurity and ICS communities. We aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of ransomware prediction on industrial systems and to identify opportunities for future research and development in this area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyber Security Challenges in the New Smart Worlds)
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Other

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12 pages, 2652 KiB  
Brief Report
The Future of Cybersecurity in the Age of Quantum Computers
by Fazal Raheman
Future Internet 2022, 14(11), 335; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14110335 - 16 Nov 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 6511
Abstract
The first week of August 2022 saw the world’s cryptographers grapple with the second shocker of the year. Another one of the four post-quantum cryptography (PQC) algorithms selected by the NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) in a rigorous 5-year process was [...] Read more.
The first week of August 2022 saw the world’s cryptographers grapple with the second shocker of the year. Another one of the four post-quantum cryptography (PQC) algorithms selected by the NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) in a rigorous 5-year process was cracked by a team from Belgium. They took just 62 min and a standard laptop to break the PQC algorithm to win a USD 50,000 bounty from Microsoft. The first shocker came 6 months earlier, when another of the NIST finalists (Rainbow) was taken down. Unfortunately, both failed PQC algorithms are commercially available to consumers. With 80 of the 82 PQC candidates failing the NIST standardization process, the future of the remaining two PQC algorithms is, at best, questionable, placing the rigorous 5-year NIST exercise to build a quantum-safe encryption standard in jeopardy. Meanwhile, there is no respite from the quantum threat that looms large. It is time we take a step back and review the etiology of the problem de novo. Although state-of-the-art computer security heavily relies on cryptography, it can indeed transcend beyond encryption. This paper analyzes an encryption-agnostic approach that can potentially render computers quantum-resistant. Zero-vulnerability computing (ZVC) secures computers by banning all third-party permissions, a root cause of most vulnerabilities. ZVC eliminates the complexities of the multi-layered architecture of legacy computers and builds a minimalist, compact solid-state software on a chip (3SoC) that is robust, energy-efficient, and potentially resistant to malware as well as quantum threats. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyber Security Challenges in the New Smart Worlds)
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