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Electronics
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Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Technologies for Wireless Communications
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Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Technologies for Wireless Communications

A special issue of Electronics (ISSN 2079-9292). This special issue belongs to the section "Microwave and Wireless Communications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 May 2024 | Viewed by 3950

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Yong Niu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
Interests: millimeter wave communications; device-to-device communication; medium access control; high-speed railway communications
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Ke Guan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
Interests: measurement and modeling of wireless propagation channels; high-speed railway communications; ray-tracing and machine-learning-based digital twin of electromagnetic environments in various complex scenarios; such as vehicle-to-x communications; terahertz communication systems; integrated sensing and communications; space–air–ground integrated networks
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Zhipeng Lin

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (NUAA), Nanjing 211106, China
Interests: mmWave communications; massive MIMO; channel estimation; UAV
Dr. Hao Jiang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Artificial Intelligence, College of Future Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
Interests: RIS communications; channel modeling and characteristics analysis; 6G key technologies
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Driven by the requirements of an extremely high data rate and ultra-reliability in emerging applications (e.g., autonomous vehicles, augmented reality, ultra-high-definition video conferencing and streaming), millimeter-wave (mmwave) and terahertz (THz) communications have attracted significant attention. They offer a potential solution to guaranteeing the network performance, promising to support an ultra-high transmission rate, i.e., tens of Gigabits per second (Gbps) or even several Terabits per second (Tbps). However, higher carrier frequencies imply shorter propagation paths and deeper penetration losses, such that both wireless and optical technologies will play an essential role in driving their development for the upcoming 6G era. In addition, the complexity of the hardware design in mmWave/THz systems poses challenges to their practical applications and requires further exploration.

Therefore, this Special Issue seeks to identify key enabling technologies to support mmWave/THz communications. These technologies include mmWave/THz wave propagation and channel modeling, radio frequency (RF) frontend and antenna design, quality of service (QoS)/ quality of experience (QoE) improvement, mobility support and so on.

Topics of interests include, but are not limited to, the following:

(1) mmWave/THz wave propagation and channel modeling

(2) High-power mmWave/THz amplifier

(3) RF frontend and antenna design

(4) Channel estimation and hybrid precoding for mmWave/THz systems

(5) Resource allocation/management and QoS/QoE improvement for mmWave/THz systems

(6) Network architectures and protocols for mmWave/THz communications

(7) Anti-blockage and mobility support techniques for mmWave/THz systems

(8) Energy-efficiency and green operation for mmWave/THz systems

(9) mmWave/THz systems integrated with AI and digital twin technologies

(10) mmWave and THz simulators, prototyping and implementations

Dr. Yong Niu
Prof. Dr. Ke Guan
Dr. Zhipeng Lin
Dr. Hao Jiang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Electronics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • mmWave
  • THz
  • AI
  • resource allocation
  • channel estimation
  • hybrid precoding

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

22 pages, 3441 KiB  
Article
Autonomous Navigation UAVs for Enhancing Information Freshness for Reconnaissance
by Chen Xie, Binbin Wu, Daoxing Guo and Xiao Chen
Electronics 2024, 13(7), 1354; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13071354 - 03 Apr 2024
Viewed by 424
Abstract
The demand for autonomous navigation UAVs in reconnaissance is steadily increasing. One crucial aspect of these missions is the freshness of reconnaissance information, which serves as a vital indicator of mission effectiveness. However, there is a lack of targeted investigation in the research [...] Read more.
The demand for autonomous navigation UAVs in reconnaissance is steadily increasing. One crucial aspect of these missions is the freshness of reconnaissance information, which serves as a vital indicator of mission effectiveness. However, there is a lack of targeted investigation in the research on autonomous single/multi-UAV missions and joint path planning. Furthermore, the use of visual–inertial odometry (VIO) in rotary-wing UAVs can lead to significant positional drift during flight, which may result in the loss of the UAV and mission failure. This paper investigates joint planning problems in single/multi-UAV reconnaissance missions under both GPS-available and GPS-unavailable scenarios and proposes an integrated data collection and beacon-assisted localization approach. Finally, the numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme in enhancing the freshness of reconnaissance information. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Technologies for Wireless Communications)
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18 pages, 1262 KiB  
Article
Federated Learning Incentive Mechanism Setting in UAV-Assisted Space–Terrestrial Integration Networks
by Chun Zhu, Mengqi Sui, Haitao Zhao, Keqi Chen, Tianyu Zhang and Chongyu Bao
Electronics 2024, 13(6), 1129; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13061129 - 20 Mar 2024
Viewed by 462
Abstract
The UAV-assisted space–terrestrial integrated network provides extensive coverage and high flexibility in communication services. UAVs and ground terminals collaborate to train models and provide services. In order to protect data privacy, federated learning is widely used. However, the participation of UAVs and ground [...] Read more.
The UAV-assisted space–terrestrial integrated network provides extensive coverage and high flexibility in communication services. UAVs and ground terminals collaborate to train models and provide services. In order to protect data privacy, federated learning is widely used. However, the participation of UAVs and ground terminals is not gratuitous, and reasonable incentives for federated learning need to be set up to encourage their participation. To address the above issues, this paper proposes a federated reliable incentive mechanism based on hierarchical reinforcement learning. The mechanism allocates inter-round incentives at the upper level to ensure the maximisation of the server’s utility, and performs inter-client incentive allocation at the lower level to ensure the minimisation of each round’s latency. The reasonable incentive allocation enables the central server to achieve higher model training accuracy under the limited incentive budget, which reduces the cost of model training. At the same time, an attack detection mechanism is implemented to identify malicious clients participating in federated learning, preventing their involvement in aggregation and revoking their incentives. This better ensures the security of model training. Finally, we conducted experiments on Fmnist, and the results indicate that this method effectively improves the accuracy and security of model training. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Technologies for Wireless Communications)
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16 pages, 17016 KiB  
Article
Investigation of Gliding Walled Multilayer Waveguides
by Mohsin Ali Shah Syed, Junsheng Yu, Yuan Yao and Shanzah Shaikh
Electronics 2024, 13(3), 599; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13030599 - 01 Feb 2024
Viewed by 482
Abstract
This article suggests a new waveguide design that utilizes a “walled” architecture. Instead of relying on conventional gap waveguide structures to create electronic bandgaps and prevent field leakage, the proposed design introduces a “walled” guiding mechanism. This technique preserves transmission while maintaining the [...] Read more.
This article suggests a new waveguide design that utilizes a “walled” architecture. Instead of relying on conventional gap waveguide structures to create electronic bandgaps and prevent field leakage, the proposed design introduces a “walled” guiding mechanism. This technique preserves transmission while maintaining the multilayer approach and eliminates the need for nails or chemical bonds to attach the layers. Simulations were carried out in the W-band (75–110 GHz) and D-band (110–170 GHz) using several metals, and measurements were performed in the W-band using aluminum. The simulation results show that the reflection coefficient was less than −40 dB over the entire D-band. At the same time, the average insertion loss was around 0.0054 dB/mm and around 0.0065 dB/mm for silver and gold, respectively. Similarly, the reflection coefficient was less than −45 dB over the 75–110 GHz range, with an average insertion loss of 0.0018 dB/mm for silver and 0.003 dB/mm for gold, respectively. The aluminum model’s reflection coefficient was less than −35 dB, and the average insertion loss was 0.0035 dB/mm. The experimental results achieved a reflection coefficient of less than –30 dB and the average transmission coefficient was −0.2 dB, with an insertion loss of 0.002 dB/mm. The simple stacking ability of the weightless walled metal plates and easy fabrication makes the proposed transmission line a promising technology in mmWave and Terahertz applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Technologies for Wireless Communications)
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12 pages, 4992 KiB  
Communication
Rain Attenuations Based on Drop Size Distribution (DSD) Model and Empirical Model at Low THz Frequencies
by Yongho Kim, Jongho Kim, Jinhyung Oh, Youngkeun Yoon, Sangwook Park and Jaegon Lee
Electronics 2024, 13(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13010009 - 19 Dec 2023
Viewed by 687
Abstract
Rain attenuation based on the drop size distribution (DSD) with different rainfall rates (R) at low THz frequencies is investigated in this paper. The rain attenuation is calculated using the DSD measured for one year and the extinction cross-section (ECS) by [...] Read more.
Rain attenuation based on the drop size distribution (DSD) with different rainfall rates (R) at low THz frequencies is investigated in this paper. The rain attenuation is calculated using the DSD measured for one year and the extinction cross-section (ECS) by the Mie scattering theory. Moreover, the obtained specific rain attenuation is verified by the empirical model using the measurement system consisting of a transmitter, a receiver, and weather measurement units. We measured the received power against the uniform transmitted power at 240, 270, and 300 GHz on the rooftop of the National Radio Research Agency (RRA) in Korea during the same period as the DSD measurement period. After curve fitting by regression analysis, we compared both rain attenuations obtained in two methods with the recommendation International Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) P.838-3. The root mean square errors (RMSEs) of the DSD model are 2.8977, 2.8646, and 2.8331 at 240, 270, and 300 GHz, respectively. The calculated result using the Mie scattering and the measured DSD methods shows the best fit to the data of the ITU-R recommendation for a rainfall rate of up to 5 mm/h. On the other hand, the empirical results using the T/Rx antenna system are slightly higher compared to the data of the ITU-R recommendation. As the rainfall rate increases, the difference between our results and ITU-R recommendation increases. This study will be useful for predicting rain attenuation for terrestrial wireless links operating at low THz frequencies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Technologies for Wireless Communications)
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17 pages, 1270 KiB  
Article
A Novel Secure Routing Design Based on Physical Layer Security in Millimeter-Wave VANET
by Mengqiu Chai, Shengjie Zhao and Yuan Liu
Electronics 2023, 12(22), 4704; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12224704 - 19 Nov 2023
Viewed by 647
Abstract
With the continuous development of millimeter-wave communication technology, new requirements such as ultra-reliability and higher data rates pose new challenges to the security issues of traditional cryptographic encryption in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET). Physical layer security uses the characteristics of different wireless [...] Read more.
With the continuous development of millimeter-wave communication technology, new requirements such as ultra-reliability and higher data rates pose new challenges to the security issues of traditional cryptographic encryption in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET). Physical layer security uses the characteristics of different wireless channels to protect the information security. In this paper, we propose a novel VANET routing mechanism that utilizes physical layer security to improve the secrecy performance, which is compatible with the millimeter-wave vehicular network. Specifically, we design a new secure routing selection factor, the utility function, that takes into account the effects of both secrecy rate and single-hop transmission distance to achieve the hop selection. In addition, we propose a novel routing mechanism and design a waiting mechanism based on the utility function. Compared with the traditional routing algorithms, the greedy perimeter stateless routing (GPSR) and Dijkstra simulation results illustrate that our design achieves superior performance in secrecy performance and dynamic adaptability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Technologies for Wireless Communications)
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11 pages, 2604 KiB  
Article
PAPR Suppression for Angular-Domain-Based Massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing System
by Ting Liu, Xiaoming Wang, Yuanxue Xin and Xi Yang
Electronics 2023, 12(19), 4015; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12194015 - 23 Sep 2023
Viewed by 559
Abstract
In this paper, the precoding-based peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction methods are studied for the massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system in the angular domain. The expectation maximization generalized approximate message passing algorithm and the proposed optimized alternating direction [...] Read more.
In this paper, the precoding-based peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction methods are studied for the massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system in the angular domain. The expectation maximization generalized approximate message passing algorithm and the proposed optimized alternating direction method of multipliers (OADMM) scheme are adopted here to explore the system characteristics in terms of the symbol error ratio (SER) performance, the PAPR reduction efficiency, and the inter user interference (IUI). Specifically, the high PAPR problem is reduced to no more than 0.18 dB by using the inherent property of the massive MIMO-OFDM angle division multiple access (ADMA) system with relatively reduced computational complexity. Moreover, the value of SER is around 10−5 dB when the proposed technique is performed. Computer numerical simulation results verify the efficiency of the proposed technique from the perspective of SER, PAPR suppression, and IUI. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Technologies for Wireless Communications)
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