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Diagnostics
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Future Trends in Radioisotope-Based Imaging
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Future Trends in Radioisotope-Based Imaging

A special issue of Diagnostics (ISSN 2075-4418). This special issue belongs to the section "Medical Imaging and Theranostics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2022) | Viewed by 11597

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Martin Alexander Walter

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Guest Editor
Medical Faculty, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Interests: integrated diagnostics and its clinical implementation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Rebecca Dumont

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Guest Editor
Medical Faculty, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Interests: the development of novel radiotracers and their clinical translation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Pablo Jane

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Guest Editor
Medical Faculty, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Interests: the development of new approaches for image data processing and their clinical translation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Radioisotope-based imaging is a rapidly growing field that thrives on the constant development of new methods to detect, characterize, and better understand diseases. The recent past has witnessed a surge of new technological advancements that have touched every aspect of the field, such as the development, validation, and clinical implementation of new radiopharmaceuticals, automated radiopharmaceutical systems, new hybrid scanner technology, and novel approaches to process and analyze imaging data.

These developments, in addition to others, have broadened the role of radioisotope imaging in modern patient care by creating new diagnostic platforms in numerous clinical fields, including cardiology, neurology, and oncology. As such, radioisotope-based imaging is increasingly supporting clinical decision-making, monitoring the response to therapies, and ultimately improving therapeutic outcomes.

This Special Issue highlights the current developments, and we invite submissions of original research and comprehensive reviews on new radiopharmaceuticals, next-generation scanner technology, novel approaches on image data processing, and any area of research that will shape future trends in radioisotope-based imaging.

Prof. Dr. Martin Alexander Walter
Dr. Rebecca Dumont
Dr. Pablo Jane
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Diagnostics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • positron emission tomography (PET)
  • PET radiomics
  • hybrid imaging
  • radiopharmaceuticals

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 1920 KiB  
Article
Fifty Shades of Scandium: Comparative Study of PET Capabilities Using Sc-43 and Sc-44 with Respect to Conventional Clinical Radionuclides
by Thiago V. M. Lima, Silvano Gnesin, Klaus Strobel, Maria del Sol Pérez, Justus E. Roos, Cristina Müller and Nicholas P. van der Meulen
Diagnostics 2021, 11(10), 1826; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11101826 - 03 Oct 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2142
Abstract
Scandium-44 has been proposed as a valuable radionuclide for Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Recently, scandium-43 was introduced as a more favorable option, as it does not emit high-energy γ-radiation; however, its currently employed production method results in a mixture of scandium-43 and scandium-44. [...] Read more.
Scandium-44 has been proposed as a valuable radionuclide for Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Recently, scandium-43 was introduced as a more favorable option, as it does not emit high-energy γ-radiation; however, its currently employed production method results in a mixture of scandium-43 and scandium-44. The interest in new radionuclides for diagnostic nuclear medicine critically depends on the option for image-based quantification. We aimed to evaluate and compare the quantitative capabilities of scandium-43/scandium-44 in a commercial PET/CT device with respect to more conventional clinical radionuclides (fluorine-18 and gallium-68). With this purpose, we characterized and compared quantitative PET data from a mixture of scandium-43/scandium-44 (~68% scandium-43), scandium-44, fluorine-18 and gallium-68, respectively. A NEMA image-quality phantom was filled with the different radionuclides using clinical-relevant lesion-to-background activity concentration ratios; images were acquired in a Siemens Biograph Vision PET/CT. Quantitative accuracy with scandium-43/scandium-44 in the phantom’s background was within 9%, which is in agreement with fluorine-18-based PET standards. Coefficient of variance (COV) was 6.32% and signal recovery in the lesions provided RCmax (recovery coefficient) values of 0.66, 0.90, 1.03, 1.04, 1.12 and 1.11 for lesions of 10-, 13-, 17-, 22-, 28- and 37-mm diameter, respectively. These results are in agreement with EARL reference values for fluorine-18 PET. The results in this work showed that accurate quantitative scandium-43/44 PET/CT is achievable in commercial devices. This may promote the future introduction of scandium-43/44-labelled radiopharmaceuticals into clinical use. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Trends in Radioisotope-Based Imaging)
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16 pages, 1066 KiB  
Article
Risk Stratification Using 18F-FDG PET/CT and Artificial Neural Networks in Head and Neck Cancer Patients Undergoing Radiotherapy
by Sebastian N. Marschner, Elia Lombardo, Lena Minibek, Adrien Holzgreve, Lena Kaiser, Nathalie L. Albert, Christopher Kurz, Marco Riboldi, Richard Späth, Philipp Baumeister, Maximilian Niyazi, Claus Belka, Stefanie Corradini, Guillaume Landry and Franziska Walter
Diagnostics 2021, 11(9), 1581; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11091581 - 31 Aug 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1824
Abstract
This study retrospectively analyzed the performance of artificial neural networks (ANN) to predict overall survival (OS) or locoregional failure (LRF) in HNSCC patients undergoing radiotherapy, based on 2-[18F]FDG PET/CT and clinical covariates. We compared predictions relying on three different sets of [...] Read more.
This study retrospectively analyzed the performance of artificial neural networks (ANN) to predict overall survival (OS) or locoregional failure (LRF) in HNSCC patients undergoing radiotherapy, based on 2-[18F]FDG PET/CT and clinical covariates. We compared predictions relying on three different sets of features, extracted from 230 patients. Specifically, (i) an automated feature selection method independent of expert rating was compared with (ii) clinical variables with proven influence on OS or LRF and (iii) clinical data plus expert-selected SUV metrics. The three sets were given as input to an artificial neural network for outcome prediction, evaluated by Harrell’s concordance index (HCI) and by testing stratification capability. For OS and LRF, the best performance was achieved with expert-based PET-features (0.71 HCI) and clinical variables (0.70 HCI), respectively. For OS stratification, all three feature sets were significant, whereas for LRF only expert-based PET-features successfully classified low vs. high-risk patients. Based on 2-[18F]FDG PET/CT features, stratification into risk groups using ANN for OS and LRF is possible. Differences in the results for different feature sets confirm the relevance of feature selection, and the key importance of expert knowledge vs. automated selection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Trends in Radioisotope-Based Imaging)
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9 pages, 13971 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Integrin αvβ3 Expression in Murine Xenograft Models: [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-C(RGDfK) PET Study with Immunohistochemical Confirmation
by Kosuke Mitsuyuki, Tadashi Watabe, Sadahiro Naka, Yuwei Liu, Mitsuaki Tatsumi, Eku Shimosegawa and Hiroki Kato
Diagnostics 2021, 11(7), 1295; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11071295 - 19 Jul 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1959
Abstract
Tumor blood flow (TBF) is related to drug delivery and hypoxia, both of which can impact the efficacy of anti-cancer therapies. Although integrin αvβ3 expression is related to tumor angiogenesis, it remains unclear whether the degree of angiogenesis affects TBF. [...] Read more.
Tumor blood flow (TBF) is related to drug delivery and hypoxia, both of which can impact the efficacy of anti-cancer therapies. Although integrin αvβ3 expression is related to tumor angiogenesis, it remains unclear whether the degree of angiogenesis affects TBF. This study aimed to evaluate the expression of integrin αvβ3 in mouse tumor models using [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-c(RGDfK) peptide positron emission tomography (PET) and immunohistochemical staining. PET studies were conducted using mouse C6 glioma models and MIA PaCa-2 (n = 6 each). The [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-c(RGDfK) peptide was injected via the tail vein (2.17 ± 0.28 MBq), and 10 min static PET scans were performed. Immunohistochemical analysis was conducted using an integrin αVβ3 antibody. [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-c(RGDfK) peptide PET revealed higher uptake of the radiotracer in C6 gliomas than in MIA PaCa-2 tumors. The mean standardized uptake value was significantly higher in C6 gliomas (0.35 ± 0.058) than in MIA PaCa-2 tumors (0.17 ± 0.045). Histological analysis revealed intense integrin αVβ3 expression in the C6 gliomas, whereas the MIA PaCa-2 tumors had low expression levels. This study showed that the expression of integrin αvβ3 can be differentiated by the [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-c(RGDfK) peptide, suggesting the potential applicability of this peptide in the evaluation of the relationship between angiogenesis and TBF. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Trends in Radioisotope-Based Imaging)
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10 pages, 1514 KiB  
Article
Individualised Timing of Radio-Guided Parathyroidectomy Using Multi-Phase SPECT/CT Increases In Vivo Sensitivity and Accuracy and Reduces Operating Time: A Randomised Clinical Trial
by Martin Formánek, Vladimír Dedek, Michal Koláček, Martin Havel, Karol Zeleník and Pavel Komínek
Diagnostics 2021, 11(4), 677; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11040677 - 09 Apr 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1591
Abstract
Background: Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy is the preferred treatment for primary hyperparathyroidism. Despite relatively accurate preoperative information, minimally invasive parathyroidectomy can be challenging, especially in the case of small and ectopic adenomas. Radio guidance aids in both in vivo identification and ex vivo [...] Read more.
Background: Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy is the preferred treatment for primary hyperparathyroidism. Despite relatively accurate preoperative information, minimally invasive parathyroidectomy can be challenging, especially in the case of small and ectopic adenomas. Radio guidance aids in both in vivo identification and ex vivo confirmation of adenoma. In vivo accuracy is currently not satisfactory. The present study evaluated whether a beneficial effect (increased sensitivity, specificity, accuracy) is obtained with individualised timing of minimally invasive radio-guided parathyroidectomy (MIRGP) using preoperative multi-phase 99mTc-MIBI single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/computed tomography (CT). Methods: This randomised clinical trial was conducted from May 2016 to January 2020 in a tertiary referral hospital. Adult patients with primary hyperparathyroidism sent for 99mTc-MIBI SPECT/CT were included consecutively and randomly assigned to conventional (dual-phase) SPECT/CT and conventional MIRGP (group I) or multi-phase SPECT/CT and individualised MIRGP (group II). One hundred of 106 eligible patients were included, and 83 patients underwent complete intervention. Results: A total of 47 patients in group I and 35 patients in group II were analysed. Group II had a shorter operating time (p = 0.003). The in vivo sensitivity and accuracy of radio guidance was 85.1% in group I and 100% in group II (p = 0.046), and 90.4% in group I and 100% in group II (p = 0.021), respectively. We found no difference in the in vivo specificity and ex vivo parameters between groups. Conclusion: Individualised timing increased the in vivo sensitivity and accuracy of radio guidance and reduced operating time, as some parathyroid adenomas rapidly wash out the radionuclide. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Trends in Radioisotope-Based Imaging)
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Review

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27 pages, 8420 KiB  
Review
Production, Purification, and Applications of a Potential Theranostic Pair: Cobalt-55 and Cobalt-58m
by Kendall E. Barrett, Hailey A. Houson, Wilson Lin, Suzanne E. Lapi and Jonathan W. Engle
Diagnostics 2021, 11(7), 1235; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11071235 - 09 Jul 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2742
Abstract
The emerging success of [68Ga/177Lu]Ga/Lu-DOTATATE as a theranostic pair has spurred interest in other isotopes as potential theranostic combinations. Here, we review cobalt-55 and cobalt-58m as a potential theranostic pair. Radionuclidically pure cobalt-55 and cobalt-58m have been produced on [...] Read more.
The emerging success of [68Ga/177Lu]Ga/Lu-DOTATATE as a theranostic pair has spurred interest in other isotopes as potential theranostic combinations. Here, we review cobalt-55 and cobalt-58m as a potential theranostic pair. Radionuclidically pure cobalt-55 and cobalt-58m have been produced on small cyclotrons with high molar activity. In vitro, DOTATOC labeled with cobalt has shown greater affinity for SSTR2 than DOTATOC labeled with gallium and yttrium. Similarly, [58mCo]Co-DOTATATE has shown improved cell-killing capabilities as compared to DOTATATE labeled with either indium-111 or lutetium-177. Finally, PET imaging with an isotope such as cobalt-55 allows for image acquisition at much later timepoints than gallium, allowing for an increased degree of biological clearance of non-bound radiotracer. We discuss the accelerator targetry and radiochemistry used to produce cobalt-55,58m, emphasizing the implications of these techniques to downstream radiotracers being developed for imaging and therapy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Trends in Radioisotope-Based Imaging)
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