Study Properties of Hexagonal Single Crystals and Polycrystals

A special issue of Crystals (ISSN 2073-4352). This special issue belongs to the section "Crystal Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2020) | Viewed by 19722

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, 121 16 Praha 2, Czech Republic
Interests: light alloys; mechanical properties; internal friction; thermally activated processes; unstable plastic deformation; dynamic strain ageing; solid solution hardening
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Guest Editor
Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Prague, Czech Republic
Interests: magnesium; microstructure; texture; mechanical properties; corrrosion

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The mechanical and physical properties of hexagonal metals began being studied later than those of cubic metals. This was due to the fact that the most used metals and alloys in the industry were iron, steel, or aluminum and aluminum alloys. In the last few decades, various industrial branches have expressed an increasing interest in hexagonal metals and alloys (mainly Mg, Ti, and Zr alloys): The 3C industry, transportation industry, nuclear devices, and industrial production of metallic parts for biomedical applications. On the other hand, hexagonal crystals exhibit a lower symmetry compared to cubic crystals. This has a consequence in the anisotropy of the mechanical and physical properties. The anisotropy of hexagonal metals and alloys depends on the axes’ ratio c/a. In the first group, where c/a > 1.63 (the ideal ratio for close packing), the basal planes (0001) are the close packed planes (Zn, Cd, Mg), whereas in the case when c/a < 1.63 (Zr, Ti, Be), the close packed planes are prismatic ones . Deformation mechanisms, texture formation, and other physical properties are different for both groups of hexagonal metals.

Deep knowledge of the mechanical behavior and physical properties of these materials may facilitate the search for materials with predetermined characteristics. The purpose of the papers submitted to this Special Issue is to extend our current knowledge of the mechanical and physical properties of metallic hexagonal single crystals and polycrystals. Your contributions are welcome.

Prof. Dr. Zuzanka Trojanová
Dr. Peter Minárik
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • Hexagonal metallic materials, structure
  • Evolution micro- and macrotexture
  • Deformation at a constant strain rate and strain
  • Twinning
  • Anisotropy of mechanical properties
  • Strengthening and softening mechanisms
  • Influence of solute atoms, particles, and grains
  • Thermally activated processes
  • Anisotropy of thermal properties
  • Internal friction

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 14542 KiB  
Article
Amplitude Dependent Internal Friction in Strained Magnesium Alloys of AZ Series
by Milan Uhríčik, Zuzana Dresslerová, Peter Palček, Mária Chalupová, Zuzanka Trojanová and Patrícia Hanusová
Crystals 2020, 10(7), 608; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10070608 - 13 Jul 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2036
Abstract
Amplitude dependent internal friction (ADIF) was measured in three AZ magnesium alloys. Two types of experiments were performed: ADIF was measured step by step with the increasing strain amplitude and ADIF was measured after predeformation of samples in torsion. All experiments were done [...] Read more.
Amplitude dependent internal friction (ADIF) was measured in three AZ magnesium alloys. Two types of experiments were performed: ADIF was measured step by step with the increasing strain amplitude and ADIF was measured after predeformation of samples in torsion. All experiments were done at room temperature. The quality factor was used as a measure of internal friction (IF). The quality factor decreased in the region of smaller amplitudes, and approaching some critical amplitude, εcr, rapidly increased. This critical amplitude increased with increasing maximum strain amplitude and predeformation of samples up to ~6%. Such behavior can be explained by considering mobile solute atoms, which may migrate along the dislocation line in the region of smaller amplitudes and perpendicular to the dislocation line in the region of higher amplitudes. A competition between dragging and depinning of solute atoms with dislocation lines may very well explain the measured dependencies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Study Properties of Hexagonal Single Crystals and Polycrystals)
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10 pages, 4377 KiB  
Article
Microstructure and Mechanical Strength of Attritor-Milled and Spark Plasma Sintered Mg-4Y-3Nd Alloy
by Mária Zemková, Peter Minárik, Michal Knapek, Stanislav Šašek, Jan Dittrich and Robert Král
Crystals 2020, 10(7), 574; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10070574 - 03 Jul 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1613
Abstract
Gas-atomized powder of an Mg-4Y-3Nd magnesium alloy was attritor-milled at room temperature in an argon atmosphere for two time periods—1.5 and 5 h. Subsequently, the gas-atomized powder as well as both of the milled powders were spark plasma sintered at four temperatures, 400, [...] Read more.
Gas-atomized powder of an Mg-4Y-3Nd magnesium alloy was attritor-milled at room temperature in an argon atmosphere for two time periods—1.5 and 5 h. Subsequently, the gas-atomized powder as well as both of the milled powders were spark plasma sintered at four temperatures, 400, 450, 500, and 550 °C, for 3 min. The effect of the milling on the powder particles’ morphology and the microstructure of the consolidated samples were studied by advanced microscopy techniques. The effect of the microstructural changes, resulting from the pre-milling and the sintering temperature, on the mechanical strength was investigated in compression along and perpendicular to the sintering load direction. Both the compression yield strength and ultimate compression strength were significantly affected by the grain size refinement, residual strain, secondary phase particles, and porosity. The results showed that attritor-milling imposed severe deformation to the powder particles, causing a significant grain size refinement in all of the consolidated samples. However, 1.5 h of milling was insufficient to achieve uniform refinement, and these samples also exhibited a distinctive anisotropy in the mechanical properties. Only a negligible anisotropy and superior yield strength were observed in the samples sintered from 5 h milled powder, whereas the ultimate strength was lower than that of the samples sintered from the gas-atomized powder. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Study Properties of Hexagonal Single Crystals and Polycrystals)
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14 pages, 14069 KiB  
Article
Effect of Equal Channel Angular Extrusion on the Thermal Conductivity of an AX52 Magnesium Alloy
by Zuzanka Trojanová, Kristýna Halmešová, Ján Džugan, Zdeněk Drozd, Peter Minárik and Pavel Lukáč
Crystals 2020, 10(6), 497; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10060497 - 09 Jun 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1773
Abstract
An AX52 magnesium alloy (nominal composition Mg-5Al-2Ca in w.%) was submitted to equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) using processing route A; 1–8 passes through the ECAP tool were applied. The thermal conductivity of the ECAP samples was measured using a flash method in [...] Read more.
An AX52 magnesium alloy (nominal composition Mg-5Al-2Ca in w.%) was submitted to equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) using processing route A; 1–8 passes through the ECAP tool were applied. The thermal conductivity of the ECAP samples was measured using a flash method in the temperature interval from room temperature up to 350 °C. The microstructure and texture of the samples were studied by light and electron microscopy. The severe plastic deformation, realized by the ECAP, influences the thermal properties of the alloy. The possible microstructural parameters determining the thermal conductivity were analyzed. New dislocations, the grain, phase boundaries, and texture of the samples may perceptibly change the thermal properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Study Properties of Hexagonal Single Crystals and Polycrystals)
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14 pages, 2210 KiB  
Article
Strengthening and Thermally Activated Processes in an AX61/Saffil Metal Matrix Composite
by Zuzanka Trojanová, Zoltán Száraz, Pavel Lukáč, Zdeněk Drozd and Ján Džugan
Crystals 2020, 10(6), 466; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10060466 - 01 Jun 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2026
Abstract
AX61 magnesium alloy was reinforced with short Saffil fibres using squeeze cast technology. Samples were cut from the casting in two directions: parallel and perpendicular to the fibre plane. Samples were deformed in compression at various temperatures from room temperature to 300 °C. [...] Read more.
AX61 magnesium alloy was reinforced with short Saffil fibres using squeeze cast technology. Samples were cut from the casting in two directions: parallel and perpendicular to the fibre plane. Samples were deformed in compression at various temperatures from room temperature to 300 °C. Various strengthening mechanisms such as load transfer, increased dislocation density, Orowan and Hall–Petch strengthening were analysed. During deformation, the stress relaxation tests were subsequently performed. The relaxation curves were evaluated with respect to Li and Feltham equations with the aim to find stress components in matrix and parameters of the thermally activated process(es). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Study Properties of Hexagonal Single Crystals and Polycrystals)
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23 pages, 40957 KiB  
Article
Optimization of the Mechanical Performance of Titanium for Biomedical Applications by Advanced, High-Gain SPD Technology
by Kateřina Mertová, Jan Palán, Gergely Németh, Stanislava Fintová, Michal Duchek, Tomáš Studecký, Josef Veselý, Kristián Máthis, Jan Džugan and Zuzanka Trojanová
Crystals 2020, 10(6), 422; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10060422 - 26 May 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2673
Abstract
This recent study deals with the optimization of the mechanical performance of Grade 2 and Grade 4 titanium with Conform severe plastic deformation (SPD) processing and subsequent rotary swaging. A comprehensive study of the materials behaviour and characterisation during and after processing is [...] Read more.
This recent study deals with the optimization of the mechanical performance of Grade 2 and Grade 4 titanium with Conform severe plastic deformation (SPD) processing and subsequent rotary swaging. A comprehensive study of the materials behaviour and characterisation during and after processing is given by (finite element method - FEM) numerical simulation, microscopy methods and mechanical testing. The mechanical and fatigue properties are discussed in terms of texture and microstructure evolution. It is shown that the combination of Conform SPD and rotary swaging is a promising technique for economically reliable, high-gain production of titanium alloys fulfilling requirements for biomedical applications. Such a processing can improve the mechanical properties of the unalloyed titanium to the level of the commonly used Ti-6Al-4V. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Study Properties of Hexagonal Single Crystals and Polycrystals)
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14 pages, 672 KiB  
Article
Calculation of Surface Properties of Cubic and Hexagonal Crystals through Molecular Statics Simulations
by Zihan Tang, Yue Chen and Wei Ye
Crystals 2020, 10(4), 329; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10040329 - 22 Apr 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 9059
Abstract
Surface property is an important factor that is widely considered in crystal growth and design. It is also found to play a critical role in changing the constitutive law seen in the classical elasticity theory for nanomaterials. Through molecular static simulations, this work [...] Read more.
Surface property is an important factor that is widely considered in crystal growth and design. It is also found to play a critical role in changing the constitutive law seen in the classical elasticity theory for nanomaterials. Through molecular static simulations, this work presents the calculation of surface properties (surface energy density, surface stress and surface stiffness) of some typical cubic and hexagonal crystals: face-centered-cubic (FCC) pure metals (Cu, Ni, Pd and Ag), body-centered-cubic (BCC) pure metals (Mo and W), diamond Si, zincblende GaAs and GaN, hexagonal-close-packed (HCP) pure metals (Mg, Zr and Ti), and wurzite GaN. Sound agreements of the bulk and surface properties between this work and the literature are found. New results are first reported for the surface stiffness of BCC pure metals, surface stress and surface stiffness of HCP pure metals, Si, GaAs and GaN. Comparative studies of the surface properties are carried out to uncover trends in their behaviors. The results in this work could be helpful to the investigation of material properties and structure performances of crystals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Study Properties of Hexagonal Single Crystals and Polycrystals)
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