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Coatings
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Thin Films for Thermoelectric Applications
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Thin Films for Thermoelectric Applications

A special issue of Coatings (ISSN 2079-6412). This special issue belongs to the section "Thin Films".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2021) | Viewed by 20333

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Clara M. Gómez

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Materials Science (ICMUV), University of Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Spain
Interests: conducting polymers; thermoelectricity; polyurethanes; hybrid materials; nanoparticle synthesis; structure–property characterization
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Rafael Muñoz-Espí

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Materials Science (ICMUV), Universitat de València, C/ Catedràtic José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, València, Spain
Interests: multicomponent polymer systems; hybrid materials; conducting polymers; colloidal systems; nanoparticle synthesis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The majority of the energy produced today comes from nonrenewable resources, such as fossil fuels and natural gas, which are known to contribute to environmental problems. To combat these issues, much research is currently devoted to developing alternative ways of energy production that are both renewable and clean. In particular, energy recovery from heat (energy harvesting) can be a good strategy to minimize the negative impact that “dirty” energy produces on the environment. That is exactly what thermoelectricity, also called the Peltier–Seebeck effect, is about: Direct conversion of heat into electricity or electricity into heat through two related mechanisms, the Seebeck effect and the Peltier effect. To attain this effect, we need to develop efficient thermoelectric materials.

This Special Issue, “Thin Films for Thermoelectric Applications”, aims to cover original research and critical review articles on recent aspects of novel thermoelectric materials processed as thin films. In particular, papers are invited that discuss recent advances in thermoelectric materials and their processing as thin films, characterization techniques relating structure–properties, construction of devices based on thin thermoelectric films, theory relating to thermoelectricity of thin films, and in general, all aspects of applications of thermoelectric thin films.

Although other interesting related topics not mentioned in the above list are also welcome, intended submissions should generally fall in line with thin films for thermoelectric applications.

 

The topics of interest include but are not limited to:

  • Synthesis of novel thermoelectric materials
  • Deposition techniques for thin films of thermoelectric materials
  • Characterization methods of thermoelectric properties of thin films
  • Structural characterization of thermoelectric thin films
  • Quantum confinement, phonon drag, 2D materials
  • Physics and chemistry of novel thermoelectric materials for thin films
  • Theory and modelling of thermoelectric thin films
  • Thermoelectric thin films sensors and applications
  • Thermoelectric nanodevices

Prof. Dr. Clara M Gómez
Prof. Dr. Rafael Muñoz-Espí
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Coatings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 3708 KiB  
Article
Electrochemical Deposition of Conductive Polymers on Fabrics
by Jose F. Serrano-Claumarchirant, Rafael Muñoz-Espí, Andrés Cantarero, Mario Culebras and Clara M. Gómez
Coatings 2023, 13(2), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13020383 - 07 Feb 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1442
Abstract
The development of wearable technology has promoted the research of new power supply sources to feed wearable devices without the need of batteries. Wearable thermoelectric generators (wTEGs) can generate energy using the thermal gradient between the human body and the ambient temperature. The [...] Read more.
The development of wearable technology has promoted the research of new power supply sources to feed wearable devices without the need of batteries. Wearable thermoelectric generators (wTEGs) can generate energy using the thermal gradient between the human body and the ambient temperature. The most comfortable way to adapt wTEGs to the human body is by using textiles, which are flexible and breathable. In this work, we have developed a method to coat textiles with conductive polymers by electrodeposition on fabrics previously coated with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). The results show that the fabrics coated with polyaniline: sulfuric acid (PANI:H2SO4) present a very low thermal stability, and the variation of the electrical conductivity under wearable stress is not suitable for their use in smart textiles. However, the fabrics coated with poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene: perchlorate) (PEDOT:ClO4) and polypyrrole: perchlorate (PPy:ClO4) show a good thermal stability, positive evolution of the electrical conductivity as a function of the twist angle, bending cycles, and bending radius, demostrating their potential use in practical wearable applications to coat fabrics by electrochemical deposition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thin Films for Thermoelectric Applications)
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12 pages, 4036 KiB  
Article
Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) Nanoparticles as Building Blocks for Hybrid Thermoelectric Flexible Films
by Jose F. Serrano-Claumarchirant, Mario Culebras, Andrés Cantarero, Clara M. Gómez and Rafael Muñoz-Espí
Coatings 2020, 10(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10010022 - 28 Dec 2019
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3597
Abstract
Hybrid thermoelectric flexible films based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes were prepared by using layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly. The employed PEDOT nanoparticles were synthesized by oxidative miniemulsion polymerization by using iron(III) p-toluenesulfonate hexahydrate (FeTos) as an oxidant and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) [...] Read more.
Hybrid thermoelectric flexible films based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes were prepared by using layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly. The employed PEDOT nanoparticles were synthesized by oxidative miniemulsion polymerization by using iron(III) p-toluenesulfonate hexahydrate (FeTos) as an oxidant and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) as stabilizer. Sodium deoxycholate (DOC) was used as a stabilizer to prepare the aqueous dispersions of the carbon nanotubes. Hybrid thermoelectric films were finally prepared with different monomer/oxidant molar ratios and different types of carbon nanotubes, aiming to maximize the power factor (PF). The use of single-wall (SWCNT), double-wall (DWCNT), and multiwall (MWCNT) carbon nanotubes was compared. The Seebeck coefficient was measured by applying a temperature difference between the ends of the film and the electrical conductivity was measured by the Van der Pauw method. The best hybrid film in this study exhibited a PF of 72 µW m−1K−2. These films are prepared from aqueous dispersions with relatively low-cost materials and, due to lightweight and flexible properties, they are potentially good candidates to recover waste heat in wearable electronic applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thin Films for Thermoelectric Applications)
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8 pages, 3913 KiB  
Article
Large-Area Laying of Soft Textile Power Generators for the Realization of Body Heat Harvesting Clothing
by Yao-Shing Chen and Ben-Je Lwo
Coatings 2019, 9(12), 831; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9120831 - 06 Dec 2019
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2380
Abstract
This paper presents the realization of a flexible thermoelectric (TE) generator as a textile fabric that converts human body heat into electrical energy for portable, low-power microelectronic products. In this study, an organic non-toxic conductive coating was used to dip rayon wipes into [...] Read more.
This paper presents the realization of a flexible thermoelectric (TE) generator as a textile fabric that converts human body heat into electrical energy for portable, low-power microelectronic products. In this study, an organic non-toxic conductive coating was used to dip rayon wipes into conductive TE fabrics so that the textile took advantage of the TE currents which were parallel to the temperature gradient. To this end, a dyed conductive cloth was first sewn into a TE unit. The TE unit was then sewn into an array to create a temperature difference between the human body and the environment for TE power harvesting. The prototype of the TE fabric consisted of 48 TE units connected by conductive wire over an area of 275 × 205 mm2, and the TE units were sewn on a T-shirt at the chest area. After fabrication and property tests, a Seebeck coefficient of approximately 20 μV/K was measured from the TE unit, and 0.979 mV voltage was obtained from the T-shirt with TE textile fabric. Since the voltage was generated at a low temperature gradient environment, the proposed energy solution in actual fabric applications is suitable for future portable microelectronic power devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thin Films for Thermoelectric Applications)
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12 pages, 2663 KiB  
Article
A Printable Paste Based on a Stable n-Type Poly[Ni-tto] Semiconducting Polymer
by Roman Tkachov, Lukas Stepien, Moritz Greifzu, Anton Kiriy, Nataliya Kiriy, Tilman Schüler, Tino Schmiel, Elena López, Frank Brückner and Christoph Leyens
Coatings 2019, 9(11), 764; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9110764 - 18 Nov 2019
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2767
Abstract
Polynickeltetrathiooxalate (poly[Ni-tto]) is an n-type semiconducting polymer having outstanding thermoelectric characteristics and exhibiting high stability under ambient conditions. However, its insolubility limits its use in organic electronics. This work is devoted to the production of a printable paste based on a poly[Ni-tto]/PVDF composite [...] Read more.
Polynickeltetrathiooxalate (poly[Ni-tto]) is an n-type semiconducting polymer having outstanding thermoelectric characteristics and exhibiting high stability under ambient conditions. However, its insolubility limits its use in organic electronics. This work is devoted to the production of a printable paste based on a poly[Ni-tto]/PVDF composite by thoroughly grinding the powder in a ball mill. The resulting paste has high homogeneity and is characterized by rheological properties that are well suited to the printing process. High-precision dispenser printing allows one to apply both narrow lines and films of poly[Ni-tto]-composite with a high degree of smoothness. The resulting films have slightly better thermoelectric properties compared to the original polymer powder. A flexible, fully organic double-leg thermoelectric generator with six thermocouples was printed by dispense printing using the poly[Ni-tto]-composite paste as n-type material and a commercial PEDOT-PSS paste as p-type material. A temperature gradient of 100 K produces a power output of about 20 nW. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thin Films for Thermoelectric Applications)
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14 pages, 5416 KiB  
Article
Lightning Performance of Copper-Mesh Clad Composite Panels: Test and Simulation
by Ting Hu and Xiongqing Yu
Coatings 2019, 9(11), 727; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9110727 - 02 Nov 2019
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4525
Abstract
According to simulation lightning experiments and eddy current analysis results, a three-dimensional finite element model of composite laminated plates with shield is established. By applying electric-thermal boundary and the coupling relationship between them, the lightning strike damage results under the protection of shield [...] Read more.
According to simulation lightning experiments and eddy current analysis results, a three-dimensional finite element model of composite laminated plates with shield is established. By applying electric-thermal boundary and the coupling relationship between them, the lightning strike damage results under the protection of shield are realistically simulated with the commercial finite element analysis software, ABAQUS. Considering the coupling effect of heat, electricity, and force during lightning strike, the load distribution field of copper mesh and carbon fiber panel with lightning current inducted is analyzed. Comparing the thermal stress distribution of the specimen surface under various current loads, it is shown that the stress of carbon fiber panel is significantly lower than the one of the copper screen when the specimen structure suffers heavy current, since the copper network plays a role of endergonic protection. Simulation data are consistent with the test results, thus the method can be used for other similar research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thin Films for Thermoelectric Applications)
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8 pages, 3576 KiB  
Article
Effect of Surface Roughness and Electroless Ni–P Plating on the Bonding Strength of Bi–Te-based Thermoelectric Modules
by Sung Hwa Bae, Sungsoon Kim, Seong Hoon Yi, Injoon Son, Kyung Tae Kim and Hoyong Chung
Coatings 2019, 9(3), 213; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9030213 - 26 Mar 2019
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4908
Abstract
In this study, electroless-plating of a nickel-phosphor (Ni–P) thin film on surface-controlled thermoelectric elements was developed to significantly increase the bonding strength between Bi–Te materials and copper (Cu) electrodes in thermoelectric modules. Without electroless Ni–P plating, the effect of surface roughness on the [...] Read more.
In this study, electroless-plating of a nickel-phosphor (Ni–P) thin film on surface-controlled thermoelectric elements was developed to significantly increase the bonding strength between Bi–Te materials and copper (Cu) electrodes in thermoelectric modules. Without electroless Ni–P plating, the effect of surface roughness on the bonding strength was negligible. Brittle SnTe intermetallic compounds were formed at the bonding interface of the thermoelectric elements and defects such as pores were generated at the bonding interface owing to poor wettability with the solder. However, defects were not present at the bonding interface of the specimen subjected to electroless Ni–P plating, and the electroless Ni–P plating layer acted as a diffusion barrier toward Sn and Te. The bonding strength was higher when the specimen was subjected to Ni–P plating compared with that without Ni–P plating, and it improved with increasing surface roughness. As electroless Ni–P plating improved the wettability with molten solder, the increase in bonding strength was attributed to the formation of a thicker solder reaction layer below the bonding interface owing to an increase in the bonding interface with the solder at higher surface roughness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thin Films for Thermoelectric Applications)
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