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A special issue of Coatings (ISSN 2079-6412). This special issue belongs to the section "Surface Characterization, Deposition and Modification".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 July 2024 | Viewed by 16913

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Dr. Juan Manuel Vazquez Martinez

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School of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Design, University of Cadiz. Adv. Universidad de Cadiz 10, E11519 Puerto Real, Spain
Interests: tribology; surface modification; mechanical behavior of materials; surface characterization; laser surface texturing; metrology; machining; manufacturing processes
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Prof. Dr. Jorge Salguero

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Guest Editor

School of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Design, University of Cadiz. Adv. Universidad de Cadiz 10, E11519 Puerto Real, Spain
Interests: abrasive waterjet; surface quality; hybrid structure; surface texturing; machining; geometric defects
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Currently, a high percentage of materials used in strategic areas, such as the aerospace, energy, or biomedical industries, are subjected to surface modification procedures in order to adapt their initial properties to specific work conditions. This improves the performance of the processes in which the manufactured parts are involved.

The surface engineering techniques and procedures used for the modification of the features and mechanical behavior of the manufactured elements allow them to overcome their limitations and improve the properties of the external layers without affecting the remaining material.

This Special Issue is focused on research knowledge in surface functionalization, welcoming papers related to the most recent advances in this field.

Dr. Juan Manuel Vazquez Martinez
Prof. Dr. Jorge Salguero
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Coatings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

texturing
surface modification
wetting behavior
surface finish
surface characterization
wear resistance treatment
corrosion resistance surface treatment
tribological applications
coatings

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research

3 pages, 184 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Recent Advances in Surface Functionalisation

by Jorge Salguero, Juan Manuel Vazquez, Moises Batista and Irene del Sol

Coatings 2023, 13(3), 530; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13030530 - 28 Feb 2023

Viewed by 1138

Abstract

Surfaces and interfaces have become a highly relevant topic in recent years, mainly due to their technological importance in the design and development of high-performance components [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Surface Functionalisation)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

12 pages, 6568 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rapid Detection and Elimination of Subsurface Mechanical Damage for Improving Laser-Induced Damage Performance of Fused Silica

by Qingzhi Li, Yubin Zhang, Ting Shao, Zhaohua Shi, Jin Huang, Xin Ye, Liming Yang and Wanguo Zheng

Coatings 2024, 14(4), 466; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14040466 - 12 Apr 2024

Viewed by 340

Abstract

The fabrication of SSD-free fused silica optics is a crucial objective for high-power laser applications. To treat the surface of polished fused silica, a combination of RIE/RIBE and deep-controlled etch (DCE) techniques are typically employed. Currently, it is important to consider and study the ideal etching depth and precision while using combined etching techniques to remove the identified SSD. Herein, we present a novel approach to identify the distribution of SSD in fused silica, which corresponds to a specific grinding/polishing process condition. Our method involves using a mobile RIBE to perform cone cutting and remove material from the polished fused silica surface. Afterward, we etch the optical element’s surface with HF to visualize the subsurface cracks and understand their relationship with the RIBE depth. Through a systematic investigation of the combined etching technique, we establish a correlation between the depth of RIBE and DCE and the performance of laser damage. The combined etching technique can be implemented as a dependable approach to treat the surface/subsurface defects in fused silica and has the potential to improve laser damage resistance significantly. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Surface Functionalisation)

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17 pages, 8868 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Conformal Coating on Electrochemical Migration Behavior of Multi-Layer Ceramic Capacitor for Automotives Based on Water Drop Test

by Young-Ran Yoo, Seokyeon Won and Young-Sik Kim

Coatings 2024, 14(3), 359; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14030359 - 18 Mar 2024

Viewed by 690

Abstract

A large amount of multi-layer ceramic capacitor (MLCC) is mounted inside a printed circuit board (PCB) constituting electronic components. The use of MLCC in electric vehicles and the latest mobile phones is rapidly increasing with the latest technology. Environments in which electronic components are used are becoming more diverse and conformal coatings are being applied to protect mounted components from these environments. In particular, MLCCs in electronic components mainly have voltage applied. They might be used in environments where humidity exists for various reasons. In a humid environment, electrochemical migration (ECM) will occur, with the cathode and anode on the surface of the MLCC encountering each other. This can result in product damage due to a short circuit. In this study, the effects of voltage, NaCl concentration, and distance between electrodes on a non-mount MLCC, surface mount MLCC, and solder pad pattern were evaluated using a water drop test (WDT). Based on the analysis of the effects of the presence of conformal coating, applied voltage, concentration of NaCl, and the distance between electrodes, a mechanism model for ECM behavior in MLCCs was proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Surface Functionalisation)

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10 pages, 4781 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrofrictional Hardening of the 40Kh and 65G Steels

by Zhuldyz Sagdoldina, Yuri Tyurin, Nurbol Berdimuratov, Olga Stepanova, Nurtoleu Magazov and Daryn Baizhan

Coatings 2023, 13(11), 1820; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13111820 - 24 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 745

Abstract

This study investigated the influence of electrofrictional treatment on the structure and hardness of the surface layers of the 40Kh and 65G steels. Based on the results of scanning electron microscopy, it was determined that during the electrofrictional hardening (EFH) of 40Kh steel, a hardened surface layer, with a microhardness of 873 ± 37 HV0.1, was formed. This layer consisted of two zones: a surface-quenched zone, with a structure of fine needle-like martensite and austenite; and a heat-affected zone (transition layer), with a structure of martensite and high-dispersion pearlite (troostite), smoothly transitioning into the original ferrite–pearlite structure. After EFH, a layer with a thickness of ~150 μm containing carbides in the martensite was formed on the surface of the 65G steel, which smoothly transitions into the heat-affected zone with a structure of needle-like martensite. The microhardness of the 65G steel in its initial state was 277 ± 20 HV0.1, and after EFH, it reached 811 ± 23 HV0.1. The results of the microstructure analysis of the 40Kh and 65G steels after EFH were consistent with the results of X-ray phase analysis. It was established that the phase composition of the 40Kh and 65G steels in their initial states consisted of an α-Fe phase with a body-centered cubic (BCC) lattice, and after EFH, both steels formed strengthening phases: residual austenite (γ-Fe) and martensite (α′-Fe). During EFH, under high temperature and pressure conditions, carbon from the cast iron electrode was alloyed with iron, contributing to the formation of cementite on the surface of the 65G steel. These obtained data allowed us to conclude that electrofrictional treatment is an effective method for the surface hardening of 40Kh and 65G steels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Surface Functionalisation)

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16 pages, 6260 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Microstructure on Electroless Ni Plating Behavior on Super Duplex Stainless Steel SAF2507 in Li-Ion Batteries

by Byung-Hyun Shin, Dohyung Kim, Doo-In Kim, Wookjin Lee and Se-Hun Kwon

Coatings 2023, 13(10), 1807; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13101807 - 20 Oct 2023

Viewed by 960

Abstract

The demand for Li-ion batteries has significantly increased in recent years, driven by the growing need for electric vehicles and electronic devices like smartphones. Among various materials, super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) is considered a suitable material for Li-ion batteries due to its excellent strength and corrosion resistance. However, SDSS is sensitive to heat-treatment conditions, necessitating research on heat treatment and Ni plating for battery case usage. While extensive research has been conducted on SDSS and its heat-treatment conditions, there is a research gap concerning the Ni plating of SDSS. This study addresses this gap by performing Ni plating on heat-treated SDSS. Ni plating can be executed via two methods: electroless and electro-Ni plating. To achieve a uniform plating layer, Ni plating was conducted after heat treatment at temperatures ranging from 1000 °C to 1300 °C, followed by an analysis of the behavior of electroless Ni plating. The heat-treated SDSS displayed three primary characteristics: secondary phase precipitation, solution annealing, and ferritization (ferrite fractions of 61% and 73%). The presence of secondary phases led to a slower Ni plating rate due to its lower reactivity with Ni. Post-solution annealing, the texture of SDSS exhibited the thickest Ni plating layer at the same plating time. As the volume fraction of ferrite increased from 50% to 73% on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, the resistance of the Ni plating layer decreased from 45 kOhms to 13 kOhms. The lowest resistance was observed when the ferrite fraction reached 73%, attributed to the lower reactivity of ferrite compared to austenite. Both secondary phases and ferrite contributed to reducing the thickness of the electroless Ni plating layer. Therefore, optimizing the volume fraction of SDSS using solution annealing proves beneficial for optimizing Ni plating and enhancing corrosion resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Surface Functionalisation)

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8 pages, 11708 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Surface Smoothing by Gas Cluster Ion Beam Using Decreasing Three-Step Energy Treatment

by Vasiliy Pelenovich, Xiaomei Zeng, Xiangyu Zhang, Dejun Fu, Yan Lei, Bing Yang and Alexander Tolstoguzov

Coatings 2023, 13(5), 942; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13050942 - 17 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1132

Abstract

A three-step treatment of Si wafers by gas cluster ion beam with decreasing energy was used to improve the performance of surface smoothing. First, a high energy treatment at 15 keV and an ion fluence of 2 × 10¹⁶ cm⁻² was used to remove initial surface features (scratches). Next, treatments at 8 and 5 keV with the same fluences reduced the roughness that arose due to the formation of morphological features induced by the surface sputtering at the first high energy step. The surface morphology was characterized by the atomic force microscopy. The root mean square roughness R_q and 2D isotropic power spectral density functions were analyzed. For comparison, the smoothing performances of single-step treatments at 15, 8, and 5 keV were also studied. The lowest roughness values achieved for the single and three-step treatments were 1.06 and 0.65 nm, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Surface Functionalisation)

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15 pages, 5553 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Solid-to-Liquid Ratio Influenced on Adhesion Strength of Metakaolin Geopolymer Coating Paste Added Photocatalyst Materials

by Liyana Jamaludin, Rafiza Abd Razak, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Petrica Vizureanu, Andrei Victor Sandu, Shayfull Zamree Abd Rahim and Romisuhani Ahmad

Coatings 2023, 13(2), 236; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13020236 - 19 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1317

Abstract

Coating materials are used on surfaces such as steel and ceramic to offer protection, corrosion resistance, wear and erosion resistance, a thermal barrier, or aesthetics. Although organic coating materials such as epoxy resins, silane, and acrylic are widely used, there are restrictions and drawbacks associated with their use, including the ease with which cracking, hazardous and harmful human health and environment, peeling, and deterioration occur. Organic matrices also have the capacity to release vapor pressure, which can lead to the delamination of coatings. Geopolymer coating materials offer an environmentally friendly solution to this concern to encourage sustainable growth. The simplicity with which geopolymers can be synthesized and their low emission of greenhouse gases such as CO₂, SO₂, and NO_x are advantages of geopolymers. The advent of geopolymer coatings with photocatalytic properties is advantageous for the decomposition of pollution and self-cleaning properties. The aim of this paper is to study the optimum solid-to-liquid ratio of metakaolin geopolymer paste added TiO₂ and ZnO by adhesion strength. Through iterative mixture optimization, we investigated the effects of different design parameters on the performance of a metakaolin-based geopolymer as a coating material. The assessed material was a metakaolin which was activated by an alkali activator (a mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate), with the addition of titanium dioxide and zinc oxide as photocatalyst substances. Varying proportions of solid-to-liquid ratio were tested to optimize the best mix proportion related to the coating application. Adhesion analyses of geopolymer coating paste were evaluated after 7 days. According to the findings, the optimal parameters for metakaolin geopolymer coating material are 0.6 solid-to-liquid ratios with the highest adhesion strength (19 MPa) that is suitable as coating material and enhanced the properties of geopolymer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Surface Functionalisation)

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19 pages, 4506 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Droplet Spreading Characteristics on Ultra-Slippery Solid Hydrophilic Surfaces with Ultra-Low Contact Angle Hysteresis

by Yajie Song, Qi Wang, Yushan Ying, Zhuo You, Songbai Wang, Jiang Chun, Xuehu Ma and Rongfu Wen

Coatings 2022, 12(6), 755; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12060755 - 31 May 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2758

Abstract

Dynamic interactions of the droplet impact on a solid surface are essential to many emerging applications, such as electronics cooling, ink-jet printing, water harvesting/collection, anti-frosting/icing, and microfluidic and biomedical device applications. Despite extensive studies on the kinematic features of the droplet impact on a surface over the last two decades, the spreading characteristics of the droplet impact on a solid hydrophilic surface with ultra-low contact angle hysteresis are unclear. This paper clarifies the specific role of the contact angle and contact angle hysteresis at each stage of the droplet impact and spreading process. The spreading characteristics of the droplet impact on an ultra-slippery hydrophilic solid surface are systematically compared with those on plain hydrophilic, hydroxylated hydrophilic, and plain hydrophobic surfaces. The results reveal that the maximum spreading factor (β_max) of impacting droplets is mainly dependent on the contact angle and We. β_max increases with the increase in We and the decrease in the contact angle. Low contact angle hysteresis can decrease the time required to reach the maximum spreading diameter and the time interval during which the maximum spreading diameter is maintained when the contact angles are similar. Moreover, the effect of the surface inclination angle on the spreading and slipping dynamics of impacting droplets is investigated. With the increase in the inclination angle and We, the gliding distance of the impacting droplet becomes longer. Ultra-low contact angle hysteresis enables an impacting droplet to slip continuously on the ultra-slippery hydrophilic surface without being pinned to the surface. The findings of this work not only show the important role of the surface wettability in droplet spreading characteristics but also present a pathway to controlling the dynamic interactions of impacting droplets with ultra-slippery hydrophilic surfaces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Surface Functionalisation)

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17 pages, 16790 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Zinc Oxide/Silicon Dioxide Composite Coating on Surface Wettability and the Mechanical Properties of Paper Mulching Film

by Anling Li, Yangyang Jia, Fangyuan Zhang, Yiming Zhao and Fengwei Zhang

Coatings 2022, 12(5), 555; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12050555 - 20 Apr 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3379

Abstract

In order to improve the hydrophobic and mechanical properties of paper mulch film, ZnO/SiO₂ composite coated paper mulch film was prepared with a brush coating method. Hydrophobicity and durability of the original paper mulch film and the coated paper mulch film were measured by static contact angle and mechanical torsion tests, and the mechanical properties of the two kinds of paper mulch films were measured by tensile and tear tests at different temperatures. The two kinds of paper mulch films were characterized by their micro-morphology and surface element distribution. The results show that the contact angle of the ZnO/SiO₂ composite coated paper mulch film reaches 161.46°, and the contact angle can still reach 153.15° after 80 mechanical torsion cycles, which shows good superhydrophobic and hydrophobic durability. Compared with the original paper mulch film, the mechanical properties of the coated paper mulch film are also improved to some extent. Combined with the surface micro-morphology, it is found that a ZnO/SiO₂ composite coating fills the pores between fibers in the paper mulch film and promotes the adhesion between fibers, thus improving the hydrophobicity, durability, and mechanical properties of the paper mulch film. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Surface Functionalisation)

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28 pages, 9255 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of Wear and Redistribution Dynamic Forces of Wheel Pairs Restored by a Wear-Resistant Coating 15Cr17Ni12V3F

by Vitaliy V. Savinkin, Zaure Zh. Zhumekenova, Andrei Victor Sandu, Petrica Vizureanu, Sergey V. Savinkin, Sergey N. Kolisnichenko and Olga V. Ivanova

Coatings 2021, 11(12), 1441; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11121441 - 24 Nov 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1833

Abstract

The relevance of this study lies in the need to research the wear process of the elements of dynamic systems and to establish the dependence of the geometric and structural characteristics of wheels restored by plasma surfacing with a coating of 15Cr17Ni12V3F on dynamic, cyclically varying loads. The study was aimed to establish the dependencies between the deviation of the wear area, the formation of contact and fatigue stresses, and the change in the phase structure of the wheel defect. It is important to justify the permissible limits of wear of the transverse profile in the contact zone of a wheel and ridge. The object of the study was the dynamic interaction of the “wheel–ridge–rail contact surface” system. To achieve the goal, the following methodology was adopted: kinematic analysis, strength calculation, the use of mathematical analysis in dynamic system modelling, virtual modelling in the SOLIDWORKS software environment of the GearTrax application, experiment planning, and model correction through the results of metallographic studies. The results of the study are presented as reasonable prediction criteria that consider contact cycles during the formation of fatigue stresses at the stage of defect origin. The process of the dynamic interaction of the contact worn profile of a wheel with a railway rail is explored. Polynomial equations are proposed to substantiate the optimal design and technological parameters of designing a railway carriage wheel. The permissible limits of wear of the transverse profile in the contact zone of the wheel and the ridge are justified while taking the coefficient of the reduction of contact stresses in the metal into account. The dependences of the change in static load on the utilization factor of the railway carriage load capacity are established. The dependences of changes in fatigue stresses on the design deviation of the contact area of wheel wear are established. It is confirmed that the stress concentration under cyclic loads is formed in the ferritic layers of the material structure before the appearance of wear. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Surface Functionalisation)

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16 pages, 5204 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Low-Temperature Ring during Droplet Impact on a Superhydrophilic Surface

by Huixia Ma, Jiang Chun, Feng Zhou, Kai Qiao, Rui Jiang, Shumei Zhang and Tingting Hao

Coatings 2021, 11(9), 1043; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11091043 - 30 Aug 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1823

Abstract

Droplet impact on the solid surfaces is widespread in nature, daily life, and industrial applications. The spreading characteristics and temperature evolution in the inertial spreading regime are critical for the heat and mass transfer process on the solid-liquid interface. This work investigated the spreading characteristics and temperature distribution of the thin liquid film in the inertial rapid spreading regime of droplet impact on the heated superhydrophilic surfaces. Driven by the inertial and capillary force, the droplet rapidly spreads on the superhydrophilic surface, resulting in a high temperature center in the impact center surrounded by a the low-temperature ring. The formation of the unique the low-temperature ring on the heated superhydrophilic surface is due to the much smaller time scale of rapid spreading than that of heat transfer from the hot solid surface to the liquid film surface. CFD numerical simulation shows that the impacting droplet spreads and congests in the front of liquid film, leading to the formation of vortex velocity distribution in the liquid film. Increasing We number and wall temperature can accelerate the heat transfer rate of liquid film and shorten the existence time of the low-temperature ring. The findings of the the low-temperature ring on the superhydrophilic surface provide the guidelines to optimization of surface structures and functional coatings for enhancing heat transfer in various energy systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Surface Functionalisation)

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Planned Papers

The below list represents only planned manuscripts. Some of these manuscripts have not been received by the Editorial Office yet. Papers submitted to MDPI journals are subject to peer-review.

Tentative Title: Effect of microstructure on electroless Ni plating behavior on super duplex stainless steel

Authors：Byung-hyun Shin, Dohyung Kim, Se-hun Kwon and Wookjin Lee

Affiliations: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Pusan National University

Tentative Abstract: In this study, we investigated the effect of microstructure on behavior of electroless Ni plating on super duplex stainless steel. The influence of phase fractions of super duplex stainless steel substrate on the microstructure and the properties of electroless Ni plating is studied in detail.

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