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Cancers
Special Issues
Role of Novel Imaging Technique in Brain Tumors
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Role of Novel Imaging Technique in Brain Tumors

A special issue of Cancers (ISSN 2072-6694). This special issue belongs to the section "Methods and Technologies Development".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 September 2023) | Viewed by 8057

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Ali Nabavizadeh

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
2. Translational Imaging Research Unit, Center for Data-Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (D³b), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
Interests: pediatric neuroradiology; nuclear radiology; neuroimaging

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Anatomic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has proven to be the cornerstone in the evaluation of brain tumors and can help to determine the location and presence of surrounding edema, various components, and contrast enhancement.  Anatomical MRI can be complemented by physiologic techniques such as MR spectroscopy, various diffusion and perfusion techniques, and functional MRI to provide additional information to answer more complex questions such as tumor grading, differentiation of tumors from tumor-like conditions, and vasogenic edema from tumor infiltration, and for presurgical tumor mapping. In recent years, various MRI molecular imaging techniques and positron emission tomography (PET) tracers have provided an unprecedented opportunity to evaluate diverse aspects of the tumor microenvironment. In addition, during the past 10 years, we have witnessed the emergence of new fields of radiomics to determine tumor histology, prognosis, and molecular classification of tumors.

This Special Issue will highlight the current state of the art in imaging brain tumors with an emphasis on novel imaging techniques, and future prospects for improving imaging acquisition and analysis approaches.

Dr. Ali Nabavizadeh
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Cancers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • MRI
  • PET
  • spectroscopy
  • chemical exchange saturation transfer
  • deuterium metabolic imaging
  • perfusion
  • diffusion tensor imaging
  • radiomics
  • machine learning
  • deep learning
  • brain tumor

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

3 pages, 168 KiB  
Editorial
Introduction to the Special Issue on “Role of Novel Imaging Technique in Brain Tumors”
by Ali Nabavizadeh
Cancers 2024, 16(3), 575; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16030575 - 30 Jan 2024
Viewed by 701
Abstract
In recent years, significant strides have been made in the field of neuro-oncology imaging, contributing to our understanding and management of brain tumors [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Novel Imaging Technique in Brain Tumors)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

14 pages, 3810 KiB  
Article
PACS-Integrated Tools for Peritumoral Edema Volumetrics Provide Additional Information to RANO-BM-Based Assessment of Lung Cancer Brain Metastases after Stereotactic Radiotherapy: A Pilot Study
by Manpreet Kaur, Gabriel Cassinelli Petersen, Leon Jekel, Marc von Reppert, Sunitha Varghese, Irene Dixe de Oliveira Santo, Arman Avesta, Sanjay Aneja, Antonio Omuro, Veronica Chiang and Mariam Aboian
Cancers 2023, 15(19), 4822; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15194822 - 30 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1153
Abstract
Stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) is the standard of care treatment for brain metastases (METS) today. Nevertheless, there is limited understanding of how posttreatment lesional volumetric changes may assist prediction of lesional outcome. This is partly due to the paucity of volumetric segmentation tools. Edema [...] Read more.
Stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) is the standard of care treatment for brain metastases (METS) today. Nevertheless, there is limited understanding of how posttreatment lesional volumetric changes may assist prediction of lesional outcome. This is partly due to the paucity of volumetric segmentation tools. Edema alone can cause significant clinical symptoms and, therefore, needs independent study along with standard measurements of contrast-enhancing tumors. In this study, we aimed to compare volumetric changes of edema to RANO-BM-based measurements of contrast-enhancing lesion size. Patients with NSCLC METS ≥10 mm on post-contrast T1-weighted image and treated with SRT had measurements for up to seven follow-up scans using a PACS-integrated tool segmenting the peritumoral FLAIR hyperintense volume. Two-dimensional contrast-enhancing and volumetric edema changes were compared by creating treatment response curves. Fifty NSCLC METS were included in the study. The initial median peritumoral edema volume post-SRT relative to pre-SRT baseline was 37% (IQR 8–114%). Most of the lesions with edema volume reduction post-SRT experienced no increase in edema during the study. In over 50% of METS, the pattern of edema volume change was different than the pattern of contrast-enhancing lesion change at different timepoints, which was defined as incongruent. Lesions demonstrating incongruence at the first follow-up were more likely to progress subsequently. Therefore, edema assessment of METS post-SRT provides critical additional information to RANO-BM. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Novel Imaging Technique in Brain Tumors)
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14 pages, 4844 KiB  
Article
Non-Invasive Assessment of Isocitrate Dehydrogenase-Mutant Gliomas Using Optimized Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy on a Routine Clinical 3-Tesla MRI
by Laiz Laura de Godoy, Kheng Choon Lim, Archith Rajan, Gaurav Verma, Mauro Hanaoka, Donald M. O’Rourke, John Y. K. Lee, Arati Desai, Sanjeev Chawla and Suyash Mohan
Cancers 2023, 15(18), 4453; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15184453 - 7 Sep 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1350
Abstract
Purpose: The isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation has become one of the most important prognostic biomarkers in glioma management, indicating better treatment response and prognosis. IDH mutations confer neomorphic activity leading to the conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate (α-KG) to 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG). The purpose [...] Read more.
Purpose: The isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation has become one of the most important prognostic biomarkers in glioma management, indicating better treatment response and prognosis. IDH mutations confer neomorphic activity leading to the conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate (α-KG) to 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG). The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical potential of proton MR spectroscopy (1H-MRS) in identifying IDH-mutant gliomas by detecting characteristic resonances of 2HG and its complex interplay with other clinically relevant metabolites. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two patients with suspected infiltrative glioma underwent a single-voxel (SVS, n = 17) and/or single-slice-multivoxel (1H-MRSI, n = 15) proton MR spectroscopy (1H-MRS) sequence with an optimized echo-time (97 ms) on 3T-MRI. Spectroscopy data were analyzed using the linear combination (LC) model. Cramér–Rao lower bound (CRLB) values of <40% were considered acceptable for detecting 2HG and <20% for other metabolites. Immunohistochemical analyses for determining IDH mutational status were subsequently performed from resected tumor specimens and findings were compared with the results from spectral data. Mann–Whitney and chi-squared tests were performed to ascertain differences in metabolite levels between IDH-mutant and IDH-wild-type gliomas. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were also performed. Results: Data from eight cases were excluded due to poor spectral quality or non-tumor-related etiology, and final data analyses were performed from 24 cases. Of these cases, 9/12 (75%) were correctly identified as IDH-mutant or IDH-wildtype gliomas through SVS and 10/12 (83%) through 1H-MRSI with an overall concordance rate of 79% (19/24). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 80%, 77%, 86%, and 70%, respectively. The metabolite 2HG was found to be significant in predicting IDH-mutant gliomas through the chi-squared test (p < 0.01). The IDH-mutant gliomas also had a significantly higher NAA/Cr ratio (1.20 ± 0.09 vs. 0.75 ± 0.12 p = 0.016) and lower Glx/Cr ratio (0.86 ± 0.078 vs. 1.88 ± 0.66; p = 0.029) than those with IDH wild-type gliomas. The areas under the ROC curves for NAA/Cr and Glx/Cr were 0.808 and 0.786, respectively. Conclusions: Noninvasive optimized 1H-MRS may be useful in predicting IDH mutational status and 2HG may serve as a valuable diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in patients with gliomas Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Novel Imaging Technique in Brain Tumors)
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20 pages, 3998 KiB  
Article
Within-Modality Synthesis and Novel Radiomic Evaluation of Brain MRI Scans
by Seyed Masoud Rezaeijo, Nahid Chegeni, Fariborz Baghaei Naeini, Dimitrios Makris and Spyridon Bakas
Cancers 2023, 15(14), 3565; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15143565 - 10 Jul 2023
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 1339
Abstract
One of the most common challenges in brain MRI scans is to perform different MRI sequences depending on the type and properties of tissues. In this paper, we propose a generative method to translate T2-Weighted (T2W) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) volume from T2-weight-Fluid-attenuated-Inversion-Recovery [...] Read more.
One of the most common challenges in brain MRI scans is to perform different MRI sequences depending on the type and properties of tissues. In this paper, we propose a generative method to translate T2-Weighted (T2W) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) volume from T2-weight-Fluid-attenuated-Inversion-Recovery (FLAIR) and vice versa using Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN). To evaluate the proposed method, we propose a novel evaluation schema for generative and synthetic approaches based on radiomic features. For the evaluation purpose, we consider 510 pair-slices from 102 patients to train two different GAN-based architectures Cycle GAN and Dual Cycle-Consistent Adversarial network (DC2Anet). The results indicate that generative methods can produce similar results to the original sequence without significant change in the radiometric feature. Therefore, such a method can assist clinics to make decisions based on the generated image when different sequences are not available or there is not enough time to re-perform the MRI scans. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Novel Imaging Technique in Brain Tumors)
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Review

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18 pages, 1581 KiB  
Review
Adding Value to Liquid Biopsy for Brain Tumors: The Role of Imaging
by Nastaran Khalili, Hossein Shooli, Nastaran Hosseini, Anahita Fathi Kazerooni, Ariana Familiar, Sina Bagheri, Hannah Anderson, Stephen J. Bagley and Ali Nabavizadeh
Cancers 2023, 15(21), 5198; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15215198 - 29 Oct 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1240
Abstract
Clinical management in neuro-oncology has changed to an integrative approach that incorporates molecular profiles alongside histopathology and imaging findings. While the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline recommends the genotyping of informative alterations as a routine clinical practice for central nervous system (CNS) tumors, [...] Read more.
Clinical management in neuro-oncology has changed to an integrative approach that incorporates molecular profiles alongside histopathology and imaging findings. While the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline recommends the genotyping of informative alterations as a routine clinical practice for central nervous system (CNS) tumors, the acquisition of tumor tissue in the CNS is invasive and not always possible. Liquid biopsy is a non-invasive approach that provides the opportunity to capture the complex molecular heterogeneity of the whole tumor through the detection of circulating tumor biomarkers in body fluids, such as blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Despite all of the advantages, the low abundance of tumor-derived biomarkers, particularly in CNS tumors, as well as their short half-life has limited the application of liquid biopsy in clinical practice. Thus, it is crucial to identify the factors associated with the presence of these biomarkers and explore possible strategies that can increase the shedding of these tumoral components into biological fluids. In this review, we first describe the clinical applications of liquid biopsy in CNS tumors, including its roles in the early detection of recurrence and monitoring of treatment response. We then discuss the utilization of imaging in identifying the factors that affect the detection of circulating biomarkers as well as how image-guided interventions such as focused ultrasound can help enhance the presence of tumor biomarkers through blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Novel Imaging Technique in Brain Tumors)
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18 pages, 2757 KiB  
Review
Hybrid PET/MRI in Cerebral Glioma: Current Status and Perspectives
by Karl-Josef Langen, Norbert Galldiks, Jörg Mauler, Martin Kocher, Christian Peter Filß, Gabriele Stoffels, Cláudia Régio Brambilla, Carina Stegmayr, Antje Willuweit, Wieland Alexander Worthoff, Nadim Jon Shah, Christoph Lerche, Felix Manuel Mottaghy and Philipp Lohmann
Cancers 2023, 15(14), 3577; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15143577 - 12 Jul 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1435
Abstract
Advanced MRI methods and PET using radiolabelled amino acids provide valuable information, in addition to conventional MR imaging, for brain tumour diagnostics. These methods are particularly helpful in challenging situations such as the differentiation of malignant processes from benign lesions, the identification of [...] Read more.
Advanced MRI methods and PET using radiolabelled amino acids provide valuable information, in addition to conventional MR imaging, for brain tumour diagnostics. These methods are particularly helpful in challenging situations such as the differentiation of malignant processes from benign lesions, the identification of non-enhancing glioma subregions, the differentiation of tumour progression from treatment-related changes, and the early assessment of responses to anticancer therapy. The debate over which of the methods is preferable in which situation is ongoing, and has been addressed in numerous studies. Currently, most radiology and nuclear medicine departments perform these examinations independently of each other, leading to multiple examinations for the patient. The advent of hybrid PET/MRI allowed a convergence of the methods, but to date simultaneous imaging has reached little relevance in clinical neuro-oncology. This is partly due to the limited availability of hybrid PET/MRI scanners, but is also due to the fact that PET is a second-line examination in brain tumours. PET is only required in equivocal situations, and the spatial co-registration of PET examinations of the brain to previous MRI is possible without disadvantage. A key factor for the benefit of PET/MRI in neuro-oncology is a multimodal approach that provides decisive improvements in the diagnostics of brain tumours compared with a single modality. This review focuses on studies investigating the diagnostic value of combined amino acid PET and ‘advanced’ MRI in patients with cerebral gliomas. Available studies suggest that the combination of amino acid PET and advanced MRI improves grading and the histomolecular characterisation of newly diagnosed tumours. Few data are available concerning the delineation of tumour extent. A clear additive diagnostic value of amino acid PET and advanced MRI can be achieved regarding the differentiation of tumour recurrence from treatment-related changes. Here, the PET-guided evaluation of advanced MR methods seems to be helpful. In summary, there is growing evidence that a multimodal approach can achieve decisive improvements in the diagnostics of cerebral gliomas, for which hybrid PET/MRI offers optimal conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Novel Imaging Technique in Brain Tumors)
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