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Biomolecules
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Nutrition, Gut Microbiome/Metabolome and Immune System: Prospects for Non-Communicable Diseases
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Nutrition, Gut Microbiome/Metabolome and Immune System: Prospects for Non-Communicable Diseases

A special issue of Biomolecules (ISSN 2218-273X).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 February 2022) | Viewed by 23054

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Monika Cahová

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institutu Klinické a Experimentální Medicíny, Prague, Czech Republic
Interests: gut microbiome; gut metabolome; metabolic diseases; plant-based diets
Dr. Jan Gojda

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Centre for Research on Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Interests: plant-based diets; nutrition; type 2 diabetes; human physiology
Dr. Marek Kuzma

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
Interests: metabolomics; nuclear magnetic resonance; mass spectrometry; obesity; type 2 diabetes

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Dietary factors, gut microbiota, and their mechanisms of action are gaining increasing attention in the field, as they affect numerous biological functions throughout the body. They may play a fundamental role in developing or preventing many non-communicable diseases (NCD), such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, neurological diseases, and cancer. There are numerous forms of microbiota: host interactions, mediated by direct contact with gut mucosa, the interplay of dietary components and microbiota, and remote signaling via specific biomolecules, i.e., microbial fermentation products. An unanswered but highly topical question became the definition of “healthy microbiome” and the interrelationship between the microbiome and different dietary patterns. As such, dietary manipulations, microbiota, and their mechanisms of action represent promising preventive strategies, as well as potential therapeutic tools. We aim to provide updated state-of-the-art knowledge of emerging concepts and novel challenging therapeutic perspectives and avenues in the field. This Special Issue will focus on the wide variety of aspects of dietary and microbiome host interactions related to the initiation and development or prevention and treatment of NCD. Original manuscripts, reviews, or short communications dealing with any aspect of this topic are very much invited to submission.

Dr. Monika Cahová
Dr. Jan Gojda
Dr. Marek Kuzma
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biomolecules is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • gut microbiome/metabolome
  • nutrition
  • non-communicable diseases
  • healthy microbiome
  • microbiome-based therapy

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 1545 KiB  
Article
Production of New Microbially Conjugated Bile Acids by Human Gut Microbiota
by Carlos J. Garcia, Vit Kosek, David Beltrán, Francisco A. Tomás-Barberán and Jana Hajslova
Biomolecules 2022, 12(5), 687; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12050687 - 11 May 2022
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3137
Abstract
Gut microbes have been recognized to convert human bile acids by deconjugation, dehydroxylation, dehydrogenation, and epimerization of the cholesterol core, but the ability to re-conjugate them with amino acids as an additional conversion has been recently described. These new bile acids are known [...] Read more.
Gut microbes have been recognized to convert human bile acids by deconjugation, dehydroxylation, dehydrogenation, and epimerization of the cholesterol core, but the ability to re-conjugate them with amino acids as an additional conversion has been recently described. These new bile acids are known as microbially conjugated bile acids (MCBAs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the MCBAs diversity produced by the gut microbiota through a metabolomics approach. In this study, fresh fecal samples from healthy donors were evaluated to explore the re-conjugation of chenodeoxycholic and 3-oxo-chenodeoxycholic acids by the human gut microbiota. No significant differences were found between the conversion trend of both BAs incubations. The in vitro results showed a clear trend to first accumulate the epimer isoursochenodeoxycholic acid and the dehydroxylated lithocholic acid derivatives in samples incubated with chenodeoxycholic and 3-oxo-chenodeoxycholic acid. They also showed a strong trend for the production of microbially conjugated dehydroxylated bile acids instead of chenodeoxycholic backbone conjugates. Different molecules and isomers of MCBAs were identified, and the new ones, valolithocholate ester and leucolithocholate ester, were identified and confirmed by MS/MS. These results document the gut microbiota’s capability to produce esters of MCBAs on hydroxyls of the sterol backbone in addition to amides at the C24 acyl site. This study opens a new perspective to study the BAs diversity produced by the human gut microbiota. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Gut Microbiome/Metabolome and Immune System: Prospects for Non-Communicable Diseases)
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14 pages, 932 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Mycotoxins and Silymarin on Liver Lipidome of Mice with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
by Kamila Bechynska, Vit Kosek, Marie Fenclova, Lucie Muchova, Vaclav Smid, Jakub Suk, Karel Chalupsky, Eva Sticova, Kamila Hurkova, Jana Hajslova, Libor Vitek and Milena Stranska
Biomolecules 2021, 11(11), 1723; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11111723 - 19 Nov 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2533
Abstract
Milk thistle-based dietary supplements have become increasingly popular. The extract from milk thistle (Silybum marianum) is often used for the treatment of liver diseases because of the presence of its active component, silymarin. However, the co-occurrence of toxic mycotoxins in these [...] Read more.
Milk thistle-based dietary supplements have become increasingly popular. The extract from milk thistle (Silybum marianum) is often used for the treatment of liver diseases because of the presence of its active component, silymarin. However, the co-occurrence of toxic mycotoxins in these preparations is quite frequent as well. The objective of this study was to investigate the changes in composition of liver lipidome and other clinical characteristics of experimental mice fed by a high-fat methionine-choline deficient diet inducing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The mice were exposed to (i) silymarin, (ii) mycotoxins (trichothecenes, enniatins, beauvericin, and altertoxins) and (iii) both silymarin and mycotoxins, and results were compared to the controls. The liver tissue extracts were analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. Using tools of univariate and multivariate statistical analysis, we were able to identify 48 lipid species from the classes of diacylglycerols, triacylglycerols, free fatty acids, fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids and phospholipids clearly reflecting the dysregulation of lipid metabolism upon exposure to mycotoxin and/or silymarin. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Gut Microbiome/Metabolome and Immune System: Prospects for Non-Communicable Diseases)
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17 pages, 4246 KiB  
Article
Determination of Butyrate Synthesis Capacity in Gut Microbiota: Quantification of but Gene Abundance by qPCR in Fecal Samples
by Nikola Daskova, Marie Heczkova, Istvan Modos, Petra Videnska, Petra Splichalova, Helena Pelantova, Marek Kuzma, Jan Gojda and Monika Cahova
Biomolecules 2021, 11(9), 1303; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11091303 - 02 Sep 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3121
Abstract
Butyrate is formed in the gut during bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber and is attributed numerous beneficial effects on the host metabolism. We aimed to develop a method for the assessment of functional capacity of gut microbiota butyrate synthesis based on the qPCR [...] Read more.
Butyrate is formed in the gut during bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber and is attributed numerous beneficial effects on the host metabolism. We aimed to develop a method for the assessment of functional capacity of gut microbiota butyrate synthesis based on the qPCR quantification of bacterial gene coding butyryl-CoA:acetate CoA-transferase, the key enzyme of butyrate synthesis. In silico, we identified bacteria possessing but gene among human gut microbiota by searching but coding sequences in available databases. We designed and validated six sets of degenerate primers covering all selected bacteria, based on their phylogenetic nearness and sequence similarity, and developed a method for gene abundance normalization in human fecal DNA. We determined but gene abundance in fecal DNA of subjects with opposing dietary patterns and metabolic phenotypes—lean vegans (VG) and healthy obese omnivores (OB) with known fecal microbiota and metabolome composition. We found higher but gene copy number in VG compared with OB, in line with higher fecal butyrate content in VG group. We further found a positive correlation between the relative abundance of target bacterial genera identified by next-generation sequencing and groups of but gene-containing bacteria determined by specific primers. In conclusion, this approach represents a simple and feasible tool for estimation of microbial functional capacity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Gut Microbiome/Metabolome and Immune System: Prospects for Non-Communicable Diseases)
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Review

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10 pages, 999 KiB  
Review
Multiple Sclerosis and Microbiome
by Jana Lizrova Preiningerova, Zuzana Jiraskova Zakostelska, Adhish Srinivasan, Veronika Ticha, Ivana Kovarova, Pavlina Kleinova, Helena Tlaskalova-Hogenova and Eva Kubala Havrdova
Biomolecules 2022, 12(3), 433; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12030433 - 11 Mar 2022
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4586
Abstract
The composition of microbiota and the gut-brain axis is increasingly considered a factor in the development of various pathological conditions. The etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic autoimmune disease affecting the CNS, is complex and interactions within the gut-brain axis may be [...] Read more.
The composition of microbiota and the gut-brain axis is increasingly considered a factor in the development of various pathological conditions. The etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic autoimmune disease affecting the CNS, is complex and interactions within the gut-brain axis may be relevant in the development and the course of MS. In this article, we focus on the relationship between gut microbiota and the pathophysiology of MS. We review the contribution of germ-free mouse studies to our understanding of MS pathology and its implications for treatment strategies to modulate the microbiome in MS. This summary highlights the need for a better understanding of the role of the microbiota in patients’ responses to disease-modifying drugs in MS and disease activity overall. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Gut Microbiome/Metabolome and Immune System: Prospects for Non-Communicable Diseases)
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17 pages, 346 KiB  
Review
Fecal Microbial Transplantation in Critically Ill Patients—Structured Review and Perspectives
by Ivana Cibulková, Veronika Řehořová, Jan Hajer and František Duška
Biomolecules 2021, 11(10), 1459; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11101459 - 04 Oct 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2723
Abstract
The human gut microbiota consists of bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses. It is a dynamic ecosystem shaped by several factors that play an essential role in both healthy and diseased states of humans. A disturbance of the gut microbiota, also termed “dysbiosis”, is [...] Read more.
The human gut microbiota consists of bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses. It is a dynamic ecosystem shaped by several factors that play an essential role in both healthy and diseased states of humans. A disturbance of the gut microbiota, also termed “dysbiosis”, is associated with increased host susceptibility to a range of diseases. Because of splanchnic ischemia, exposure to antibiotics, and/or the underlying disease, critically ill patients loose 90% of the commensal organisms in their gut within hours after the insult. This is followed by a rapid overgrowth of potentially pathogenic and pro-inflammatory bacteria that alter metabolic, immune, and even neurocognitive functions and that turn the gut into the driver of systemic inflammation and multiorgan failure. Indeed, restoring healthy microbiota by means of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in the critically ill is an attractive and plausible concept in intensive care. Nonetheless, available data from controlled studies are limited to probiotics and FMT for severe C. difficile infection or severe inflammatory bowel disease. Case series and observational trials have generated hypotheses that FMT might be feasible and safe in immunocompromised patients, refractory sepsis, or severe antibiotic-associated diarrhea in ICU. There is a burning need to test these hypotheses in randomized controlled trials powered for the determination of patient-centered outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Gut Microbiome/Metabolome and Immune System: Prospects for Non-Communicable Diseases)
16 pages, 1151 KiB  
Review
Gut Microbiota as the Link between Elevated BCAA Serum Levels and Insulin Resistance
by Jan Gojda and Monika Cahova
Biomolecules 2021, 11(10), 1414; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11101414 - 28 Sep 2021
Cited by 57 | Viewed by 5801
Abstract
The microbiota-harboring human gut is an exquisitely active ecosystem that has evolved in a constant symbiosis with the human host. It produces numerous compounds depending on its metabolic capacity and substrates availability. Diet is the major source of the substrates that are metabolized [...] Read more.
The microbiota-harboring human gut is an exquisitely active ecosystem that has evolved in a constant symbiosis with the human host. It produces numerous compounds depending on its metabolic capacity and substrates availability. Diet is the major source of the substrates that are metabolized to end-products, further serving as signal molecules in the microbiota-host cross-talk. Among these signal molecules, branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) has gained significant scientific attention. BCAAs are abundant in animal-based dietary sources; they are both produced and degraded by gut microbiota and the host circulating levels are associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on the complex relationship between gut microbiota and its functional capacity to handle BCAAs as well as the host BCAA metabolism in insulin resistance development. Targeting gut microbiota BCAA metabolism with a dietary modulation could represent a promising approach in the prevention and treatment of insulin resistance related states, such as obesity and diabetes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Gut Microbiome/Metabolome and Immune System: Prospects for Non-Communicable Diseases)
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