Biomolecules

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10 pages, 1140 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oxygen: The Rate-Limiting Factor for Episodic Memory Performance, Even in Healthy Young Individuals

by Gil Suzin, Tom Halpert Frolinger, Dror Yogev, Amir Hadanny, Merav Catalogna, Yuri Rassovsky and Shai Efrati

Biomolecules 2020, 10(9), 1328; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10091328 - 17 Sep 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4172

Abstract

Cognition is a crucial element of human functionality. Like any other physical capability, cognition is both enabled and limited by tissue biology. The aim of this study was to investigate whether oxygen is a rate-limiting factor for any of the main cognitive domains [...] Read more.

Cognition is a crucial element of human functionality. Like any other physical capability, cognition is both enabled and limited by tissue biology. The aim of this study was to investigate whether oxygen is a rate-limiting factor for any of the main cognitive domains in healthy young individuals. Fifty-six subjects were randomly assigned to either increased oxygen supply using hyperbaric oxygen (two atmospheres of 100% oxygen) or to a “sham” treatment (a simulation of increased pressure in a chamber with normal air). While in the chamber, participants went through a battery of tests evaluating the major cognitive domains including information processing speed, episodic memory, working memory, cognitive flexibility, and attention. The results demonstrated that from all evaluated cognitive domains, a statistically significant improvement was found in the episodic memory of the hyper-oxygenized group. The hyper-oxygenized group demonstrated a better learning curve and a higher resilience to interference. To conclude, oxygen delivery is a rate-limiting factor for memory function even in healthy young individuals under normal conditions. Understanding the biological limitations of our cognitive functions is important for future development of interventional tools that can be used in daily clinical practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxygen Therapy)

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14 pages, 3474 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hyperoxia Alters Ultrastructure and Induces Apoptosis in Leukemia Cell Lines

by David De Bels, Frauke Tillmans, Francis Corazza, Mariano Bizzarri, Peter Germonpre, Peter Radermacher, Keziban Günce Orman and Costantino Balestra

Biomolecules 2020, 10(2), 282; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10020282 - 12 Feb 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2862

Abstract

Oxygenation conditions are crucial for growth and tumor progression. Recent data suggests a decrease in cancer cell proliferation occurring after exposure to normobaric hyperoxia. Those changes are associated with fractal dimension. The purpose of this research was to study the impact of hyperoxia [...] Read more.

Oxygenation conditions are crucial for growth and tumor progression. Recent data suggests a decrease in cancer cell proliferation occurring after exposure to normobaric hyperoxia. Those changes are associated with fractal dimension. The purpose of this research was to study the impact of hyperoxia on apoptosis and morphology of leukemia cell lines. Two hematopoietic lymphoid cancer cell lines (a T-lymphoblastoid line, JURKAT and a B lymphoid line, CCRF-SB) were tested under conditions of normobaric hyperoxia (FiO₂ > 60%, ± 18h) and compared to a standard group (FiO₂ = 21%). We tested for apoptosis using a caspase-3 assay. Cell morphology was evaluated by cytospin, microphotography after coloration, and analysis by a fractal dimension calculation software. Our results showed that exposure of cell cultures to transient normobaric hyperoxia induced apoptosis (elevated caspase-3) as well as significant and precocious modifications in cell complexity, as highlighted by increased fractal dimensions in both cell lines. These features are associated with changes in structure (pycnotic nucleus and apoptosis) recorded by microscopic analysis. Such morphological alterations could be due to several molecular mechanisms and rearrangements in the cancer cell, leading to cell cycle inhibition and apoptosis as shown by caspase-3 activity. T cells seem less resistant to hyperoxia than B cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxygen Therapy)

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Review

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17 pages, 6521 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatment: Effects on Mitochondrial Function and Oxidative Stress

by Nofar Schottlender, Irit Gottfried and Uri Ashery

Biomolecules 2021, 11(12), 1827; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11121827 - 03 Dec 2021

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 6740

Abstract

Hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBOT)—the administration of 100% oxygen at atmospheric pressure (ATA) greater than 1 ATA—increases the proportion of dissolved oxygen in the blood five- to twenty-fold. This increase in accessible oxygen places the mitochondrion—the organelle that consumes most of the oxygen that [...] Read more.

Hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBOT)—the administration of 100% oxygen at atmospheric pressure (ATA) greater than 1 ATA—increases the proportion of dissolved oxygen in the blood five- to twenty-fold. This increase in accessible oxygen places the mitochondrion—the organelle that consumes most of the oxygen that we breathe—at the epicenter of HBOT’s effects. As the mitochondrion is also a major site for the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), it is possible that HBOT will increase also oxidative stress. Depending on the conditions of the HBO treatment (duration, pressure, umber of treatments), short-term treatments have been shown to have deleterious effects on both mitochondrial activity and production of ROS. Long-term treatment, on the other hand, improves mitochondrial activity and leads to a decrease in ROS levels, partially due to the effects of HBOT, which increases antioxidant defense mechanisms. Many diseases and conditions are characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction and imbalance between ROS and antioxidant scavengers, suggesting potential therapeutic intervention for HBOT. In the present review, we will present current views on the effects of HBOT on mitochondrial function and oxidative stress, the interplay between them and the implications for several diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxygen Therapy)

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11 pages, 932 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatment—From Mechanisms to Cognitive Improvement

by Irit Gottfried, Nofar Schottlender and Uri Ashery

Biomolecules 2021, 11(10), 1520; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11101520 - 15 Oct 2021

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 7904

Abstract

Hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBOT)—the medical use of oxygen at environmental pressure greater than one atmosphere absolute—is a very effective therapy for several approved clinical situations, such as carbon monoxide intoxication, incurable diabetes or radiation-injury wounds, and smoke inhalation. In recent years, it has [...] Read more.

Hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBOT)—the medical use of oxygen at environmental pressure greater than one atmosphere absolute—is a very effective therapy for several approved clinical situations, such as carbon monoxide intoxication, incurable diabetes or radiation-injury wounds, and smoke inhalation. In recent years, it has also been used to improve cognition, neuro-wellness, and quality of life following brain trauma and stroke. This opens new avenues for the elderly, including the treatment of neurological and neurodegenerative diseases and improvement of cognition and brain metabolism in cases of mild cognitive impairment. Alongside its integration into clinics, basic research studies have elucidated HBOT’s mechanisms of action and its effects on cellular processes, transcription factors, mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Therefore, HBOT is becoming a major player in 21st century research and clinical treatments. The following review will discuss the basic mechanisms of HBOT, and its effects on cellular processes, cognition, and brain disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxygen Therapy)

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40 pages, 678 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Effects of Hyperbaric Oxygenation on Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Angiogenesis

by Silke D. De Wolde, Rick H. Hulskes, Robert P. Weenink, Markus W. Hollmann and Robert A. Van Hulst

Biomolecules 2021, 11(8), 1210; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11081210 - 14 Aug 2021

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 7307

Abstract

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is commonly used as treatment in several diseases, such as non-healing chronic wounds, late radiation injuries and carbon monoxide poisoning. Ongoing research into HBOT has shown that preconditioning for surgery is a potential new treatment application, which may reduce [...] Read more.

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is commonly used as treatment in several diseases, such as non-healing chronic wounds, late radiation injuries and carbon monoxide poisoning. Ongoing research into HBOT has shown that preconditioning for surgery is a potential new treatment application, which may reduce complication rates and hospital stay. In this review, the effect of HBOT on oxidative stress, inflammation and angiogenesis is investigated to better understand the potential mechanisms underlying preconditioning for surgery using HBOT. A systematic search was conducted to retrieve studies measuring markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, or angiogenesis in humans. Analysis of the included studies showed that HBOT-induced oxidative stress reduces the concentrations of pro-inflammatory acute phase proteins, interleukins and cytokines and increases growth factors and other pro-angiogenesis cytokines. Several articles only noted this surge after the first HBOT session or for a short duration after each session. The anti-inflammatory status following HBOT may be mediated by hyperoxia interfering with NF-κB and IκBα. Further research into the effect of HBOT on inflammation and angiogenesis is needed to determine the implications of these findings for clinical practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxygen Therapy)

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26 pages, 813 KiB

Open AccessReview

An Extra Breath of Fresh Air: Hyperbaric Oxygenation as a Stroke Therapeutic

by Blaise Cozene, Nadia Sadanandan, Bella Gonzales-Portillo, Madeline Saft, Justin Cho, You Jeong Park and Cesar V. Borlongan

Biomolecules 2020, 10(9), 1279; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10091279 - 04 Sep 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 6057

Abstract

Stroke serves as a life-threatening disease and continues to face many challenges in the development of safe and effective therapeutic options. The use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) demonstrates pre-clinical effectiveness for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke and reports reductions in oxidative [...] Read more.

Stroke serves as a life-threatening disease and continues to face many challenges in the development of safe and effective therapeutic options. The use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) demonstrates pre-clinical effectiveness for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke and reports reductions in oxidative stress, inflammation, and neural apoptosis. These pathophysiological benefits contribute to improved functional recovery. Current pre-clinical and clinical studies are testing the applications of HBOT for stroke neuroprotection, including its use as a preconditioning regimen. Mild oxidative stress may be able to prime the brain to tolerate full extensive oxidative stress that occurs during a stroke, and HBOT preconditioning has displayed efficacy in establishing such ischemic tolerance. In this review, evidence on the use of HBOT following an ischemic stroke is examined, and the potential for HBOT preconditioning as a neuroprotective strategy. Additionally, HBOT as a stem cell preconditioning is also discussed as a promising strategy, thus maximizing the use of HBOT for ischemic stroke. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxygen Therapy)

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Graphical abstract

17 pages, 1084 KiB

Open AccessReview

Molecular and Therapeutic Aspects of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in Neurological Conditions

by Inbar Fischer and Boaz Barak

Biomolecules 2020, 10(9), 1247; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10091247 - 27 Aug 2020

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 7640

Abstract

In hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT), the subject is placed in a chamber containing 100% oxygen gas at a pressure of more than one atmosphere absolute. This treatment is used to hasten tissue recovery and improve its physiological aspects, by providing an increased supply [...] Read more.

In hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT), the subject is placed in a chamber containing 100% oxygen gas at a pressure of more than one atmosphere absolute. This treatment is used to hasten tissue recovery and improve its physiological aspects, by providing an increased supply of oxygen to the damaged tissue. In this review, we discuss the consequences of hypoxia, as well as the molecular and physiological processes that occur in subjects exposed to HBOT. We discuss the efficacy of HBOT in treating neurological conditions and neurodevelopmental disorders in both humans and animal models. We summarize by discussing the challenges in this field, and explore future directions that will allow the scientific community to better understand the molecular aspects and applications of HBOT for a wide variety of neurological conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxygen Therapy)

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17 pages, 1597 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Hyperoxic-Hypoxic Paradox

by Amir Hadanny and Shai Efrati

Biomolecules 2020, 10(6), 958; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10060958 - 25 Jun 2020

Cited by 101 | Viewed by 15783

Abstract

Effective metabolism is highly dependent on a narrow therapeutic range of oxygen. Accordingly, low levels of oxygen, or hypoxia, are one of the most powerful inducers of gene expression, metabolic changes, and regenerative processes, including angiogenesis and stimulation of stem cell proliferation, migration, [...] Read more.

Effective metabolism is highly dependent on a narrow therapeutic range of oxygen. Accordingly, low levels of oxygen, or hypoxia, are one of the most powerful inducers of gene expression, metabolic changes, and regenerative processes, including angiogenesis and stimulation of stem cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. The sensing of decreased oxygen levels (hypoxia) or increased oxygen levels (hyperoxia), occurs through specialized chemoreceptor cells and metabolic changes at the cellular level, which regulate the response. Interestingly, fluctuations in the free oxygen concentration rather than the absolute level of oxygen can be interpreted at the cellular level as a lack of oxygen. Thus, repeated intermittent hyperoxia can induce many of the mediators and cellular mechanisms that are usually induced during hypoxia. This is called the hyperoxic-hypoxic paradox (HHP). This article reviews oxygen physiology, the main cellular processes triggered by hypoxia, and the cascade of events triggered by the HHP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxygen Therapy)

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Other

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10 pages, 543 KiB

Open AccessCommentary

Molecular Biomarkers of Oxygen Therapy in Patients with Diabetic Foot Ulcers

by Alisha R. Oropallo, Thomas E. Serena, David G. Armstrong and Mark Q. Niederauer

Biomolecules 2021, 11(7), 925; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11070925 - 22 Jun 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3704

Abstract

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) and topical oxygen therapy (TOT) including continuous diffuse oxygen therapy (CDOT) are often utilized to enhance wound healing in patients with diabetic foot ulcerations. High pressure pure oxygen assists in the oxygenation of hypoxic wounds to increase perfusion. Although [...] Read more.

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) and topical oxygen therapy (TOT) including continuous diffuse oxygen therapy (CDOT) are often utilized to enhance wound healing in patients with diabetic foot ulcerations. High pressure pure oxygen assists in the oxygenation of hypoxic wounds to increase perfusion. Although oxygen therapy provides wound healing benefits to some patients with diabetic foot ulcers, it is currently performed from clinical examination and imaging. Data suggest that oxygen therapy promotes wound healing via angiogenesis, the creation of new blood vessels. Molecular biomarkers relating to tissue inflammation, repair, and healing have been identified. Predictive biomarkers can be used to identify patients who will most likely benefit from this specialized treatment. In diabetic foot ulcerations, specifically, certain biomarkers have been linked to factors involving angiogenesis and inflammation, two crucial aspects of wound healing. In this review, the mechanism of how oxygen works in wound healing on a physiological basis, such as cell metabolism and growth factor signaling transduction is detailed. Additionally, observable clinical outcomes such as collagen formation, angiogenesis, respiratory burst and cell proliferation are described. The scientific evidence for the impact of oxygen on biomolecular pathways and its relationship to the outcomes in clinical research is discussed in this narrative review. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxygen Therapy)

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