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Biomolecules
Special Issues
New Insights on Translational Machinery in Protein Synthesis and Beyond
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New Insights on Translational Machinery in Protein Synthesis and Beyond

A special issue of Biomolecules (ISSN 2218-273X). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomacromolecules: Proteins".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2020) | Viewed by 19595

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Byung Woo Han

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
Interests: structural biology; tumor microenvironment; protein degradation pathway; aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase; immunology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Translation machinery is vital for all living organisms. Basically, translation machinery is composed of mRNA, tRNA, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, ribosomes, and their related components for biosynthesis and processing. Although prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation machinery shares fundamental mechanisms for protein biosynthesis, the detailed modes of action for each aspect of the translation machinery are quite diverse, which provides niches to characterize their identities and to discriminate one from another. This characteristic allowed for the development of antibiotics. In addition, eukaryotic translation machinery often contains domains not only for translational purposes but for additional/auxiliary/non-translational functions with unexpected physiological effects. In particular, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases have been well known to play crucial roles in diverse cellular processes, such as cancer development, the immune system, and metabolism. For this Special Issue we are calling for research articles focusing on new insights of translation machinery in protein biosynthesis and beyond. This topic includes but is not limited to mRNA processing, tRNA processing, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, and ribosome biology.

Prof. Dr. Byung Woo Han
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biomolecules is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Translation machinery in health and disease
  • Non-translational functions of translational machinery
  • Structure determination of translation machinery components
  • Complex structure determination of translation machinery components
  • mRNA processing
  • tRNA processing
  • Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase biology
  • Ribosome biology

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 3215 KiB  
Article
Tryptophanyl-tRNA Synthetase 1 Signals Activate TREM-1 via TLR2 and TLR4
by Tram T. T. Nguyen, Hee Kyeong Yoon, Yoon Tae Kim, Yun Hui Choi, Won-Kyu Lee and Mirim Jin
Biomolecules 2020, 10(9), 1283; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10091283 - 06 Sep 2020
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3857
Abstract
Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase 1 (WARS1) is an endogenous ligand of mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLR) 2 and TLR4. Microarray data, using mRNA from WARS1-treated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), had indicated WARS1 to mainly activate innate inflammatory responses. However, exact molecular mechanism remains to [...] Read more.
Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase 1 (WARS1) is an endogenous ligand of mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLR) 2 and TLR4. Microarray data, using mRNA from WARS1-treated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), had indicated WARS1 to mainly activate innate inflammatory responses. However, exact molecular mechanism remains to be understood. The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM)-1 is an amplifier of pro-inflammatory processes. We found WARS1 to significantly activate TREM-1 at both mRNA and protein levels, along with its cell surface expression and secretion in macrophages. WARS1 stimulated TREM-1 production via TLR2 and TLR4, mediated by both MyD88 and TRIF, since targeted deletion of TLR4, TLR2, MyD88, and TRIF mostly abrogated TREM-1 activation. Furthermore, WARS1 promoted TREM-1 downstream phosphorylation of DAP12, Syk, and AKT. Knockdown of TREM-1 and inhibition of Syk kinase significantly suppressed the activation of inflammatory signaling loop from MyD88 and TRIF, leading to p38 MAPK, ERK, and NF-κB inactivation. Finally, MyD88, TRIF, and TREM-1 signaling pathways were shown to be cooperatively involved in WARS1-triggered massive production of IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-β, MIP-1α, MCP-1, and CXCL2, where activation of Syk kinase was crucial. Taken together, our data provided a new insight into WARS1′s strategy to amplify innate inflammatory responses via TREM-1. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights on Translational Machinery in Protein Synthesis and Beyond)
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Review

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24 pages, 6308 KiB  
Review
Recent Development of Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase Inhibitors for Human Diseases: A Future Perspective
by Soong-Hyun Kim, Seri Bae and Minsoo Song
Biomolecules 2020, 10(12), 1625; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10121625 - 01 Dec 2020
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 6231
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) are essential enzymes that ligate amino acids to tRNAs and translate the genetic code during protein synthesis. Their function in pathogen-derived infectious diseases has been well established, which has led to the development of small molecule therapeutics. The applicability of [...] Read more.
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) are essential enzymes that ligate amino acids to tRNAs and translate the genetic code during protein synthesis. Their function in pathogen-derived infectious diseases has been well established, which has led to the development of small molecule therapeutics. The applicability of ARS inhibitors for other human diseases, such as fibrosis, has recently been explored in the clinical setting. There are active studies to find small molecule therapeutics for cancers. Studies on central nervous system (CNS) disorders are burgeoning as well. In this regard, we present a concise analysis of the recent development of ARS inhibitors based on small molecules from the discovery research stage to clinical studies as well as a recent patent analysis from the medicinal chemistry point of view. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights on Translational Machinery in Protein Synthesis and Beyond)
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17 pages, 1223 KiB  
Review
Cell Fate Control by Translation: mRNA Translation Initiation as a Therapeutic Target for Cancer Development and Stem Cell Fate Control
by Hyun-Jung Kim
Biomolecules 2019, 9(11), 665; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9110665 - 29 Oct 2019
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 7728
Abstract
Translation of mRNA is an important process that controls cell behavior and gene regulation because proteins are the functional molecules that determine cell types and function. Cancer develops as a result of genetic mutations, which lead to the production of abnormal proteins and [...] Read more.
Translation of mRNA is an important process that controls cell behavior and gene regulation because proteins are the functional molecules that determine cell types and function. Cancer develops as a result of genetic mutations, which lead to the production of abnormal proteins and the dysregulation of translation, which in turn, leads to aberrant protein synthesis. In addition, the machinery that is involved in protein synthesis plays critical roles in stem cell fate determination. In the current review, recent advances in the understanding of translational control, especially translational initiation in cancer development and stem cell fate control, are described. Therapeutic targets of mRNA translation such as eIF4E, 4EBP, and eIF2, for cancer treatment or stem cell fate regulation are reviewed. Upstream signaling pathways that regulate and affect translation initiation were introduced. It is important to regulate the expression of protein for normal cell behavior and development. mRNA translation initiation is a key step to regulate protein synthesis, therefore, identifying and targeting molecules that are critical for protein synthesis is necessary and beneficial to develop cancer therapeutics and stem cells fate regulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights on Translational Machinery in Protein Synthesis and Beyond)
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