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Special Issue "Cell Differentiation, Oxidative Stress, and Oxygen Radicals—in Honor of Prof. Michael Breitenbach"

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A special issue of Biomolecules (ISSN 2218-273X). This special issue belongs to the section "Cellular Biochemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 June 2023 | Viewed by 3520

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Mark Rinnerthaler

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Guest Editor

Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
Interests: aging; mitochondria; lipid droplets (LDs); reactive oxygen species (ROS); oxidative stress

Prof. Dr. Markus Ralser

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Guest Editor

The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
Interests: cellular metabolic network; carbohydrate metabolism; amino acid metabolism; metabolic oxidative stress response

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We would like to invite all friends and colleagues of Michael Breitenbach to contribute papers to this Special Issue. These can be reviews, opinions, original papers or any other type of paper. All papers should have some relation to at least one of the research topics of the Breitenbach laboratory: cell differentiation and gene regulation, oxidative stress, oxygen radicals, apoptosis, aging, sporulation, NADPH oxidases, ROS signaling, and pseudohyphal growth.

We believe that the regulation of gene expression in development is still one of the central themes and questions of molecular biology and that the topics that have been under research in the Breitenbach laboratory in recent decades contribute to answering this question. Taken together, this research has shown that oxidative stress and oxidative stress defense play a central role in the life history of cells and that ROS signaling plays a central role in cell differentiation.

Dr. Mark Rinnerthaler
Prof. Dr. Markus Ralser
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biomolecules is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2300 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

ROS signaling
NADPH oxidases
cell differentiation
oxidative stress
oxygen radicals
apoptosis
aging
sporulation

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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Open AccessArticle

Effect of mitoTEMPO on Redox Reactions in Different Body Compartments upon Endotoxemia in Rats

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Biomolecules 2023, 13(5), 794; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13050794 - 05 May 2023

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Abstract

Mitochondrial ROS (mitoROS) control many reactions in cells. Biological effects of mitoROS in vivo can be investigated by modulation via mitochondria-targeted antioxidants (mtAOX, mitoTEMPO). The aim of this study was to determine how mitoROS influence redox reactions in different body compartments in a rat model of endotoxemia. We induced inflammatory response by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection and analyzed effects of mitoTEMPO in blood, abdominal cavity, bronchoalveolar space, and liver tissue. MitoTEMPO decreased the liver damage marker aspartate aminotransferase; however, it neither influenced the release of cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor, IL-4) nor decreased ROS generation by immune cells in the compartments examined. In contrast, ex vivo mitoTEMPO treatment substantially reduced ROS generation. Examination of liver tissue revealed several redox paramagnetic centers sensitive to in vivo LPS and mitoTEMPO treatment and high levels of nitric oxide (NO) in response to LPS. NO levels in blood were lower than in liver, and were decreased by in vivo mitoTEMPO treatment. Our data suggest that (i) inflammatory mediators are not likely to directly contribute to ROS-mediated liver damage and (ii) mitoTEMPO is more likely to affect the redox status of liver cells reflected in a redox change of paramagnetic molecules. Further studies are necessary to understand these mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cell Differentiation, Oxidative Stress, and Oxygen Radicals—in Honor of Prof. Michael Breitenbach)

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Open AccessArticle

Timing of Chromosome DNA Integration throughout the Yeast Cell Cycle

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Biomolecules 2023, 13(4), 614; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13040614 - 29 Mar 2023

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Abstract

The dynamic mechanism of cell uptake and genomic integration of exogenous linear DNA still has to be completely clarified, especially within each phase of the cell cycle. We present a study of integration events of double-stranded linear DNA molecules harboring at their ends sequence homologies to the host’s genome, all throughout the cell cycle of the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae, comparing the efficiency of chromosomal integration of two types of DNA cassettes tailored for site-specific integration and bridge-induced translocation. Transformability increases in S phase regardless of the sequence homologies, while the efficiency of chromosomal integration during a specific cycle phase depends upon the genomic targets. Moreover, the frequency of a specific translocation between chromosomes XV and VIII strongly increased during DNA synthesis under the control of Pol32 polymerase. Finally, in the null POL32 double mutant, different pathways drove the integration in the various phases of the cell cycle and bridge-induced translocation was possible outside the S phase even without Pol32. The discovery of this cell-cycle dependent regulation of specific pathways of DNA integration, associated with an increase of ROS levels following translocation events, is a further demonstration of a sensing ability of the yeast cell in determining a cell-cycle-related choice of DNA repair pathways under stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cell Differentiation, Oxidative Stress, and Oxygen Radicals—in Honor of Prof. Michael Breitenbach)

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Open AccessArticle

Spontaneous Mutation Rates and Spectra of Respiratory-Deficient Yeast

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Biomolecules 2023, 13(3), 501; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13030501 - 09 Mar 2023

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Abstract

The yeast petite mutant was first discovered in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which shows growth stress due to defects in genes encoding the respiratory chain. In a previous study, we described that deletion of the nuclear-encoded gene MRPL25 leads to mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) loss and the petite phenotype, which can be rescued by acquiring ATP3 mutations. The mrpl25Δ strain showed an elevated SNV (single nucleotide variant) rate, suggesting genome instability occurred during the crisis of mtDNA loss. However, the genome-wide mutation landscape and mutational signatures of mitochondrial dysfunction are unknown. In this study we profiled the mutation spectra in yeast strains with the genotype combination of MRPL25 and ATP3 in their wildtype and mutated status, along with the wildtype and cytoplasmic petite rho0 strains as controls. In addition to the previously described elevated SNV rate, we found the INDEL (insertion/deletion) rate also increased in the mrpl25Δ strain, reinforcing the occurrence of genome instability. Notably, although both are petites, the mrpl25Δ and rho0 strains exhibited different INDEL rates and transition/transversion ratios, suggesting differences in the mutational signatures underlying these two types of petites. Interestingly, the petite-related mutagenesis effect disappeared when ATP3 suppressor mutations were acquired, suggesting a cost-effective mechanism for restoring both fitness and genome stability. Taken together, we present an unbiased genome-wide characterization of the mutation rates and spectra of yeast strains with respiratory deficiency, which provides valuable insights into the impact of respiratory deficiency on genome instability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cell Differentiation, Oxidative Stress, and Oxygen Radicals—in Honor of Prof. Michael Breitenbach)

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Open AccessArticle

Quality Evaluation of Ophiopogon japonicus from Two Authentic Geographical Origins in China Based on Physicochemical and Pharmacological Properties of Their Polysaccharides

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Biomolecules 2022, 12(10), 1491; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12101491 - 16 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 860

Abstract

Ophiopogon japonicus is widely used as a tonic herb in China. According to the origins, MaiDong of Chinese materia medica can be classified as Zhe MaiDong (Ophiopogon japonicus in Zhejiang), Chuan MaiDong (Ophiopogon japonicus in Sichuan), Duanting Shan MaiDong (Liriope muscari), and Hubei MaiDong (Liriope spicata). In terms of quality control, polysaccharides-based evaluations have not yet been conducted. In this study, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was used for the preparation of polysaccharides from 29 batches of MaiDong. HPSEC-MALLS-RID and HPAEC-PAD were employed to investigate their molecular parameters and compositional monosaccharides, respectively. The ability to scavenge ABTS radicals and immune promotion abilities, in terms of nitric oxide releasing and phagocytosis on RAW 264.7 macrophages, were also compared. The results showed that polysaccharides in different MaiDong varied in molecular parameters. All polysaccharides mainly contained fructose and glucose with small amounts of arabinose, mannose, galactose, and xylose. For polysaccharides of Zhe MaiDong and Chuan MaiDong, the molar ratio of Fru to Glc was roughly 15:1 and 14:1, respectively. Zhe MaiDong exhibited better antioxidant and immune promotion activity, and so did that of fibrous roots. The pharmacological activity, however, did not account for the variation in growth years. Finally, indicators for quality control based on multivariate statistical analysis included: yield, antioxidant activity, the content of fructose, and RI signal. It was concluded that MaiDong’s fibrous roots had similar components to the root, and their quality was not significantly affected by growth age. This may provide some guidance for the cultivation and use of MaiDong. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cell Differentiation, Oxidative Stress, and Oxygen Radicals—in Honor of Prof. Michael Breitenbach)

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The Janus-Faced Role of Lipid Droplets in Aging: Insights from the Cellular Perspective

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Biomolecules 2023, 13(6), 912; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13060912 - 30 May 2023

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Abstract

It is widely accepted that nine hallmarks—including mitochondrial dysfunction, epigenetic alterations, and loss of proteostasis—exist that describe the cellular aging process. Adding to this, a well-described cell organelle in the metabolic context, namely, lipid droplets, also accumulates with increasing age, which can be regarded as a further aging-associated process. Independently of their essential role as fat stores, lipid droplets are also able to control cell integrity by mitigating lipotoxic and proteotoxic insults. As we will show in this review, numerous longevity interventions (such as mTOR inhibition) also lead to strong accumulation of lipid droplets in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, and mammalian cells, just to name a few examples. In mammals, due to the variety of different cell types and tissues, the role of lipid droplets during the aging process is much more complex. Using selected diseases associated with aging, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, type II diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, we show that lipid droplets are “Janus”-faced. In an early phase of the disease, lipid droplets mitigate the toxicity of lipid peroxidation and protein aggregates, but in a later phase of the disease, a strong accumulation of lipid droplets can cause problems for cells and tissues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cell Differentiation, Oxidative Stress, and Oxygen Radicals—in Honor of Prof. Michael Breitenbach)

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Special Issue "Cell Differentiation, Oxidative Stress, and Oxygen Radicals—in Honor of Prof. Michael Breitenbach"

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