Evaluation of Biogeochemical Changes in Channelized and Restored Portions of a Subtropical Floodplain
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sources
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Water Quality Conditions
3.2. Soil Nutrient Distribution
3.3. Geostatistical Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. River–Floodplain Nutrient Loading
4.2. Floodplain Soils
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Time Period | Major Action/Event |
---|---|
1954 | United States Congress authorizes the C&SF Project |
1962 | Construction commences of the C38 Canal and other features |
1971 | Construction complete |
1971 | The state of Florida recommends the restoration of the Kissimmee River |
1978–1985 | Federal feasibility study notes the potential for restoration [20] |
1984–1990 | Kissimmee River Demonstration Project |
1987–1990 | Drawdown of upstream lakes (Lake Tohopekaliga and East Lake Tohopekaliga) [21] |
1991 | 2nd Federal feasibility study recommends a partial backfill plan [22] |
1994 | Construction of test backfill and performance of high-flow tests on backfill stability |
1995–1997 | Drawdown of upstream lakes (Lake Jackson and Lake Kissimmee) [21] |
1996 | Headwaters Revitalization Feasibility Study complete [23] |
1999–2001 | Phase I backfilling complete (12 km canal backfilled) |
2001 | S-65B water control structure removed |
2006–2010 | Phase IV backfilling complete (9 km canal backfilled) |
2010–2015 | Supplemental construction to support the Kissimmee River Restoration effort [24] |
2015–2021 | Phases II and III backfilling complete (~14 km canal backfilled) |
2017 | S-65C water control structure removed |
2021 | Kissimmee River Restoration Construction Activities complete |
Variable | Parameter | Statistic | S65 | S65A | S65B | S65C | S65D | S65E |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Load | TP (kg yr−1) | Mean | 56,499 | 62,577 | 53,038 | 74,270 | 118,647 | 138,426 |
Min | 834 | 3980 | 8 | 4040 | 8597 | 10,436 | ||
Max | 211,233 | 165,613 | 166,524 | 203,444 | 383,061 | 348,449 | ||
SD | 45,451 | 41,589 | 39,070 | 49,958 | 79,803 | 82,252 | ||
N | 44 | 44 | 23 | 39 | 44 | 44 | ||
TN (kg yr−1) | Mean | 1,238,417 | 1,277,163 | 1,289,658 | 1,375,850 | 1,625,018 | 1,685,533 | |
Min | 26,218 | 62,151 | 138 | 111,078 | 126,163 | 112,253 | ||
Max | 3,515,506 | 3,044,856 | 3,488,465 | 3,422,184 | 3,922,393 | 4,125,750 | ||
SD | 789,083 | 736,539 | 912,158 | 840,922 | 968,248 | 994,486 | ||
N | 44 | 44 | 23 | 39 | 44 | 44 | ||
FWM | TP (μg L−1) | Mean | 58.0 | 64.5 | 55.7 | 69.5 | 94.6 | 111.9 |
Min | 30.7 | 34.3 | 31.8 | 34.7 | 57.4 | 65.5 | ||
Max | 94.3 | 134.8 | 92.2 | 162.9 | 201.2 | 228.0 | ||
SD | 17.6 | 19.8 | 14.7 | 25.9 | 29.9 | 36.2 | ||
N | 44 | 44 | 23 | 39 | 44 | 44 | ||
TN (mg L−1) | Mean | 1.35 | 1.32 | 1.35 | 1.29 | 1.31 | 1.32 | |
Min | 0.81 | 0.87 | 0.95 | 0.88 | 0.99 | 0.97 | ||
Max | 2.19 | 1.90 | 1.95 | 1.97 | 1.96 | 2.02 | ||
SD | 0.26 | 0.21 | 0.30 | 0.26 | 0.23 | 0.22 | ||
N | 44 | 44 | 23 | 39 | 44 | 44 |
Variable | Parameter | Statistic | S65 | S65A | S65B | S65C | S65D | S65E |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Load | TP | Kendall τ | 0.28 | 0.29 | 0.12 | 0.30 | 0.26 | 0.16 |
ρ-value | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.43 | <0.01 | <0.05 | 0.12 | ||
Thiel Sen Slope A | 1058 | 1206 | 1189 | 2027 | 2237 | 1604 | ||
TN | Kendall τ | 0.11 | 0.11 | −0.11 | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.06 | |
ρ-value | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.46 | 0.36 | 0.20 | 0.55 | ||
Thiel Sen Slope A | 10341 | 9419 | −27066 | 11055 | 14240 | 7913 | ||
FWM | TP | Kendall τ | 0.41 | 0.33 | 0.30 | 0.39 | 0.18 | 0.03 |
ρ-value | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.05 | <0.01 | 0.08 | 0.78 | ||
Thiel Sen Slope B | 0.72 | 0.60 | 0.90 | 0.93 | 0.50 | 0.09 | ||
TN | Kendall τ | −0.10 | −0.17 | −0.63 | −0.22 | −0.19 | −0.19 | |
ρ-value | 0.35 | 0.11 | <0.01 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.07 | ||
Thiel Sen Slope C | −0.003 | −0.004 | −0.027 1pt | −0.008 | −0.005 | −0.005 |
Mean ± SD (N) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Units | Classification | Bulk Density (g cm−3) | LOI (Percent) | TP (mg kg−1;) | TN (g kg−1) | TC (g kg−1) |
Vegetation Community | Aquatic Veg | 0.57 ± 0.36 (31) | 29.3 ± 24.0 (35) | 625 ± 448 (35) | 10.7 ± 8.7 (35) | 140.1 ± 120.2 (35) |
Wet Prairie | 0.78 ± 0.34 (54) | 17.0 ± 18.5 (58) | 514 ± 558 (58) | 5.9 ± 6.3 (58) | 79.3 ± 93.1 (58) | |
Broadleaf Marsh | 0.52 ± 0.31 (25) | 33.6 ± 29.0 (29) | 705 ± 531 (29) | 11.7 ± 10.1 (29) | 159.0 ± 141.5 (29) | |
Upland Shrub | 0.93 ± 0.30 (51) | 11.3 ± 11.3 (58) | 533 ± 710 (58) | 3.7 ± 3.7 (58) | 52.1 ± 56.3 (58) | |
Wetland Forest/Shrub | 0.52 ± 0.33 (42) | 28.6 ± 25.1 (43) | 591 ± 561 (43) | 9.4 ± 8.1 (43) | 136.2 ± 124.0 (43) | |
Upland Forest | 0.91 ± 0.28 (28) | 10.4 ± 8.8 (32) | 480 ± 802 (32) | 2.9 ± 2.4 (32) | 49.4 ± 45.3 (32) | |
Landscape Unit | Channel | 0.48 ± 0.31 (17) | 29.0 ± 28.7 (17) | 521 ± 449 (17) | 10.3 ± 9.8 (17) | 142.6 ± 145.3 (17) |
Backfill | 0.90 ± 0.34 (13) | 8.4 ± 7.2 (13) | 1003 ± 496 (13) | 2.4 ± 2.5 (13) | 34.9 ± 31.8 (13) | |
Floodplain | 0.63 ± 0.35 (102) | 26.4 ± 24.4 (113) | 470 ± 379 (113) | 9.1 ± 8.1 (113) | 124.7 ± 119.3 (113) | |
Upland Ecotone | 0.90 ± 0.30 (38) | 10.3 ± 10.7 (42) | 187 ± 243 (42) | 3.4 ± 3.6 (42) | 51.5 ± 57.4 (42) | |
Spoil | 0.94 ± 0.28 (34) | 10.3 ± 9.9 (37) | 1183 ± 1089 (37) | 2.9 ± 3.0 (37) | 43.1 ± 42.8 (37) | |
Other | 0.66 ± 0.37 (27) | 24.1 ± 20.9 (33) | 521 ± 369 (33) | 8.6 ± 7.6 (33) | 116.5 ± 106.4 (33) |
Kriging Method | Parameter | Model | Nugget | Sill | Range (m) | Sill:Nugget | RMSE | R² |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ordinary | TP | Exp | 0.99 | 0.55 | 2973 | 0.55 | 0.005 | 1.00 |
TN | Sph | 17.8 | 40 | 1035 | 2.22 | 1.8 | 0.96 | |
TC | Sph | 4175 | 7733 | 1079 | 1.85 | 23.9 | 1.00 | |
Residual | TP | Sph | 0.43 | 0.18 | 5306 | 0.42 | 0.001 | 1.00 |
TN | Exp | 0.39 | 0.32 | 739 | 0.83 | 0.007 | 0.99 | |
TC | Sph | 0.44 | 0.41 | 1292 | 0.93 | 0.030 | 0.93 |
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Julian, P., II; Osborne, T.Z.; Ellis, R. Evaluation of Biogeochemical Changes in Channelized and Restored Portions of a Subtropical Floodplain. Hydrobiology 2023, 2, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrobiology2010001
Julian P II, Osborne TZ, Ellis R. Evaluation of Biogeochemical Changes in Channelized and Restored Portions of a Subtropical Floodplain. Hydrobiology. 2023; 2(1):1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrobiology2010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleJulian, Paul, II, Todd Z. Osborne, and Rex Ellis. 2023. "Evaluation of Biogeochemical Changes in Channelized and Restored Portions of a Subtropical Floodplain" Hydrobiology 2, no. 1: 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrobiology2010001