Potential Effects of Anthropogenic Radiofrequency Radiation on Cetaceans
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. Stranding Types and Causes
1.1.1. Strandings with Direct Human Intervention
1.1.2. Strandings with No Direct Human Intervention
1.2. Spatial Distribution and Numerical Trends of Strandings
1.3. Mass Live Strandings without a Known Cause
1.4. Proposed Explanations for Mass Live Strandings
1.5. Aims and Objectives
2. Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Magnetoreception in Cetaceans and Its Involvement in Mass Live Strandings
4.2. Anthropogenic RFR May Have the Same Effects
4.3. Plausible Action Mechanisms
4.3.1. The Thermoelastic Expansion Mechanism
4.3.2. Delphinid Vocalizations
4.3.3. Interference with Echolocation Systems
4.3.4. Interference with the Pulse Communication Systems of Odontocetes
4.3.5. Other Possible Mechanisms
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Reference | Study Species | Time Period | Study Area | Closest Radar(s) Found | Date | Considerations | S | T |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leeney et al., 2008 [12] | Cetaceans | 1911–2006 | UK (Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly) | Cornwall meteorological radar (Predannack) | 1986 | Yes | Yes | |
Pikesley et al., 2012 [60] | Cetaceans | 1991–2008 | UK (Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly) | Cornwall meteorological radar (Predannack) | 1986 | Data after radar setup | Yes | |
Podesta et al., 2006 [61] | Cuvier’s beaked whales | 1803–2003 | Mediterranean Sea | Marconi radar | 1962 | Yes | Yes | |
Bogomolni et al., 2010 [32] | Marine mammals | 2000–2006 | USA (Massachusetts) | Cape Cod Air Force Station | 1980 | Data after radar setup | Yes | |
Maldini et al., 2005 [62] | Odontocetes | 1950–2002 | USA (Hawaii, Oahu) | Pearl Harbour base | 1941 | More prospection in that island | ||
Lloyd and Ross, 2015 [41] | Cetaceans | 1970–2013 | Australia (NSW) | Woolloomooloo base | 1941 | Data after radar setup; scattered stranding hotspots | ||
D’amico et al., 2009 [24] | Beaked whales | 1874–2015 | Global | Yokosuka naval base | 1951 | Strandings linked to naval sonars | ||
Brownell et al., 2009 [63] | Pygmy killer whales | 1968–2006 | Taiwan | Tainan and Kaohsiung military bases | - | Without radar running date | ||
Masski and De Stéphanis 2018 [64] | Cetaceans | 1980–2009 | Morocco | 1: Tarifa radar 2: Casablanca marine base | 1: 2009 2: - | Data before radar setup | ||
Groom and Coughran 2012 [5] | Cetaceans | 1981–2010 | Australia (WA) | Perth meteorological radar | 2009 | Data before radar setup | ||
Mcgovern et al., 2016 [54] | Cetaceans | 2002–2014 | Ireland | - | - | Radar not found | ||
Walker et al., 2005 [31] | Cetaceans | 1977–2001 | USA (Florida) | Key West meteorological radar and naval air station (south Florida) | 2012 | Data before radar setup | ||
Gonçalves et al., 1996 [65] | Cetaceans | 1992–1996 | Portugal (Azores) | - | - | Radar not found | ||
Pimper et al., 2008 [66] | Sperm whales | 1977–1981 | Argentina (Tierra del Fuego) | - | - | Radar not found | ||
Mazzariol et al., 2011 [67] | Sperm whales | 2009 | Italy (Adriatic) | Remote radar squadron and Jacotenente Air Force detachment | 1963 | Only one stranding event after radar setup | ||
Bearzi et al., 2011 [1] | Sperm whales | 1955–2009 | Italy (Adriatic) | Potenza Picena radar | 1970–1998 | Strandings scattered in time | ||
Song 2016 [19] | Cetaceans | 1997–2004 | Korea | - | - | Radar not found | ||
Augé et al., 2018 [10] | Cetaceans | 1980–2015 | UK (Falkland Islands) | Mont Pleasant Air Base | 1986 | Scattered stranding hotspots; reliable only from 2007 | ||
Aragones et al., 2010 [29] | Marine mammals | 1998–2009 | Philippines | - | - | Radar not found; scattered stranding hotspots | ||
Borsa 2006 [68] | Marine mammals | 1877–2005 | New Caledonia | - | - | Radar not found | ||
Caracappa et al., 2018 [69] | Striped dolphins | 2013–2016 | Sicily | Sigonella Naval Air Station | 1959 | Data after radar setup; some morbillivirus effects | Yes | |
Coughran et al., 2013 [53] | Humpback whales | 1989–2012 | Australia (WA) | - | - | Radar not found | ||
López et al., 2002 [58] | Marine mammals | 1990–1999 | Spain (Northwest) | Iroite military radar | 1980 | Data after radar setup | Yes | |
McManus et al., 1984 [38] | Cetacean strandings | 1978–1983 | Tasmania | Hobart Military and Naval Base | - | Without radar running date | ||
Meynecke & Meager 2016 [18] | Humpback whales | 1989–2014 | Australia (Queensland) | 1: Ipswich Base 2: Marburg meteorological radar 3: Brisbane meteorological radar | 1: 1938 2: 1993 3: 2005 | Difficult to correlate strandings and localities | Yes | |
Rojo-Nieto et al., 2011 [70] | Cetaceans and sea turtles | 1991–2008 | Spain and Morocco | Tarifa radar | 2009 | Data before radar setup | ||
Alvarado-Rybak et al., 2020 [55] | Cetaceans | 1968–2020 | Chile | Bío Bío radars | 2016 | Only one stranding event after radar setup | Yes | |
Brabyn 1991 [42] | Cetaceans | 1840–1989 | New Zealand | - | - | Radar not found | ||
Brabyn & McLean 1992 [71] | Cetaceans | 1840–1993 | New Zealand | - | - | Radar not found | ||
Sundaram, 2006 [36] | Whale strandings | 1850–2005 | USA (Massachusetts) and New Zealand | - | - | Radar not found | ||
IJsseldijk et al., 2018 [72] | White-beaked dolphins | 1991–2017 | North Sea | - | - | Radar not found |
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Balmori-de la Puente, A.; Balmori, A. Potential Effects of Anthropogenic Radiofrequency Radiation on Cetaceans. Radiation 2024, 4, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation4010001
Balmori-de la Puente A, Balmori A. Potential Effects of Anthropogenic Radiofrequency Radiation on Cetaceans. Radiation. 2024; 4(1):1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation4010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleBalmori-de la Puente, Alfonso, and Alfonso Balmori. 2024. "Potential Effects of Anthropogenic Radiofrequency Radiation on Cetaceans" Radiation 4, no. 1: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation4010001