Cow Milk Quality Determination Using a Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Sensing System for Smart Dairy Farming †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Description of the Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Sensing System
2.2. Holstein Cows and Milk Samples
2.3. Reference Analysis
2.4. Chemometric Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Near-Infrared Spectra
3.2. Calibration Models’ Precision and Accuracy
3.3. Near-Infrared Sensing System
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Devices | Specifications |
---|---|
NIR spectrum sensor | Absorbance spectrum sensor |
Light source | Three halogen lamps |
Optical fiber | Quartz Fiber |
Milk chamber surface | Glass |
Volume of milk sample | Approx. 30 mL |
Distance between optical axis and milk level | 55 mm |
NIR spectrometer | Diffraction grating spectrometer |
Optical density | Absorbance |
Wavelength range | 700–1050 nm, 1 nm internal |
Wavelength resolution | Approx. 6.4 nm |
Photocell | CMOS linear array, 512 pixels |
Thermal controller | Heater and cooling fan |
Data processing computer | Windows 7 |
A/D converter | 16 bit |
Spectrum data acquisition | Every 20 s |
Milk Quality Indicators | n | Range | R2 | SEP | Bias | RPD | Regression Line |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fat (%) | 142 | 2.1–6.8 | 0.98 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 8.05 | y = 1.00x + 0.01 |
Protein (%) | 142 | 3.3–3.8 | 0.92 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 3.58 | y = 0.99x + 0.04 |
Lactose (%) | 142 | 3.9–4.7 | 0.70 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 1.83 | y = 0.96x + 0.18 |
MUN (mg/dL) | 142 | 8.9–13.8 | 0.45 | 0.60 | 0.00 | 1.35 | y = 0.92x + 0.97 |
SCC (log SCCmL−1) | 142 | 5.2–6.8 | 0.60 | 0.22 | 0.00 | 1.58 | y = 0.94x + 0.36 |
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Iweka, P.; Kawamura, S.; Mitani, T.; Kawaguchi, T. Cow Milk Quality Determination Using a Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Sensing System for Smart Dairy Farming. Eng. Proc. 2023, 58, 118. https://doi.org/10.3390/ecsa-10-16020
Iweka P, Kawamura S, Mitani T, Kawaguchi T. Cow Milk Quality Determination Using a Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Sensing System for Smart Dairy Farming. Engineering Proceedings. 2023; 58(1):118. https://doi.org/10.3390/ecsa-10-16020
Chicago/Turabian StyleIweka, Patricia, Shuso Kawamura, Tomohiro Mitani, and Takashi Kawaguchi. 2023. "Cow Milk Quality Determination Using a Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Sensing System for Smart Dairy Farming" Engineering Proceedings 58, no. 1: 118. https://doi.org/10.3390/ecsa-10-16020