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Osteology, Volume 1, Issue 4 (December 2021) – 6 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): We present data from a proof-of-principle longitudinal study employing two opioid administration routes (subcutaneous injection, transdermal patch) to evaluate the efficacy of drug delivery modality during chronic opioid exposure in a rabbit model system. Skeletally mature male New Zealand White rabbits were divided into three groups: morphine sulphate, fentanyl, and control. Experimental treatments were conducted for eight weeks. Preparation of the skin at the fentanyl patch site and subsequent patch removal presented experimental difficulties, including consistent erythema and acute stress in fentanyl animals. Thus, transdermal fentanyl patches are an ineffective delivery system for longitudinal analgesic experimental projects employing a rabbit model system. View this paper

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9 pages, 7166 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Linear-Chain Nanostructured Carbon with a Silver Film Plated on Metal Components Has a Promising Effect for the Treatment of Periprosthetic Joint Infection

by Leonid I. Maliuchenko, Nikolay S. Nikolaev, Nadezhda N. Pchelova, Dmitry Nikolaevich Efimov, Elena V. Preobrazhenskaia and Vladimir U. Emelianov

Osteology 2021, 1(4), 238-246; https://doi.org/10.3390/osteology1040022 - 08 Dec 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1933

Abstract

Background: Due to the aging of the world population, the number of joint diseases, along with the number of arthroplasties, has increased, simultaneously increasing the amount of complications, including periprosthetic joint infection (PPI). In this study, to combat a PPI, we investigated the antimicrobial properties of the new composite cover for titanium implants, silver-doped carbyne-like carbon (S-CLC) film. Methods: The first assay investigated the antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and releasing of silver ions from S-CLC films into growth media covered with S-CLC with a thickness of 1, 2, and 4 mm. The second assay determined the direct antibacterial properties of the S-CLC film’s surface against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, or P. aeruginosa. The third assay studied the formation of microbial biofilms of S. aureus or P. aeruginosa on the S-CLC coating. Silver-doped carbyne-like carbon (S-CLC)-covered or titanium plates alone were used as controls. Results: S-CLC films, compared to controls, prevented P. aeruginosa growth on 1 mm thickness agar; had direct antimicrobial properties against S. aureus, E. faecalis, and P. aeruginosa; and could prevent P. aeruginosa biofilm formation. Conclusions: S-CLC films on the Ti surface could successfully fight the most common infectious agent in PPI, and prevented biofilm formation. Full article

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13 pages, 3144 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) as a Model System for Longitudinal Experimental Opioid Treatments: Implications for Orthopedic and Biomedical Research

by Janna M. Andronowski, Adam J. Schuller, Mary E. Cole, Abigail R. LaMarca, Reed A. Davis and Gina R. Tubo

Osteology 2021, 1(4), 225-237; https://doi.org/10.3390/osteology1040021 - 18 Nov 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3617

Abstract

Due to the high prevalence of opioid prescription following orthopedic procedures, there is a growing need to establish an animal model system to evaluate the effects of opioids on bone remodeling. Rabbits have been employed as model organisms in orthopedic research as they exhibit well-defined cortical bone remodeling similar to humans. Existing research in rabbits has been limited to modes of opioid administration that are short-acting and require repeated application. Here, we present data from a proof-of-principle longitudinal study employing two opioid analgesic administration routes (subcutaneous injection and transdermal patch) to evaluate the efficacy of studying chronic opioid exposure in a rabbit model. Skeletally mature male New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were divided into three groups of seven animals: morphine, fentanyl, and control. Experimental treatments were conducted for eight weeks. Preparation of the skin at the fentanyl patch site and subsequent patch removal presented experimental difficulties including consistent skin erythema. Though noninvasive, the patches further caused acute stress in fentanyl animals. We conclude that though transdermal fentanyl patches may be preferred in an acute clinical setting, this method is not feasible as a means of long-term pain relief or opioid delivery in a laboratory context. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bone Biomechanics: Diseases, Treatment and Rehabilitation)

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16 pages, 2157 KiB

Open AccessReview

Immunomodulatory Actions of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) in Osteoarthritis of the Knee

by Gangireddi Suresh Babu, Yelisetty Badrish, Vinit M Oswal, Naveen Jeyaraman, Gollahalli Shivashankar Prajwal, Madhan Jeyaraman, Sathish Muthu and Manish Khanna

Osteology 2021, 1(4), 209-224; https://doi.org/10.3390/osteology1040020 - 17 Nov 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3392

Abstract

Cellular therapy offers regeneration which curbs osteoarthritis of the knee. Among cellular therapies, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are readily isolated from various sources as culture expanded and unexpanded cellular population which are used as therapeutic products. Though MSCs possess a unique immunological and regulatory profile through cross-talk between MSCs and immunoregulatory cells (T cells, NK cells, dendritic cells, B cells, neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages), they provide an immunotolerant environment when transplanted to the site of action. Immunophenotypic profile allows MSCs to escape immune surveillance and promotes their hypoimmunogenic or immune-privileged status. MSCs do not elicit a proliferative response when co-cultured with allogeneic T cells in vitro. MSCs secrete a wide range of anti-inflammatory mediators such as PGE-2, IDO, IL-1Ra, and IL-10. They also stimulate the resilient chondrogenic progenitors and enhance the chondrocyte differentiation by secretion of BMPs and TGFβ1. We highlight the various mechanisms of MSCs during tissue healing signals, their interaction with the immune system, and the impact of their lifespan in the management of osteoarthritis of the knee. A better understanding of the immunobiology of MSC renders them as an efficient therapeutic product for the management of osteoarthritis of the knee. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Platelet Rich Plasma and Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Orthobiologics Therapy – From Basic Science to Clinical Application)

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12 pages, 541 KiB

Open AccessReview

Patellar Instability in Pediatric Patients: Review of the Literature

by Filippo Familiari, Riza Mert Cetik and Gazi Huri

Osteology 2021, 1(4), 197-208; https://doi.org/10.3390/osteology1040019 - 24 Oct 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3402

Abstract

Patellar instability is a common pathology of the knee in pediatric patients. The management of this condition can be a challenge for the orthopedic surgeon, and a comprehensive understanding of the anatomy and biomechanics of the structures around the knee is of utmost importance in formulating a treatment plan. Predisposing factors can be related to: trochlear and patellar morphological abnormalities, ligamentous stabilizers, limb geometries in the axial plane, and patellar height abnormalities. Traditionally, first-time dislocators have been treated non-operatively; however, recent evidence suggests that certain factors are related to recurrent instability, and surgical treatment may be considered even after the first dislocation. It is important to keep in mind that younger children with open physes are not suitable candidates for certain surgical techniques. In this comprehensive review, we aimed to focus on the most up-to-date information on this topic and emphasize the importance of individualizing the treatment of pediatric patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Osteology)

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10 pages, 934 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence and Patterns of Risk of Osteoporosis in Bangladeshi Adult Population: An Analysis of Calcaneus Quantitative Ultrasound Measurements

by Mohammad Ali, Zakir Uddin and Ahmed Hossain

Osteology 2021, 1(4), 187-196; https://doi.org/10.3390/osteology1040018 - 03 Oct 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3802

Abstract

(1) Objectives: A little is known about the prevalence of the “risk of osteoporosis (RO)” and the factors associated with RO among Bangladeshi adults. Using a cost-effective testing tool, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of RO and find the association between age, gender, and morbidity with RO among adults in Bangladesh. (2) Results: Among 526 subjects, the prevalence of RO was 37.3%. Gender (p =< 0.001), age (p = 0.003), diabetes (p = 0.003), cardiovascular disease (p =< 0.001) and multimorbidity (p =< 0.001) were associated with RO. The causal relationships, by adjusting confounders in the associations of RO and other variables, were depicted graphically. (3) Conclusion: The pattern of association between gender and age with RO was different and exclusive. Different approaches might be needed to alleviate the high burden of RO considering the subjects’ age, gender, and multimorbidity. Full article

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12 pages, 2406 KiB

Open AccessReview

An Overview of Achilles Tendinopathy Management

by Fabio Santacaterina, Sandra Miccinilli, Federica Bressi, Silvia Sterzi and Marco Bravi

Osteology 2021, 1(4), 175-186; https://doi.org/10.3390/osteology1040017 - 29 Sep 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 7282

Abstract

Background: Persistent tendon pain and swelling related to mechanical loading are the main signs of Achilles tendinopathy (AT). This condition is one of the most common tendinopathies of the lower limb affecting mainly athletes involved in running and jumping sports. Methods: we included pivotal papers retrieved from the literature (Pubmed, Google Scholar, PEDro, and Scopus) to present an overview of the management of AT, with a specific focus on conservative management. Results: An accurate and timely diagnosis of AT is necessary to set up early treatments and to manage the problem conservatively. Diagnosis is primarily based on clinical assessment; instrumental imaging may be helpful in confirming the clinical diagnosis. Conservative treatment is effective in most cases, mainly using physical exercise based on eccentric training. Other non-surgical treatments such as extracorporeal shock wave therapy, thermotherapies, and injections can be added to exercise. Surgical treatment is indicated for patients where the conservative treatments of at least six months fails. Conclusions: Conflicting results from numerous studies hamper to identify gold standard treatments asking for further well-conducted level I and II research about the management of AT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Osteology)

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