Numerical Prediction of the Seismic Behavior of Reassembled Columns in Ancient Structures: An Anastylosis Model for the Temple of Apollo Pythios in Gortyn (Crete)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Restoration of Archaeological Remains
1.2. Gortyn and the Temple of Apollo
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Bases of the Approach
- Information about the historical urban development and seismicity of the Gortyn area were collected and crosschecked with onsite surveys. Hence, an extensive study of current reconstruction techniques used in Greek monuments was carried out. These usually consist of multi-drum stone columns, to which the columns studied in this paper could be preliminarily assimilated due to their condition after collapse. Analyses and interventions carried out by other authors demonstrated that the key factor of this structural type relies on the connections between drums.
- The current remains of the site were analyzed based on existing digital 2D and 3D plans and recent photographic surveys. The cataloging of the information was carried out based on (i) the dimensions of fragments (i.e., length and diameters), (ii) materials, (iii) connection traces (e.g., central dowels holes and pins—in the case of the columns made by pieces or drums, the connections between them were made by specific metallic and wooden elements called empolion and polos) and (iv) the ancient configuration of the column (i.e., multi-element or monolithic at the time of the last earthquake, which made the Temple of Apollo collapse).
- The current layout of the remains was shaped within a geometrical 3D CAD model. The repositioning phase permitted us to (i) check if structural parts were lost, (ii) deduce some missing measurements and (iii) provide a geometric model for the structural assessment.
- Structural materials for supporting the anastylosis design were identified, among those usually implemented for conservation. In accordance with restoration principles and materials applied within restored areas in Greece, connectors and binders that can be easily removable and compatible with ancient stone (e.g., rustproof) were preferred. Grouted titanium connectors were therefore chosen, and their design characteristics were calculated.
- The anastylosis intervention on columns needs to be assessed from a seismic point of view, since Gortyn is a seismic-prone area (see Section 2.3) [57]. The geometric model was imported into the structural modeling tool (i.e., Itasca 3DEC [41]) where various intervention configurations were analyzed. Dynamic time-history analyses were carried out, with velocigrams deduced by the site seismic spectrum. An incremental procedure was applied by increasing the number and size of connectors from zero (simple superposition of blocks with no connectors) to the total number of interfaces among blocks. The procedure was completed when a safe configuration was detected.
2.2. Remains of the Temple of Apollo
2.3. Seismic Background and Classification
2.4. Structural Materials and Reassembly Design
3. Results
3.1. Geometrical and Material Features of the Columns
3.2. Digital Anastylosis
- -
- Most of the fragments of the six columns are present in the site and modeled, while minor lacks are filled with compatible paste;
- -
- Columns were formerly arranged into couples with similar elements (i.e., with respect to dimensions and materials);
- -
- The two rows of columns had a symmetrical layout (i.e., shape and material are considered similar for facing columns);
- -
- The current positions of some of the remains are similar to the found positions (i.e., no adjustment was done after collapse);
- -
- Columns fragments can be derived from the reuse of remains of other structures;
- -
- Interfaces of elements are flattened with respect to the possible real uneven condition.
3.3. DEM Modeling
- A.
- No connections between fragments or to the base block (Figure 7a). This configuration consists of a simple assemblage and superposition of the collapsed elements. Since inclined joints are present, the reassembled columns are not expected to stand in equilibrium.
- B.
- Grouted threaded titanium bars (16 mm ∅ and 200 mm long) between fragments and no connection to the base block (Figure 7b). The columns are reassembled and free to rock around base hinges. Since no paste is inserted between mutual surfaces, some energy dissipation is provided by the friction and opening of joints.
- C.
- Grouted threaded titanium bars (16 mm ∅ and 200 mm long) between fragments and connection to the base block (Figure 7c). This configuration includes connectors at the base block–ground interface, with the same 200 mm bars as above. In this case, resisting forces are expected to increase in the titanium bars, particularly towards the base.
- D.
- Grouted threaded titanium bars (32 mm ∅ and 400 mm long) between fragments and connection to the base block (Figure 7d). This configuration has the same layout as model C but has double-sized connectors in both diameter and length.
3.4. Seismic Assessment of Reassembled Configurations
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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ASTM B348 Grade 2 Titanium Properties | |
---|---|
ρ (kg/m3) | 4510 |
E (MPa) | 105,000 |
ν (-) | 0.32 |
fy (MPa) | 275 |
fu (MPa) | 345 |
Stone Block Properties | |
---|---|
ρ (kg/m3) | 2750 |
fc (MPa) | 42 |
Joint properties | |
jkn (Pa/m) | 5 × 1011 |
jks (Pa/m) | 5 × 1011 |
tanφ (-) | 0.63 |
c (N/m2) | 0 |
ft (N/m2) | 0 |
Column and Fragments Code | Height (m) | Bottom Diameter (m) | Middle Diameter (m) | Top Diameter (m) | Stone Type | Connection Traces on Column Ends (cm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Column 1 | 4.73 | 0.654 | 0.593 | Grey granite | Bottom (4.9 × 4.6) Top (7.0 × 8.0) | |
1.1 | 1.93 | 0.654 | 0.619 | 0.586 | ||
1.2 | 1.94 | 0.597 | 0.569 | 0.543 | ||
1.3 | 0.84 | 0.541 | 0.568 | 0.595 | ||
Column 2 | 4.65 | 0.645 | 0.542 | Grey granite | Bottom (5.2 × 4.6) Top (9.8 × 9.0) | |
2.1 | 0.754 | 0.645 | 0.613 | 0.585 | ||
2.2 | 0.881 | 0.568 | 0.551 | 0.533 | ||
2.3 | 1.485 | 0.506 | 0.512 | 0.518 | ||
2.4 | 1.497 | 0.547 | 0.544 | 0.542 | ||
Column 3 | 4.75 | 0.649 | 0.506 | Proconnesus marble | Bottom (*) Top (5.6 × 5.7) | |
3.1 | 1.374 | 0.649 | 0.631 | 0.617 | ||
3.2 | 2.048 | 0.590 | 0.561 | 0.534 | ||
3.3 | 1.375 | 0.561 | 0.535 | 0.506 | ||
Column 4 | 4.57 | 0.549 | 0.50 | Grey granite | Bottom (5.2 × 5.1) Top (6.4 × 7.1) | |
4.1 | 1.5 | 0.549 | 0.555 | 0.56 | ||
4.2 | 0.82 | 0.56 | 0.550 | 0.54 | ||
4.3 | 1.49 | 0.54 | 0.525 | 0.51 | ||
4.4 | 0.83 | 0.51 | 0.505 | 0.50 | ||
Column 5 | 4.68 | 0.604 | 0.574 | 0.544 | Portasanta marble | Bottom (-) Top (5.4 × 5.6) |
5.1 | 2.853 | 0.604 | 0.575 | 0.547 | ||
5.2 | 1.745 | 0.531 | 0.537 | 0.544 | ||
Column 6 | 4.50 | 0.632 | 0.575 | Portasanta marble | Bottom (-) Top (5.7 × 5.2) | |
6.1 | 2.720 | 0.632 | 0.593 | 0.550 | ||
6.2 | 1.875 | 0.537 | 0.556 | 0.575 |
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Salvalaggio, M.; Bonetto, J.; Zampar, M.; Valluzzi, M.R. Numerical Prediction of the Seismic Behavior of Reassembled Columns in Ancient Structures: An Anastylosis Model for the Temple of Apollo Pythios in Gortyn (Crete). Heritage 2021, 4, 3421-3441. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040190
Salvalaggio M, Bonetto J, Zampar M, Valluzzi MR. Numerical Prediction of the Seismic Behavior of Reassembled Columns in Ancient Structures: An Anastylosis Model for the Temple of Apollo Pythios in Gortyn (Crete). Heritage. 2021; 4(4):3421-3441. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040190
Chicago/Turabian StyleSalvalaggio, Matteo, Jacopo Bonetto, Matteo Zampar, and Maria Rosa Valluzzi. 2021. "Numerical Prediction of the Seismic Behavior of Reassembled Columns in Ancient Structures: An Anastylosis Model for the Temple of Apollo Pythios in Gortyn (Crete)" Heritage 4, no. 4: 3421-3441. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040190