Applied System Innovation

17 pages, 19764 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Value of the 3D Product Model Use in Assembly Processes: Process Planning, Design, and Shop Floor Execution

by Carl Kirpes, Dave Sly and Guiping Hu

Appl. Syst. Innov. 2021, 4(2), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi4020039 - 18 Jun 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2931

Organizations can enhance the value of their assembly planning, assembly design, and assembly shop floor execution through the use of the 3D product model. Once a tool targeted at product design, the 3D product model, enabled by current and emerging manufacturing process management [...] Read more.

Organizations can enhance the value of their assembly planning, assembly design, and assembly shop floor execution through the use of the 3D product model. Once a tool targeted at product design, the 3D product model, enabled by current and emerging manufacturing process management technologies, can create additional value for organizations when used in assembly processes. The research survey conducted and described in this paper demonstrates the value organizations have seen in using the 3D product model in the assembly process. The paper also explores the current state of those organizations who have not yet implemented the use of the 3D product model in their assembly processes and the value that they foresee for possible future implementation. The essential findings of this research are the five qualitative areas in which value is derived from using the 3D product model in complex assembly processes and how those value drivers apply across various industries and organization sizes. These results provide a framework for future research to develop quantitative models of the value of the 3D product model use in assembly processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering)

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15 pages, 5663 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Item Retrieval Algorithm in Flexible High-Density Puzzle Storage Systems

by Ehsan Shirazi and Mohammad Zolghadr

Appl. Syst. Innov. 2021, 4(2), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi4020038 - 11 Jun 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2631

Abstract

This paper studies a design of a puzzle-based storage system. We developed an item retrieval algorithm for our system which has three advantages over the previous counterparts in the literature: (i) we can retrieve items from all sides of our storage system; (ii) [...] Read more.

This paper studies a design of a puzzle-based storage system. We developed an item retrieval algorithm for our system which has three advantages over the previous counterparts in the literature: (i) we can retrieve items from all sides of our storage system; (ii) the existence of only one empty cell in our system is sufficient to retrieve an item; and (iii) our algorithm never ends in deadlocks. The main feature of our algorithm is to prefer three moves to five moves in the process of moving the seized empty cell toward the optimal side of the requested item. The conventional view in the literature assumes that increasing the number of empty cells always reduces the number of movements required for retrieving items; however, our simulation results show that depending on the size of the puzzle and the number of the requested items, increasing empty cells might make the retrieval process more complicated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering)

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19 pages, 1157 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Chances and Risks of Artificial Intelligence—A Concept of Developing and Exploiting Machine Intelligence for Future Societies

by Reinhard Hutter and Marcus Hutter

Appl. Syst. Innov. 2021, 4(2), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi4020037 - 02 Jun 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 8681

Abstract

Artificial Intelligence (AI): Boon or Bane for societies? AI technologies and solutions—as most revolutionary technologies have done in the past—offer negative implications on the one hand and considerable positive potential on the other. Avoiding the former and fostering the latter will require substantial [...] Read more.

Artificial Intelligence (AI): Boon or Bane for societies? AI technologies and solutions—as most revolutionary technologies have done in the past—offer negative implications on the one hand and considerable positive potential on the other. Avoiding the former and fostering the latter will require substantial investments in future societal concepts, research and development, and control of AI-based solutions in AI security while avoiding abuse. Preparation for the future role of AI in societies should strive towards the implementation of related methods and tools for risk management, models of complementary human–machine cooperation, strategies for the optimization of production and administration, and innovative concepts for the distribution of the economic value created. Two extreme possible “end states” of AI impact (if there is ever an end state) that are being discussed at present may manifest as (a) uncontrolled substitution by AI of major aspects of production, services, and administrative and decision-making processes, leading to unprecedented risks such as high unemployment, and devaluation and the underpayment of people in paid work, resulting in inequality in the distribution of wealth and employment, diminishing social peace, social cohesion, solidarity, security, etc., or, on the contrary, (b) the freeing of people from routine labor through increased automation in production, administration and services, and changing the constitution of politics and societies into constituencies with high ethical standards, personal self-determination, and the general dominance of humane principles, as opposed to pure materialism. Any mix of these two extremes could develop, and these combinations may vary among different societies and political systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments in Risk Management)

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19 pages, 1647 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceReview

Digital Twin: Origin to Future

by Maulshree Singh, Evert Fuenmayor, Eoin P. Hinchy, Yuansong Qiao, Niall Murray and Declan Devine

Appl. Syst. Innov. 2021, 4(2), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi4020036 - 24 May 2021

Cited by 315 | Viewed by 34490

Abstract

Digital Twin (DT) refers to the virtual copy or model of any physical entity (physical twin) both of which are interconnected via exchange of data in real time. Conceptually, a DT mimics the state of its physical twin in real time and vice [...] Read more.

Digital Twin (DT) refers to the virtual copy or model of any physical entity (physical twin) both of which are interconnected via exchange of data in real time. Conceptually, a DT mimics the state of its physical twin in real time and vice versa. Application of DT includes real-time monitoring, designing/planning, optimization, maintenance, remote access, etc. Its implementation is expected to grow exponentially in the coming decades. The advent of Industry 4.0 has brought complex industrial systems that are more autonomous, smart, and highly interconnected. These systems generate considerable amounts of data useful for several applications such as improving performance, predictive maintenance, training, etc. A sudden influx in the number of publications related to ‘Digital Twin’ has led to confusion between different terminologies related to the digitalization of industries. Another problem that has arisen due to the growing popularity of DT is a lack of consensus on the description of DT as well as so many different types of DT, which adds to the confusion. This paper intends to consolidate the different types of DT and different definitions of DT throughout the literature for easy identification of DT from the rest of the complimentary terms such as ‘product avatar’, ‘digital thread’, ‘digital model’, and ‘digital shadow’. The paper looks at the concept of DT since its inception to its predicted future to realize the value it can bring to certain sectors. Understanding the characteristics and types of DT while weighing its pros and cons is essential for any researcher, business, or sector before investing in the technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering)

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14 pages, 5637 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Concise Robust Control of the Nonlinear Ship in Course-Keeping Control

by Changjun Zou, Jia Yu and Yingxuan Guo

Appl. Syst. Innov. 2021, 4(2), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi4020035 - 21 May 2021

Viewed by 2370

Abstract

Most of the existing nonlinear ship course-keeping control systems are designed with the Nomoto model, which solely considers the yawing of the ship with only one Degree of Freedom (DOF), and it does not consider the coupling between the longitudinal and the lateral [...] Read more.

Most of the existing nonlinear ship course-keeping control systems are designed with the Nomoto model, which solely considers the yawing of the ship with only one Degree of Freedom (DOF), and it does not consider the coupling between the longitudinal and the lateral velocity of the ship. In this paper, a nonlinear ship course controller design method that can be used in a nonlinear coupled model was proposed. A stable nonlinear ship course controller with anti-wind and anti-wave interference was constructed based on the Lyapunov stability principle and robust control theory, which can be used in the course control of autopilot in the case of wind and waves. In this method, the coupling among the longitudinal and lateral velocity as well as yawing of the ship was considered. The simulation results showed that the method can not only effectively control the ship’s course but also can track the dynamic course effectively. At the same time, compared with the PID control method based on backstepping, the steering angle of the rudder angle of our method is smaller and the wear and tear of steering gear will be smaller. Full article

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20 pages, 8878 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Surface Fault Detection Using Machine Learning for 3D Printed Products

by Vaibhav Kadam, Satish Kumar, Arunkumar Bongale, Seema Wazarkar, Pooja Kamat and Shruti Patil

Appl. Syst. Innov. 2021, 4(2), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi4020034 - 14 May 2021

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 5218

Abstract

In the era of Industry 4.0, the idea of 3D printed products has gained momentum and is also proving to be beneficial in terms of financial and time efforts. These products are physically built layer-by-layer based on the digital Computer Aided Design (CAD) [...] Read more.

In the era of Industry 4.0, the idea of 3D printed products has gained momentum and is also proving to be beneficial in terms of financial and time efforts. These products are physically built layer-by-layer based on the digital Computer Aided Design (CAD) inputs. Nonetheless, 3D printed products are still subjected to defects due to variation in properties and structure, which leads to deterioration in the quality of printed products. Detection of these errors at each layer level of the product is of prime importance. This paper provides the methodology for layer-wise anomaly detection using an ensemble of machine learning algorithms and pre-trained models. The proposed combination is trained offline and implemented online for fault detection. The current work provides an experimental comparative study of different pre-trained models with machine learning algorithms for monitoring and fault detection in Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM). The results showed that the combination of the Alexnet and SVM algorithm has given the maximum accuracy. The proposed fault detection approach has low experimental and computing costs, which can easily be implemented for real-time fault detection. Full article

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14 pages, 4100 KiB

Open AccessArticle

LVRT and Stability Enhancement of Grid-Tied Wind Farm Using DFIG-Based Wind Turbine

by Jannatul Mawa Akanto, Md. Rifat Hazari and Mohammad Abdul Mannan

Appl. Syst. Innov. 2021, 4(2), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi4020033 - 12 May 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3429

Abstract

According to the grid code specifications, low voltage ride-through (LVRT) is one of the key factors for grid-tied wind farms (WFs). Since fixed-speed wind turbines with squirrel cage induction generators (FSWT-SCIGs) require an adequate quantity of reactive power throughout the transient period, conventional [...] Read more.

According to the grid code specifications, low voltage ride-through (LVRT) is one of the key factors for grid-tied wind farms (WFs). Since fixed-speed wind turbines with squirrel cage induction generators (FSWT-SCIGs) require an adequate quantity of reactive power throughout the transient period, conventional WF consisting of SCIG do not typically have LVRT capabilities that may cause instability in the power system. However, variable-speed wind turbines with doubly fed induction generators (VSWT-DFIGs) have an adequate amount of LVRT enhancement competency, and the active and reactive power transmitted to the grid can also be controlled. Moreover, DFIG is quite expensive because of its partial rating (AC/DC/AC) converter than SCIG. Accordingly, combined installation of both WFs could be an effective solution. Hence, this paper illustrated a new rotor-side converter (RSC) control scheme, which played a significant role in ensuring the LVRT aptitude for a wide range of hybrid WF consisting of both FSWT-SCIGs and VSWT-DFIGs. What is more, the proposed RSC controller of DFIG was configured to deliver an ample quantity of reactive power to the SCIG during the fault state to make the overall system stable. Simulation analyses were performed for both proposed and traditional controllers of RSC of the DFIG in the PSCAD/EMTDC environment to observe the proposed controller response. Overall, the presented control scheme could guarantee the LVRT aptitude of large-scale SCIG. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Grids and Contemporary Electricity Markets)

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15 pages, 2219 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical Use of Surface Electromyography to Track Acute Upper Extremity Muscle Recovery after Stroke: A Descriptive Case Study of a Single Patient

by Heather A. Feldner, Christina Papazian, Keshia M. Peters, Claire J. Creutzfeldt and Katherine M. Steele

Appl. Syst. Innov. 2021, 4(2), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi4020032 - 10 May 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2910

Abstract

Arm recovery varies greatly among stroke survivors. Wearable surface electromyography (sEMG) sensors have been used to track recovery in research; however, sEMG is rarely used within acute and subacute clinical settings. The purpose of this case study was to describe the use of [...] Read more.

Arm recovery varies greatly among stroke survivors. Wearable surface electromyography (sEMG) sensors have been used to track recovery in research; however, sEMG is rarely used within acute and subacute clinical settings. The purpose of this case study was to describe the use of wireless sEMG sensors to examine changes in muscle activity during acute and subacute phases of stroke recovery, and understand the participant’s perceptions of sEMG monitoring. Beginning three days post-stroke, one stroke survivor wore five wireless sEMG sensors on his involved arm for three to four hours, every one to three days. Muscle activity was tracked during routine care in the acute setting through discharge from inpatient rehabilitation. Three- and eight-month follow-up sessions were completed in the community. Activity logs were completed each session, and a semi-structured interview occurred at the final session. The longitudinal monitoring of muscle and movement recovery in the clinic and community was feasible using sEMG sensors. The participant and medical team felt monitoring was unobtrusive, interesting, and motivating for recovery, but desired greater in-session feedback to inform rehabilitation. While barriers in equipment and signal quality still exist, capitalizing on wearable sensing technology in the clinic holds promise for enabling personalized stroke recovery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Informatics and Healthcare Engineering)

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18 pages, 3277 KiB

Open AccessConcept Paper

The Function Design for the Communication-Based Train Control (CBTC) System: How to Solve the Problems in the Underground Mine Rail Transportation?

by Haoxuan Yu and Shuai Li

Appl. Syst. Innov. 2021, 4(2), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi4020031 - 27 Apr 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4237

Abstract

With the continuous development of the mining industry, the world’s major mines have gradually entered the intelligent stage. In intelligent underground mines, the operation roads of the underground transportation equipment are very complicated, and the monitoring and control of the underground traffic have [...] Read more.

With the continuous development of the mining industry, the world’s major mines have gradually entered the intelligent stage. In intelligent underground mines, the operation roads of the underground transportation equipment are very complicated, and the monitoring and control of the underground traffic have become the problems to be solved in the intelligent underground mines. Therefore, on the basis of solving the practical problems of underground mines, the concept paper discusses the possibility of the communication-based train control (CBTC) system being applied to underground mines through the summary and induction of the related literature. As mining engineers, we have proposed the function design for the CBTC system to solve the problems in underground mine rail transportation, but we still need to continue to work hard for the future development of the underground mines. The concept paper serves as a guide to the Tossing out a brick to get a jade gem, and it has implications for the development and the future of underground mine transportation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Information Systems)

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14 pages, 1695 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Assessment of Several Approaches to Biofortified Products: A Literature Review

by Claudio Bellia, Giuseppe Timpanaro, Alessandro Scuderi and Vera Teresa Foti

Appl. Syst. Innov. 2021, 4(2), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi4020030 - 24 Apr 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3538

Abstract

The aim of this study is to provide a literature review on biofortified products and their role in the scientific sphere. Despite the large number of studies conducted on biofortified products in the last 20 years, many defining issues are still debated in [...] Read more.

The aim of this study is to provide a literature review on biofortified products and their role in the scientific sphere. Despite the large number of studies conducted on biofortified products in the last 20 years, many defining issues are still debated in the literature and several research questions should be clarified. It is therefore relevant to investigate more on this topic, which is considered increasingly important to human health, world hunger reduction strategy, and also for the international marketing strategy of production holdings. The papers were analyzed according to a chronological/conceptual approach, with greater emphasis on research that has added significant value to the literature. The research was carried out using a scientific database from which 1189 scientific papers were extracted. A careful analysis of the abstracts and the text led to the identification of the five dimensions of our greatest interest (Reducing world hunger; Human health; GMOs; Agronomy, herbaceous crops; Economy and the market). The suggestions for future research reported by various authors are organized and structured in order to create an incentive for new studies and insights into biofortification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reuse, Recycle and Reduce: Smart Innovative Treatments of Agricultural Waste and By-Products)

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24 pages, 4923 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Digital Twins Driven Supply Chain Visibility within Logistics: A New Paradigm for Future Logistics

by Taofeeq D. Moshood, Gusman Nawanir, Shahryar Sorooshian and Okfalisa Okfalisa

Appl. Syst. Innov. 2021, 4(2), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi4020029 - 21 Apr 2021

Cited by 61 | Viewed by 11198

Abstract

The supply chains shaping their distribution networks become more diverse as companies respond to global markets’ stringent criteria. This is also counterproductive to the visibility of the supply chain within the company and can adversely affect the organization’s core business. This paper attempts [...] Read more.

The supply chains shaping their distribution networks become more diverse as companies respond to global markets’ stringent criteria. This is also counterproductive to the visibility of the supply chain within the company and can adversely affect the organization’s core business. This paper attempts to evaluate how organizations can benefit from introducing Digital Twins to enhance their logistics supply network visibility. Additionally, deployment issues and technologies supporting Digital Twins were reviewed. This study used ATLAS.ti 9 software tools to save, classify, and evaluate the data for this analysis to systematically review the literature. We reviewed, compiled, and sorted papers from 227 publications for this article and then recognized 104 as critical to the work scope; this analysis’ quest date was set from 2002 to 2021. This article represents the first attempt at dealing with the issue of supply chain visibility through the Digital Twins in the logistics field. The research outcomes found that Digital Twins would help companies develop predictive metrics, diagnostics, projections, and physical asset descriptions for their logistics. This study also suggested some steps to overcome the challenges in implementing a Digital Twins in the logistics industry. For researchers, this review offers the possibility to unify and expand existing solutions and to identify links and interfaces that are still needed. As for managerial implications, this study can be used to identify future strategies and technologies to fulfil certain logistics tasks and develop new technological solutions for current and future demands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Virtual Reality Technologies and Their Applications)

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16 pages, 1638 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Built Environment Factors on Pedestrian Safety in Portuguese Urban Areas

by Leidy Barón, Jocilene Otila da Costa, Francisco Soares, Susana Faria, Maria Alice Prudêncio Jacques and Elisabete Fraga de Freitas

Appl. Syst. Innov. 2021, 4(2), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi4020028 - 16 Apr 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3306

Abstract

This paper identifies and analyzes variables that influence pedestrian safety based on the definition of models of pedestrian crash frequency for urban areas in Portugal. It considers three groups of explanatory variables, namely: (i) built environment; (ii) pedestrian infrastructure, and (iii) road infrastructure, [...] Read more.

This paper identifies and analyzes variables that influence pedestrian safety based on the definition of models of pedestrian crash frequency for urban areas in Portugal. It considers three groups of explanatory variables, namely: (i) built environment; (ii) pedestrian infrastructure, and (iii) road infrastructure, as well as exposure variables combining pedestrian and vehicular traffic volumes. Data on the 16 variables considered were gathered from locations in the counties of Braga and Guimarães. The inclusion of pedestrian infrastructure variables in studies of this type is an innovation that allows for measuring the impacts of the dimensions recommended for this type of infrastructure and assessing the implementation of policies to support the mobility of vulnerable users, especially pedestrians. Examples of such variables are unobstructed space for pedestrian mobility and the recommendable distance separating regulated crossings. Zero-Truncated Negative Binomial Regression Models (ZTNB) and Generalized Estimation Equations (GEE) are used to develop crash prediction models. Results show that in addition to the variables identified in similar studies such as carriageway width, other statistically significant variables like longitudinal slope and distance between crosswalks have a negative influence on pedestrian safety. On-street parking places, one-way streets, and the existence of raised medians have an opposite contribution to safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transport Systems and Infrastructures)

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Graphical abstract

33 pages, 5211 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantum Biotech and Internet of Virus Things: Towards a Theoretical Framework

by Prafulla Kumar Padhi and Feranando Charrua-Santos

Appl. Syst. Innov. 2021, 4(2), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi4020027 - 08 Apr 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 7170

Abstract

Quantumization, the process of converting information into quantum (qubit) format, is a key enabler for propelling a new and distinct infrastructure in the pharmaceutical space. Quantum messenger RNA (QmRNA) technology, an indispensable constituent of quantum biotech (QB), is a compelling alternative to conventional [...] Read more.

Quantumization, the process of converting information into quantum (qubit) format, is a key enabler for propelling a new and distinct infrastructure in the pharmaceutical space. Quantum messenger RNA (QmRNA) technology, an indispensable constituent of quantum biotech (QB), is a compelling alternative to conventional vaccine methods because of its capacity for rapid development, high efficacy, and low-cost manufacturing to combat infectious diseases. Internet of Virus Things (IoVT), a biological version of Internet of Things (IoT), comprises applications to fight against pandemics and provides effective vaccine administration. The integration of QB and IoVT constitutes the QBIoVT system to advance the prospect of QmRNA vaccine discovery within a few days. This research disseminates the QBIoVT system paradigm, including architectural aspects, priority areas, challenges, applications, and QmRNA research engine design to accelerate QmRNA vaccines discovery. A comprehensive review of the literature was accomplished, and a context-centered methodology was applied to the QBIoVT paradigm forensic investigations to impel QmRNA vaccine discovery. Based on the above rumination, the principal motive for this study was to develop a novel QBIoVT theoretical framework which has not been produced through earlier theories. The proposed framework shall inspire future QBIoVT system research activities to improve pandemics detection and protection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Paper Collection in Applied System Innovation)

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14 pages, 1792 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Implementing Circular Economy Strategies in Buildings—From Theory to Practice

by Kamel Mohamed Rahla, Ricardo Mateus and Luís Bragança

Appl. Syst. Innov. 2021, 4(2), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi4020026 - 07 Apr 2021

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 11669

Abstract

Population growth, along with a rapid urban expansion, is imposing a heavy pressure on the planet’s finite resources. It is widely acknowledged that the building industry consumes large amounts of raw materials while generating waste and emissions. To set apart economic growth from [...] Read more.

Population growth, along with a rapid urban expansion, is imposing a heavy pressure on the planet’s finite resources. It is widely acknowledged that the building industry consumes large amounts of raw materials while generating waste and emissions. To set apart economic growth from environmental repercussions, the Circular Economy (CE) arose as an innovative paradigm that can offer a fast-track towards a sustainable built environment. This paper will tackle a research gap that academia and policymakers often highlighted, which is how can we apply CE to assets that are predominantly meant to be demolished and their resources wasted when they reach their end-of-life. Globally, the paradigm aims at erasing the waste concept, relying on renewable and regenerative sources, and keeping the materials, components, and systems in use at their highest value as long as possible. The concept’s implementation would attempt to consider the built environment as a closed-loop system wherein resources are viewed as a scarce commodity. Although the CE seems straightforward, translating the circular thinking to the building level might be a hardship. The following paper will attempt to shed light on how to promote CE in buildings that will ultimately lead to healthier, more efficient, and more sustainable cities on a broader scale. The proposed framework considers CE implementation strategies throughout the building’s lifecycle and mainly deals with three innovative aspects: wise resource management, building design approaches, and digitalization of the building industry. In this sense, this study will explore these game-changing factors that are considered paramount to concretize the concept in practice and provide a smooth pathway for CE uptake in buildings. Full article

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16 pages, 3403 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Design and Implementation of EOICHD Based Clustered Routing Protocol Variants for Wireless Sensor Networks

by Anupkumar Bongale, Arunkumar Bongale, Satish Kumar, Rahul Joshi and Kishore Bhamidipati

Appl. Syst. Innov. 2021, 4(2), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi4020025 - 07 Apr 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2528

Abstract

Efficient energy utilization and network life prolongation are primary objectives to be considered when designing a Wireless Sensor Network. Cluster-based routing protocols are most suitable for achieving such goals. Energy and Optimal Inter Cluster Head Distance (EOICHD) is a cluster-based hierarchical routing protocol [...] Read more.

Efficient energy utilization and network life prolongation are primary objectives to be considered when designing a Wireless Sensor Network. Cluster-based routing protocols are most suitable for achieving such goals. Energy and Optimal Inter Cluster Head Distance (EOICHD) is a cluster-based hierarchical routing protocol inspired by the Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol. EOICHD resolves the problems associated with LEACH protocol, such as selecting cluster head nodes in close proximity. By carefully selecting the cluster head nodes based on residual energy and optimal inter-cluster head distance, EOICHD ensures that selected cluster head nodes are separated by a certain optimal distance. This approach ensures uniform distribution of cluster head nodes across the entire network. The study of the EOICHD protocol presented so far is not sufficient. Hence, in this paper, we propose three variants of EOICHD protocol to understand its behavior in a better manner. A comparative analysis of all three EOICHD variants, LEACH and LEACH-central constrained (LEACH-C) protocol, is performed by considering comparative parameters such as alive nodes, cumulative network energy, data packets arrived at the base station, and stability of the network. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Industrial Application of Communication Systems)

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15 pages, 2872 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Characterizations of a Lithium Titanate Oxide-Based Lithium-Ion Battery Focused on Random and Periodic Charge-Discharge Pulses

by Seyed Saeed Madani, Erik Schaltz and Søren Knudsen Kær

Appl. Syst. Innov. 2021, 4(2), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi4020024 - 26 Mar 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2799

Abstract

Thermal characterization of lithium-ion batteries is essential to improve an efficient thermal management system for lithium-ion batteries. Besides, it is needed for safe and optimum application. The investigated lithium-ion battery in the present research is a commercially available lithium titanate oxide-based lithium-ion battery, [...] Read more.

Thermal characterization of lithium-ion batteries is essential to improve an efficient thermal management system for lithium-ion batteries. Besides, it is needed for safe and optimum application. The investigated lithium-ion battery in the present research is a commercially available lithium titanate oxide-based lithium-ion battery, which can be used in different applications. Different experimental facilities were used to measure lithium-ion battery heat generation at different operating conditions and charge and discharge rates in this investigation. Isothermal battery calorimeter is the exclusive calorimeter globally, suitable for lithium-ion batteries’ accurate thermal measurements. Pulse charge and discharge in different increments of state of charge were applied to the lithium titanate oxide-based lithium-ion battery to designate the heat generation of the lithium-ion battery cell. Three different cases were studied. The precise effects of different state-of-charge levels and current-rates on lithium-ion battery total generated heat was investigated. The maximum heat generation during 13 A, 40 A, 50 A, 60 A and 100 A pulse discharges were 0.231 Wh, 0.77 Wh, 0.507 Wh, 0.590 Wh and 1.13 Wh correspondingly. It could be inferred that in the case of periodic charge and discharge pulses applied to the lithium titanate oxide-based lithium-ion battery, important parameters including state of charge, current rates, initial cycling, and temperature have a significant influence on total generated heat. Full article

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Appl. Syst. Innov., Volume 4, Issue 2 (June 2021) – 16 articles

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