Association between Influenza and COVID-19 Viruses and the Risk of Atherosclerosis: Meta-Analysis Study and Systematic Review
Abstract
:Highlights
- Atherosclerosis is an important issue in health care systems and one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in patients.
- There is evidence of an association between infectious diseases and atherosclerosis.
- The present study demonstrates that infections with influenza and COVID-19 are risk factors for arthrosclerosis.
- It seems necessary to consider different strategies for managing and eradicating viral infections.
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Instructions
2.2. Eligibility Criteria and Information Sources
2.3. Search Strategy
2.4. Quality of Evaluation
2.5. Included and Excluded Studies
2.6. Study Selection
2.7. Information Extraction
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Search for Studies
3.2. Article Exclusivities
3.3. Risk of Bias in Articles
3.4. Outcome of Articles
3.5. Evaluation of Outcome
3.6. Additional Outcome
4. Discussion
Consolidation of Evidence
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ID | Ref | Writer | The Year the Study Was Conducted | The Country in Which the Study Was Conducted | Design | The Average Age of Study Participants | Effective Size | p Value | Number of Sample | Type of Flu | Quality | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% Cl | ||||||||||||
1 | [13] | Chiang | 2017 | Taiwan | CC | 76.8 | 0.8 | 0.78 | 0.82 | 0.01 | 160 | IV-B | High |
2-1 | [14] | Guan | 2008 | China | CC | 60.0 | 3.3 | 1.5 | 7.04 | 0.003 | 209 | IV-A | Moderate |
2-2 | [14] | Guan | 2008 | China | CC | 60.0 | 7.5 | 1.3 | 43.0 | 0.001 | 209 | IV-B | Moderate |
3-1 | [15] | Xiuru Gu | 2012 | China | CC | 57.0 | 3.1 | 1.5 | 6.4 | 0.004 | 252 | IV-A | High |
3-2 | [15] | Xiuru Gu | 2012 | China | CC | 57.0 | 10.2 | 5.7 | 20.0 | 0.001 | 252 | IV-B | High |
4 | [16] | Barbera | 2016 | Spain | CS | 85.0 | 1.64 | 1.33 | 2.02 | 0.001 | 728 | IV-A | Moderate |
5 | [17] | Mohammad | 2020 | Sweden | CS | 75.0 | 1.05 | 1.02 | 1.08 | 0.002 | 562 | IV-A | Moderate |
6-1 | [18] | Maclntyr | 2013 | Australi | CC | 65.0 | 0.55 | 0.35 | 0.85 | 0.008 | 559 | IV-B | Weak |
6-2 | [18] | MacIntyr | 2013 | Australi | CC | 65.0 | 1.98 | 1.2 | 3.3 | 0.001 | 559 | IV-A | Weak |
7 | [27] | Clayton | 2005 | USA | PHS | 63.0 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 1.9 | 0.002 | 534 | IV-A | High |
8 | [19] | Gash | 2013 | London | CC | 40.0 | 3.17 | 0.61 | 16.47 | 0.002 | 137 | IV-B | High |
9 | [20] | Penttine | 1996 | Finland | CC | 49.5 | 1.77 | 1.07 | 2.93 | 0.001 | 3172 | IV-A | Moderate |
10 | [21] | Clayton | 2007 | UK | CC | 72.0 | 2.48 | 1.67 | 3.7 | 0.002 | 115 | IV-A | Moderate |
N total: 6428 |
ID | Ref | Author | Years | Months | Country | Design | Mean Age | Effect Size | p Value | Sample Size | Quality | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% Cl | ||||||||||||
1 | [22] | Mandeep | 2020 | May | Boston | CS | 65 | 2.70 | 2.08 | 3.51 | 0.001 | 8910 | Moderate |
2 | [23] | Shi Tai | 2020 | August | China | CC | 51 | 2.65 | 1.01 | 6.89 | 0.001 | 332 | High |
3 | [24] | Yun Feng | 2020 | April | China | CC | 58 | 3.02 | 1.45 | 6.32 | 0.004 | 476 | High |
4 | [25] | Huang | 2020 | February | China | CC | 49 | 2.05 | 0.43 | 14.54 | 0.001 | 41 | Moderate |
5 | [7] | Qin | 2020 | April | China | CC | 61 | 4.98 | 1.48 | 16.79 | 0.002 | 452 | Weak |
6 | [8] | Wan | 2020 | March | China | CC | 56 | 16.59 | 1.93 | 142.0 | 0.002 | 135 | Moderate |
7 | [9] | Wang | 2020 | February | China | CC | 66 | 2.76 | 1.03 | 7.35 | 0.001 | 138 | High |
8 | [10] | J. Zhang | 2020 | February | China | CC | 64 | 1.95 | 0.62 | 34.11 | 0.004 | 140 | High |
9 | [26] | F. Zheng | 2020 | January | China | CC | 57 | 4.61 | 0.62 | 34.11 | 0.002 | 161 | Moderate |
N total: 10,785 |
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Jalili, M.; Sayehmiri, K.; Ansari, N.; Pourhossein, B.; Fazeli, M.; Azizi Jalilian, F. Association between Influenza and COVID-19 Viruses and the Risk of Atherosclerosis: Meta-Analysis Study and Systematic Review. Adv. Respir. Med. 2022, 90, 338-348. https://doi.org/10.3390/arm90040043
Jalili M, Sayehmiri K, Ansari N, Pourhossein B, Fazeli M, Azizi Jalilian F. Association between Influenza and COVID-19 Viruses and the Risk of Atherosclerosis: Meta-Analysis Study and Systematic Review. Advances in Respiratory Medicine. 2022; 90(4):338-348. https://doi.org/10.3390/arm90040043
Chicago/Turabian StyleJalili, Mahsa, Kourosh Sayehmiri, Nastaran Ansari, Behzad Pourhossein, Maryam Fazeli, and Farid Azizi Jalilian. 2022. "Association between Influenza and COVID-19 Viruses and the Risk of Atherosclerosis: Meta-Analysis Study and Systematic Review" Advances in Respiratory Medicine 90, no. 4: 338-348. https://doi.org/10.3390/arm90040043