Electrification of Transport Service Applied to Massawa–Asmara
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Case Study Implementation
4. Methodology Adopted for the Simulation
4.1. Electric Vehicle Modeling Description
- , where is the total mass (full load) of the vehicle, equals 9.81 , α is the angle of the slope, and (α) is expressed per thousand (‰).
- , where is the rolling resistance coefficient (0.02), is the mass (full load) of the vehicle, and is the acceleration gravitational constant of 9.81 .
- , where is 1.25 , A is the frontal area of the vehicle, is the drag coefficient of the vehicle, and is the speed at which the vehicle is moving, although in this case, it will have a constant value.
- Mechanical power—
- Electric ower—, where is the tank-to-wheel efficiency and is assumed to be 80%, while represents the power of auxiliaries (e.g., lights, air conditioner, etc.).
4.2. Model Description
- Input data in order to create the electric vehicle agent, with corresponding characteristics (e.g., vehicle type, weight, charging connections, type, and battery capacity onboard).
- Transport network in which the agents move, with an adequate level of discretization, specifying the road slope and the charging infrastructure available (specifying the number of charging connections, type, power capabilities, geographical location).
- Calibration data (e.g., battery charging process as a function of the capacity and state of charge (SoC) to validate the modeling approach and results.
5. Results and Discussion
5.1. Massawa–Asmara: Scenario 1
5.2. Massawa–Asmara: Scenario 2
5.3. Massawa–Asmara: Scenario 3
5.4. Asmara–Massawa
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Value | |
Length [m] | 5.7 | |
Width [m] | 2.05 | |
Hight [m] | 2.50 | |
Full load mass [tons] | 5 | |
Seats | 22 | |
Li-ion battery [Ah] × [V] | 160 × 3.3 | |
Battery voltage range [V] | 180 ÷ 380 | |
Nominal power [kW] | 30 | |
Peak power [kW] | 60 | |
Auxiliaries [kW] | 4 | |
AC power charging [kW] | 22 | |
DC power charging [kW] | 150 | |
Maximum current [A] | 400 | |
Maximum speed [km/h] | 80 | |
Nominal range [km] | 120 |
Charging Station | Charging Time | SoC Target after Charging Phase [%] |
---|---|---|
, Ghinda | 02:02:25 | 80 |
, Asmara | 01:57:01 | 80 |
Charging Station | Charging Time | SoC Target after Charging Phase [%] |
---|---|---|
: Gathelay | 01:02:54 | 80 |
: Ghinda | 01:00:23 | 80 |
: Nefasit | 00:59:25 | 80 |
: Asmara | 00:57:46 | 80 |
Charging Station | Charging Time | SoC Target after Charging Phase [%] |
---|---|---|
: Gathelay | 00:29:44 | 60 |
: Ghinda | 01:00:23 | 60 |
: Nefasit | 00:59:25 | 80 |
: Asmara | 01:29:51 | 80 |
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Colombo, C.G.; Saldarini, A.; Longo, M.; Yaici, W.; Borghetti, F.; Brenna, M. Electrification of Transport Service Applied to Massawa–Asmara. Infrastructures 2023, 8, 121. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures8080121
Colombo CG, Saldarini A, Longo M, Yaici W, Borghetti F, Brenna M. Electrification of Transport Service Applied to Massawa–Asmara. Infrastructures. 2023; 8(8):121. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures8080121
Chicago/Turabian StyleColombo, Cristian Giovanni, Alessandro Saldarini, Michela Longo, Wahiba Yaici, Fabio Borghetti, and Morris Brenna. 2023. "Electrification of Transport Service Applied to Massawa–Asmara" Infrastructures 8, no. 8: 121. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures8080121