Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology

10 pages, 293 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Can the Combination of Rehabilitation and Vitamin D Supplementation Improve Fibromyalgia Symptoms at All Ages?

by Dalila Scaturro, Fabio Vitagliani, Sofia Tomasello, Mirko Filippetti, Alessandro Picelli, Nicola Smania and Giulia Letizia Mauro

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(2), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7020051 - 20 Jun 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1911

Abstract

Several studies have indicated a correlation between vitamin D deficiency and widespread chronic pain syndromes, such as fibromyalgia. During this study, the effect of supplementation with vitamin D in association with physical exercise in patients with fibromyalgia was evaluated, in terms of improvement [...] Read more.

Several studies have indicated a correlation between vitamin D deficiency and widespread chronic pain syndromes, such as fibromyalgia. During this study, the effect of supplementation with vitamin D in association with physical exercise in patients with fibromyalgia was evaluated, in terms of improvement of pain, functional capacity and quality of life, also evaluating the presence of any differences in age. A single-center, observational, comparative study was conducted in 80 fibromyalgia patients. They are randomized into 2 groups: Group A, consisting of patients ≤50 years; and group B, consisting of patients >50 years. Both received weekly supplementation with 50,000 IU cholecalciferol for 3 months in association with a rehabilitation protocol. Patients were assessed at enrollment (T0), 3 months (T1), and 6 months (T2) from the initial assessment with blood vitamin D dosage and administration of rating scales (NRS, FIQ, and SF-12). From the comparison between the two groups, we have seen that in young people, supplementation with high-dose vitamin D improves short-term musculoskeletal pain and long-term functional capacity. Conversely, musculoskeletal pain and long-term quality of life improve in the elderly. Supplementing with high doses of vitamin D in fibromyalgia patients improves the quality of life and pain in the elderly and also the functional capacity in the young. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Exercises in Musculoskeletal Disorders—4th Edition)

11 pages, 2706 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Contact Area for Three Types of Upper Limb Strikes

by Vaclav Beranek, Petr Stastny, Frederic Turquier, Vit Novacek and Petr Votapek

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(2), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7020050 - 17 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2191

Abstract

Performance in strike combat sports is mostly evaluated through the values of the net force, acceleration, or speed to improve efficient training procedures and/or to assess the injury. There are limited data on the upper limb striking area, which can be a useful [...] Read more.

Performance in strike combat sports is mostly evaluated through the values of the net force, acceleration, or speed to improve efficient training procedures and/or to assess the injury. There are limited data on the upper limb striking area, which can be a useful variable for contact pressure assessment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the contact area of the upper limb in three different strike technique positions. A total of 38 men and 38 women (n = 76, 27.3 ± 8.5 years of age, 73.9 ± 13.8 kg of body weight, 173.3 ± 8.4 cm of body height) performed a static simulation of punch with a fist, palm strike, and elbow strike, where three segments of the right upper limb were scanned. The analysis of 684 images showed a correlation (r = 0.634) between weight and punch technique position in men and significant differences in elbow strike (p < 0.001) and palm strike (p < 0.0001) between women and men. In both groups, the palm demonstrated the largest area and the elbow the smallest one. These data may be used to evaluate strike contact pressure in future studies in forensic biomechanics and assessment of injury in combat sports and self-defense. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Evaluation and Prescription—3rd Edition)

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6 pages, 1500 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

A Unique Variation of Quadratus Plantae in Relation to the Tendons of the Midfoot

by Lokesh A. Coomar, Daniel T. Daly and Jay Bauman

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(2), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7020049 - 09 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2655

Abstract

A novel combination of variations involving the quadratus plantae muscle (QP) and its relationship to the flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tendon was observed unilaterally in the right foot of an 88-year-old female cadaver during routine dissection. The medial head of QP was observed [...] Read more.

A novel combination of variations involving the quadratus plantae muscle (QP) and its relationship to the flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tendon was observed unilaterally in the right foot of an 88-year-old female cadaver during routine dissection. The medial head of QP was observed inserting onto the tendon of FHL rather than the tendon of flexor digitorum longus (FDL), while also contributing to an anomalous tendinous slip to the second digit in conjunction with the tendon of FHL. The tendon of FHL also gave off a slip to the third digit. Both tendinous slips attached distally to the digital tendons of FDL. Lastly, the lateral head of QP inserted onto the tendinous slip from FHL to the third digit. Ninety-five additional feet were assessed for these variations, but none were observed. This combination of variations expands upon the proposed actions of QP in the literature. Furthermore, connections between the tendons of the midfoot are of clinical significance for harvesting tendon grafts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Exercise for Health Promotion)

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23 pages, 1035 KiB

Open AccessReview

Exercise and Nutrition Strategies for Combating Sarcopenia and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Older Adults

by Dionysia Argyropoulou, Nikolaos D. Geladas, Tzortzis Nomikos and Vassilis Paschalis

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(2), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7020048 - 08 Jun 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 6314

Abstract

Medical and technology development have drastically the improved quality of life and, consequently, life expectancy. Nevertheless, the more people who enter the third-age, the more geriatric syndromes expand in the elderly. Sarcopenia and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are common diseases among the [...] Read more.

Medical and technology development have drastically the improved quality of life and, consequently, life expectancy. Nevertheless, the more people who enter the third-age, the more geriatric syndromes expand in the elderly. Sarcopenia and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are common diseases among the elderly and the literature has extensively studied these two diseases separately. Recent evidence, however, revealed that there is a bidirectional relationship between sarcopenia and T2DM. The aims of the present review were: (1) to present diet and exercise interventions for the management of sarcopenia and T2DM and (2) identify which diet and exercise interventions can be used simultaneously in order to effectively deal with these two disorders. Exercise and a balanced diet are used as effective countermeasures for combating sarcopenia and T2DM in older adults based on their bidirectional relationship. Lifestyle changes such as exercise and a balanced diet seem to play an important role in the remission of the diseases. Results showed that chronic exercise can help towards glycemic regulation as well as decrease the incidence rate of muscle degradation, while diet interventions which focus on protein or amino acids seem to successfully treat both disorders. Despite the fact that there are limited studies that deal with both disorders, it seems that a combined exercise regime (aerobic and resistance) along with protein intake > 1gr/kg/d is the safest strategy to follow in order to manage sarcopenia and T2DM concurrently. Full article

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13 pages, 737 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recommendations for Resuming PA after Prolonged Rest in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Integrative Review of Relevance for Immunity

by Antonio Cicchella

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(2), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7020047 - 02 Jun 2022

Viewed by 2007

Abstract

This systematic integrative review aims to summarize the protective effect of PA on children and adolescents, with special reference to the immune system. Periods of prolonged inactivity in children and adolescents are rare and due to exceptional events, such as illness or environmental [...] Read more.

This systematic integrative review aims to summarize the protective effect of PA on children and adolescents, with special reference to the immune system. Periods of prolonged inactivity in children and adolescents are rare and due to exceptional events, such as illness or environmental circumstances, e.g., natural disasters, wars, or epidemics. The recent COVID-19 pandemic forced billions of children in developmental ages into inactivity. This exceptional event was the reason for studying the compensational behavioral strategies adopted by children and adolescents to counteract physical inactivity. Several studies showed the rise of spontaneous physical activity (PA) among children and adolescents to compensate for sedentarism. However, for some children, sedentarism could in turn foster other sedentarism. With the restart of “normal daily life” worldwide, a question is posed on both how to resume PA without causing damage and how to improve the immune response. Some key points emerged from the literature. Children must resume PA gradually using different methods, considering age, sex, health status, and the presence of overweight conditions. Immunity can be stimulated with PA by aerobic exercise, resistance training, flexibility exercise, relaxation, and coordinative exercises. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Exercise for Health Promotion)

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7 pages, 1216 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How to Form a Successful Team for the Novel Olympic Triathlon Discipline: The Mixed-Team-Relay

by Claudio Quagliarotti, Daniele Gaiola, Luca Bianchini, Veronica Vleck and Maria Francesca Piacentini

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(2), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7020046 - 02 Jun 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2306

Abstract

The triathlon Mixed-Team-Relay (MTR) is a new race format present for the first time at the Tokyo Olympic Games in 2021. The results of the ITU Triathlon Mixed Relay World Championship from 2014 to 2019 were collected to provide practical suggestions for forming [...] Read more.

The triathlon Mixed-Team-Relay (MTR) is a new race format present for the first time at the Tokyo Olympic Games in 2021. The results of the ITU Triathlon Mixed Relay World Championship from 2014 to 2019 were collected to provide practical suggestions for forming a successful MTR, such as the importance of each leg and discipline on MTR and Super-Sprint performance. The total relay time (T_relay), the time of each team member (leg-from 1 to 4) (T_leg), and the time of each single discipline (swim, T1, cycle, T2, run) were collected from the official website. Inferential analysis was performed to assess prediction and differences between variables. Leg 3 was shown to be the most important to predict T_relay (0.41), which is also the slower. For both T_relay and T_leg, cycling resulted as the most important (>0.60) and longer (~52%) portion, followed by running and swimming. However, higher importance in swimming was found in successful teams compared to running. For a successful MTR, we suggest: (a) use short-distance specialized triathletes; (b) strengthen cycling and swimming; (c) position in legs 1 and 2 athletes capable of racing in a group; in legs 3 and 4 athletes capable of racing in a non-drafting situation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Sport Physiology and Performance—2nd Edition)

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11 pages, 305 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Kynurenine Metabolism as a Mechanism to Improve Fatigue and Physical Function in Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Survivors Following Resistance Training

by Ronna N. Robbins, Jessica L. Kelleher, Priyathama Vellanki, Jason C. O’Connor, Jennifer S. Mascaro, Joe R. Nocera and Monica C. Serra

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(2), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7020045 - 01 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2056

Abstract

This pilot examines whether resistance training (RT) can induce changes in kynurenine (KYN) metabolism, which may contribute to improved physical function in breast cancer survivors (BCSs). Thirty-six BCSs (63.2 ± 1.1 years) underwent assessments of physical function and visual analog scale (100 cm) [...] Read more.

This pilot examines whether resistance training (RT) can induce changes in kynurenine (KYN) metabolism, which may contribute to improved physical function in breast cancer survivors (BCSs). Thirty-six BCSs (63.2 ± 1.1 years) underwent assessments of physical function and visual analog scale (100 cm) fatigue and quality of life before and after 12 weeks of RT (N = 22) or non-exercise control (CBCT©: Cognitively Based Compassion Training, N = 10). Blood was collected before and after interventions for assessment of KYN, kynurenic acid (KYNA), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator 1α (PGC-1α). At baseline, the women were moderately fatigued (mean score: 46 cm) and at risk of poor functional mobility. A group*time interaction was observed for all measures of strength with improvements (~25–35%) following RT (p’s < 0.01), but not CBCT. Time effects were observed for fatigue (−36%) and quality of life (5%) (p’s < 0.01), where both groups improved in a similar manner. A group*time interaction was observed for KYN (p = 0.02) and PGC-1α (p < 0.05), with KYN decreasing and PGC-1α increasing following RT and the opposite following CBCT. These changes resulted in KYN/KYNA decreasing 34% post-RT, but increasing 21% following CBCT. These data support RT as a therapeutic intervention to counteract the long-term side effect of fatigue and physical dysfunction in BCSs. Additionally, the results suggest that this effect may be mediated through the activation of PGC-1α leading to alterations in KYN metabolism. Full article

9 pages, 479 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of New Zealand Blackcurrant Extract on Force Steadiness of the Quadriceps Femoris Muscle during Sustained Submaximal Isometric Contraction

by Matthew D. Cook, Aaron Dunne, Michael Bosworth and Mark E. T. Willems

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(2), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7020044 - 30 May 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1848

Abstract

Intake of anthocyanin-rich New Zealand blackcurrant (NZBC) can alter physiological responses that enhance exercise performance. In two studies, we examined the effects of NZBC extract on force steadiness during a sustained submaximal isometric contraction of the quadriceps femoris muscle. With repeated measures designs, [...] Read more.

Intake of anthocyanin-rich New Zealand blackcurrant (NZBC) can alter physiological responses that enhance exercise performance. In two studies, we examined the effects of NZBC extract on force steadiness during a sustained submaximal isometric contraction of the quadriceps femoris muscle. With repeated measures designs, male participants in study one (n = 13) and study two (n = 19) performed a 120 s submaximal (30%) isometric contraction of the quadriceps femoris muscle following a 7-day intake of NZBC extract and placebo (study one) and following 0 (control), 1-, 4- and 7-day intake of NZBC extract (study two). Participants for both studies were different. In study one, NZBC extract enhanced isometric force steadiness during the 120 s contraction (placebo: 6.58 ± 2.24%, NZBC extract: 6.05 ± 2.24%, p = 0.003), with differences in the third (60–89 s) and fourth quartile (90–120 s) of the contraction. In study two, isometric force steadiness was not changed following 1 and 4 days but was enhanced following 7-day intake of NZBC extract in comparison to control. In study two, the enhanced isometric force steadiness following 7-day intake did occur in the second (30–59 s), third (60–89 s) and fourth (90–120 s) quartiles. Daily supplementation of anthocyanin-rich NZBC extract can enhance force steadiness of the quadriceps femoris muscle during a sustained submaximal isometric contraction. Our observations may have implications for human tasks that require postural stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Muscle Strength and Power)

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10 pages, 1119 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Significantly Delayed Medium-Latency Response of the Stretch Reflex in Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness of the Quadriceps Femoris Muscles Is Indicative of Sensory Neuronal Microdamage

by Balázs Sonkodi, Ádám Hegedűs, Bence Kopper and István Berkes

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(2), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7020043 - 27 May 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3374

Abstract

Unaccustomed or strenuous eccentric exercise is known to cause delayed-onset muscle soreness. A recent hypothesis postulated that mechano-energetic microinjury of the primary afferent sensory neuron terminals in the muscle spindles, namely a transient Piezo2 channelopathy, could be the critical cause of delayed-onset muscle [...] Read more.

Unaccustomed or strenuous eccentric exercise is known to cause delayed-onset muscle soreness. A recent hypothesis postulated that mechano-energetic microinjury of the primary afferent sensory neuron terminals in the muscle spindles, namely a transient Piezo2 channelopathy, could be the critical cause of delayed-onset muscle soreness in the form of a bi-phasic non-contact injury mechanism. This theory includes that this microlesion could delay the medium-latency response of the stretch reflex. Our aim with this study was to investigate this hypothesis. According to our knowledge, no study has examined the effect of delayed-onset muscle soreness on the medium-latency response of the stretch reflex. Our findings demonstrated that a significant delay in the medium-latency stretch reflex could be observed right after a multi-stage fitness test in the quadriceps femoris muscles of Hungarian professional handball players who consequently experienced delayed-onset muscle soreness. The long-latency stretch reflex and most likely short-latency stretch reflex were unaffected by delayed-onset muscle soreness in our study, which is in line with earlier findings. We translate these findings as indicative of proprioceptive Type Ia terminal microdamage in the muscle spindle in line with the aforementioned new acute non-contact compression axonopathy theory of delayed-onset muscles soreness. Full article

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11 pages, 518 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

The Influence of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Shooting Performance in Elite Deaflympic Athletes: A Case Series

by Milan Pantovic, Drazenka Macak, Nebojsa Cokorilo, Sheniz Moonie, Zachary A. Riley, Dejan M. Madic and Brach Poston

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(2), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7020042 - 25 May 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1695

Abstract

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been shown to improve motor learning in numerous studies. However, only a few of these studies have been conducted on elite-level performers or in complex motor tasks that have been practiced extensively. The purpose was to determine [...] Read more.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been shown to improve motor learning in numerous studies. However, only a few of these studies have been conducted on elite-level performers or in complex motor tasks that have been practiced extensively. The purpose was to determine the influence of tDCS applied to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on motor learning over multiple days on 10-m air rifle shooting performance in elite Deaflympic athletes. Two male and two female elite Deaflympic athletes (World, European, and National medalists) participated in this case series. The study utilized a randomized, double-blind, SHAM-controlled, cross-over design. Anodal tDCS or SHAM stimulation was applied to the left DLPFC for 25 min with a current strength of 2 mA concurrent with three days of standard shooting practice sessions. Shooting performance was quantified as the points and the endpoint error. Separate 2 Condition (DLPFC-tDCS, SHAM) × 3 Day (1,2,3) within-subjects ANOVAs revealed no significant main effects or interactions for either points or endpoint error. These results indicate that DLPFC-tDCS applied over multiple days does not improve shooting performance in elite athletes. Different stimulation parameters or very long-term (weeks/months) application of tDCS may be needed to improve motor learning in elite athletes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sports Medicine and Nutrition)

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13 pages, 926 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Association between Multidirectional Speed Performance, Dynamic Balance and Chronological Age in Young Soccer Players

by Giordano Scinicarelli, Christoph Offerhaus, Boris Feodoroff, Ingo Froböse and Christiane Wilke

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(2), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7020041 - 24 May 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2156

Abstract

The ability to maintain a stable single-leg balance stance during a fast change of direction movement is a fundamental aspect both for improving sport-specific skills and for prevention strategies. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the associations between multidirectional speed [...] Read more.

The ability to maintain a stable single-leg balance stance during a fast change of direction movement is a fundamental aspect both for improving sport-specific skills and for prevention strategies. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the associations between multidirectional speed performance (MDS), dynamic balance performance (DBP), and chronological age in young and uninjured soccer players. In addition, it was examined whether chronological age and balance can predict variance in speed performance. One-hundred forty-six young male soccer players (age range 11–19) performed the y-balance test (YBT) and the lower extremity functional test (LEFT). Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression analysis were executed. The analyses were carried out on the further variables: for the DBP, the YBT composite score % (CS dominant leg/CS non-dominant leg) and limb symmetry index % (LSI) were used; for the MDS, the LEFT time in seconds (s) was used. Findings revealed LEFT scores to have a significant association with chronological age (p = 0.000), CS dominant (p = 0.019) and LSI (p = 0.044) of the YBT. In addition, CS dominant and chronological age explained the variance of the LEFT by 44%, regardless of LSI. To conclude, MDS revealed a strong association with DBP of the dominant side but a small association with LSI. In addition, a small association was found between quick LEFT times and older players. Finally, MDS variance can be predicted from DBP of the dominant side and chronological age in young soccer players. The tests used in this study could be useful screening tools for the detection of performance deficits, the implementation of prevention training programs, and the optimization of selection strategies in soccer academies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Evaluation and Prescription—3rd Edition)

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13 pages, 918 KiB

Open AccessReview

Effects of Exercise on Skeletal Muscle Pathophysiology in Huntington’s Disease

by Bruno Trovato, Benedetta Magrì, Alessandro Castorina, Grazia Maugeri, Velia D’Agata and Giuseppe Musumeci

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(2), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7020040 - 11 May 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3033

Abstract

Huntington’s disease (HD) is a rare, hereditary, and progressive neurodegenerative disease, characterized by involuntary choreatic movements with cognitive and behavioral disturbances. In order to mitigate impairments in motor function, physical exercise was integrated in HD rehabilitative interventions, showing to be a powerful tool [...] Read more.

Huntington’s disease (HD) is a rare, hereditary, and progressive neurodegenerative disease, characterized by involuntary choreatic movements with cognitive and behavioral disturbances. In order to mitigate impairments in motor function, physical exercise was integrated in HD rehabilitative interventions, showing to be a powerful tool to ameliorate the quality of life of HD-affected patients. This review aims to describe the effects of physical exercise on HD-related skeletal muscle disorders in both murine and human models. We performed a literature search using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases on the role of physical activity in mouse models of HD and human patients. Fifteen publications fulfilled the criteria and were included in the review. Studies performed on mouse models showed a controversial role played by exercise, whereas in HD-affected patients, physical activity appeared to have positive effects on gait, motor function, UHDMRS scale, cognitive function, quality of life, postural stability, total body mass, fatty acid oxidative capacity, and VO2 max. Physical activity seems to be feasible, safe, and effective for HD patients. However, further studies with longer follow-up and larger cohorts of patients will be needed to draw firm conclusions on the positive effects of exercise for HD patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise and Neurodegenerative Disease 2.0)

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10 pages, 1080 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Acute Effects of Attaching Chains to the Barbell on Kinematics and Muscle Activation in Bench Press in Resistance-Trained Men

by Roland van den Tillaar, Atle Hole Saeterbakken and Vidar Andersen

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(2), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7020039 - 04 May 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2333

Abstract

The aim of the study was to investigate the acute effects of attaching chains on barbell kinematics and muscle activation in the bench press. Twelve resistance-trained men (height: 1.79 ± 0.05 m, weight: 84.3 ± 13.5 kg, one repetition maximum (1-RM) bench press [...] Read more.

The aim of the study was to investigate the acute effects of attaching chains on barbell kinematics and muscle activation in the bench press. Twelve resistance-trained men (height: 1.79 ± 0.05 m, weight: 84.3 ± 13.5 kg, one repetition maximum (1-RM) bench press of 105 ± 17.1 kg) lifted three repetitions of bench press in three conditions: (1) conventional bench press at 85% of 1-RM and bench press with chains that were (2) top-matched and (3) bottom-matched with the resistance from the conventional resistance lift. Barbell kinematics and the muscle activity of eight muscles were measured at different heights during lowering and lifting in the three conditions of the bench press. The main findings were that barbell kinematics were altered using the chains, especially the 85% bottom-matched condition that resulted in lower peak velocities and longer lifting times compared with the conventional 85% condition (p ≤ 0.043). However, muscle activity was mainly only affected during the lowering phase. Based upon the findings, it was concluded that using chains during the bench press alters barbell kinematics, especially when the resistance is matched in the bottom position. Furthermore, muscle activation was only altered during the lowering phase when adding chains to the barbell. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Muscle Strength and Power)

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18 pages, 9253 KiB

Open AccessReview

Physical Exercise and Health: A Focus on Its Protective Role in Neurodegenerative Diseases

by Roberto Bonanni, Ida Cariati, Umberto Tarantino, Giovanna D’Arcangelo and Virginia Tancredi

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(2), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7020038 - 29 Apr 2022

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5853

Abstract

Scientific evidence has demonstrated the power of physical exercise in the prevention and treatment of numerous chronic and/or age-related diseases, such as musculoskeletal, metabolic, and cardiovascular disorders. In addition, regular exercise is known to play a key role in the context of neurodegenerative [...] Read more.

Scientific evidence has demonstrated the power of physical exercise in the prevention and treatment of numerous chronic and/or age-related diseases, such as musculoskeletal, metabolic, and cardiovascular disorders. In addition, regular exercise is known to play a key role in the context of neurodegenerative diseases, as it helps to reduce the risk of their onset and counteracts their progression. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated. In this regard, neurotrophins, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), glia cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), and neurotrophin-4 (NT-4), have been suggested as key mediators of brain health benefits, as they are involved in neurogenesis, neuronal survival, and synaptic plasticity. The production of these neurotrophic factors, known to be increased by physical exercise, is downregulated in neurodegenerative disorders, suggesting their fundamental importance in maintaining brain health. However, the mechanism by which physical exercise promotes the production of neurotrophins remains to be understood, posing limits on their use for the development of potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. In this literature review, we analyzed the most recent evidence regarding the relationship between physical exercise, neurotrophins, and brain health, providing an overview of their involvement in the onset and progression of neurodegeneration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise and Neurodegenerative Disease 2.0)

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8 pages, 233 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Myocardial Fitness of Bicuspid Aortic Valve Athletes during COVID 19 Pandemic

by Melissa Orlandi, Marco Corsi, Vittorio Bini, Luciano De Simone and Laura Stefani

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(2), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7020037 - 29 Apr 2022

Viewed by 1763

Abstract

COVID 19 pandemic has induced a large sedentarism in several kinds of sports. Some peculiar categories of athletes could particularly suffer from a prolonged inactivity as those affected by minimal cardiopathies as bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) athletes. This study aims to verify the [...] Read more.

COVID 19 pandemic has induced a large sedentarism in several kinds of sports. Some peculiar categories of athletes could particularly suffer from a prolonged inactivity as those affected by minimal cardiopathies as bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) athletes. This study aims to verify the myocardial performance in a restricted group of BAV athletes compared to a control group of agonistic athletes evaluated by traditional echocardiography and deformation parameters. 2D standard and deformations parameters were measured at rest conditions in BAV athletes and controls. Particularly EF, LVDD/LVS diameters, GLS rotation and twisting were considered as myocardial performance data; E/A, E1 and A1 as diastolic ones. All the 2D standard parameters measured were within the normal range in both groups, especially the EF value. Significant differences were found in the diastolic function with reduced values of E and E1 waves in BAV vs. controls. The strain analysis showed a significant reduction in GLS measured in 2C, 3C, 4C in BAV if compared to controls, while no significant differences were found in torsional and rotational parameters. These results are suggestive for a potential long term negative impact of inactivity on cardiac performance more evident in BAV athletes, if compared to athletes with normal aortic valve. GLS of LV and RV can be considered as a predictive parameter of this mild dysfunction and assumed as follow-up parameter to restore a progressive training. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Exercise for Health Promotion)

8 pages, 597 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Sports Medicine: A First Investigation of Heart Performance in Opera Singers

by Marco Corsi, Goffredo Orlandi, Vittorio Bini and Laura Stefani

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(2), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7020036 - 27 Apr 2022

Viewed by 2143

Abstract

Introduction: Opera singers are continuously subjected to cardiopulmonary exercise. The impact on cardiac performance has not been studied. Our aim was to verify the impact of singing on heart performance, particularly by the evaluation of ECG and deformation parameters as strain, rotation and [...] Read more.

Introduction: Opera singers are continuously subjected to cardiopulmonary exercise. The impact on cardiac performance has not been studied. Our aim was to verify the impact of singing on heart performance, particularly by the evaluation of ECG and deformation parameters as strain, rotation and twist. Methods: A population of 17 OS (opera singers) underwent a 12-lead ECG and 2D echocardiographic evaluation. A post-processing analysis of the images to obtain the deformation parameters was included. The data expressed as mean as SD were compared to a group of 15 high-level athletes (A). Results: In both groups, the ECG parameters, 2D standard systodiastolic parameters and pulmonary pressure were normal, and in the OS group—LVDd: 47 ± 2.75 mm, LVSd: 31 ± 3.38 mm, E/A: 1.08 ± 0.23, RV: 27.63 ± 3.38 mm; in the A group—LVDd: 51 ± 1.50 mm, LVSd: 32 ± 2.50 mm, E/A: 2.37 ± 0.73, RV: 25.00 ± 3.00 mm. Indexed LV mass was significantly greater in athletes, while ejection fraction (EF) results were higher in OS. Deformation parameters did not differ among the two groups, with the exclusion of GLS expressing a major value in athletes. Rotational parameters resulted in the OS group similar to the athletes. Conclusions: OS show myocardial performance as high as the athletes. The data obtained suggest a positive impact of regular training as an opera singer. Deformation parameters highlight the fitness status in this group with a specific remodeling in RV in the presence of normal PP. Classic music singing appears to have a training effect on the heart. Further studies are necessary to confirm this hypothesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Working Group in Sports Medicine)

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9 pages, 618 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Music Volume Preference on Endurance Exercise Performance

by Kylie M. Nixon, Mckenzie G. Parker, Carson C. Elwell, Anna L. Pemberton, Rebecca R. Rogers and Christopher G. Ballmann

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(2), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7020035 - 27 Apr 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4089

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of preferred versus non-preferred music volume on relative power output, trial time to completion (TTC), heart rate (HR), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), and motivation during endurance rowing exercise. Physically active females (age [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of preferred versus non-preferred music volume on relative power output, trial time to completion (TTC), heart rate (HR), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), and motivation during endurance rowing exercise. Physically active females (age 18–25) volunteered to participate. In a crossover counterbalanced design, participants completed two trials: non-preferred (NPV) and preferred (PV) music volume. Participants began with a rowing warm-up at 50% of HRmax for 5 min. Following this, participants completed a 2000 m rowing time trial as quickly as possible. Relative power output, HR, and RPE were documented each minute during the exercise bout. TTC and motivation levels were documented at the cessation of exercise. Results showed that there were no significant differences between NPV and PV for relative power output (p = 0.287; d = 0.17), TTC (p = 0.816; d = 0.01), and HR (p = 0.956; d = 0.08). However, RPE was significantly lower (p = 0.002; d = 0.86) and motivation was significantly higher (p < 0.001; d = 2.14) during the PV condition versus NPV. Findings suggest that while PV does not impart performance-enhancing effects during endurance exercise compared to NPV, it may improve psychological responses related to intensity and effort which could have important implications for enduring intense exercise and training. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Motivational Factors Influencing Performance in Sport and Exercise)

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12 pages, 1649 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Perception of Velocity during Free-Weight Exercises: Difference between Back Squat and Bench Press

by Ruggero Romagnoli and Maria Francesca Piacentini

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(2), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7020034 - 18 Apr 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3021

Abstract

The perception of bar velocity (PV) is a subjective parameter useful in estimating velocity during resistance training. The aim of this study was to investigate if the PV can be improved through specific training sessions, if it differs between the back squat (SQ) [...] Read more.

The perception of bar velocity (PV) is a subjective parameter useful in estimating velocity during resistance training. The aim of this study was to investigate if the PV can be improved through specific training sessions, if it differs between the back squat (SQ) and bench press (BP), and if there are differences in perception accuracy in the different intensity zones. Resistance-trained participants were randomly divided in an experimental (EG, n = 16) or a control group (CG, n = 14). After a familiarization trial, both groups were tested before and after 5 weeks of training. The PV was assessed with five blinded loads covering different intensity domains. During the training period, only the EG group received velocity feedback for each repetition. Prior to training, both groups showed a greater PV accuracy in the SQ than in the BP. Post training, the EG showed a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the delta score (the difference between the real and perceived velocity) for both exercises, while no significant differences were observed in the CG. Prior to training, the perceived velocity was more accurate at higher loads for both exercises, while no difference between loads was observed after training (EG). The results of this study demonstrate that the PV improves with specific training and that differences in the accuracy between loads and exercise modes seen prior to training are leveled off after training. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Evaluation and Prescription—3rd Edition)

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13 pages, 279 KiB

Open AccessReview

Moral Disengagement in Youth Athletes: A Narrative Review

by Ambra Gentile, Ivana Milovanovic, Saša Pišot, Antonino Bianco and Gioacchino Lavanco

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(2), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7020033 - 15 Apr 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3004

Abstract

The sports environment can be considered as a context characterized by interactions typical of social groups, where children have the chance to learn good values. Positive and negative behaviours in sports, also called prosocial and antisocial behaviours, have been studied according to a [...] Read more.

The sports environment can be considered as a context characterized by interactions typical of social groups, where children have the chance to learn good values. Positive and negative behaviours in sports, also called prosocial and antisocial behaviours, have been studied according to a moral perspective, as has doping behaviour, taking into consideration the concept of moral disengagement. Moral disengagement in children has been associated with maladaptive behaviours later in life, even though it should disappear with growth. Concerning the sports environment, previous reviews on the topic have extensively illustrated the role of moral variables in sport and their relation to antisocial behaviour and doping, positing some research questions that should be investigated in the future. Starting from these questions, the current narrative review aims to update literature about the effects of moral disengagement on youth athletes. Therefore, new studies about the predictors of moral disengagement are introduced, followed by contributions concerning the relationship between moral disengagement and doping and between moral disengagement and antisocial behaviour. Finally, the review summarizes which research questions have been solved in the last decade and which should be researched further on. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psychology of Development and Education Applied to Movement 2022)

10 pages, 1319 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Positive Effect of Kinesiotape on 1 km Run Performance in University-Level Males: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Peter Bartík and Peter Šagát

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(2), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7020032 - 12 Apr 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2841

Abstract

Introduction: The kinesiotape (KT) method is used to exert a positive effect on muscular, nervous, and organ systems, recognizing the importance of muscle movement. It is widely applied in runners for performance enhancement. However, there is no scientific background to use it as [...] Read more.

Introduction: The kinesiotape (KT) method is used to exert a positive effect on muscular, nervous, and organ systems, recognizing the importance of muscle movement. It is widely applied in runners for performance enhancement. However, there is no scientific background to use it as a running speed modulator. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to verify the KT effect on running performance in university-level students while speed is considered. The 1 km run and 40 m shuttle run were investigated. Participants were highly motivated to run as fast as possible since the research was part of the graded fitness test. Students wanted to perform as well as possible to get good marks. Methods: A total of 150 students aged 19.93 ± 0.85 with BMIs of 26.93 ± 0.98 were randomly distributed to the experimental (EG), placebo (PG), and control group (CG). In the EG, 50 students were measured pre-test (no KT) and post-test (KT applied). In the PG, 50 students were measured the same way using the placebo application post-test. In the CG, 50 students were measured without any intervention pre-test or post-test. The application area was the triceps surae muscle bilaterally with KT tension of 75%. The Kruskal–Wallis test and repeated measures ANOVA were used for analysis with a 0.05 level of significance. Results: A statistically significant group effect was reported in the EG (<0.05) in the 1 km run discipline. The time results obtained were significantly shorter than in the PG and the CG. There was no statistically significant difference (0.717) reported in the 40 m shuttle run discipline between the groups. Conclusions: Applying KT with a tension of 75% on the triceps surae muscle bilaterally might be useful to increase the performance of medium or longer distance runs but may not be effective in improving sprinting ability. We recommend applying the KT in the overall muscle and tendon area with a tension of 75% if there is a focus on performance enhancement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Evaluation and Prescription—3rd Edition)

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9 pages, 1652 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Positive Impulse Phase versus Propulsive Impulse Phase: Correlations between Asymmetry and Countermovement Jump Performance

by Keith B. Painter, William Guy Hornsby, Kevin Carroll, Satoshi Mizuguchi and Michael H. Stone

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(2), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7020031 - 05 Apr 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2510

Abstract

The relationship between asymmetry and performance is still undetermined in the literature. Methods of assessing asymmetry have been inconsistent and focused on the analysis of jumping asymmetry. Dual ground reaction forces are prevalent in athlete monitoring, though underutilized in asymmetry research. The purpose [...] Read more.

The relationship between asymmetry and performance is still undetermined in the literature. Methods of assessing asymmetry have been inconsistent and focused on the analysis of jumping asymmetry. Dual ground reaction forces are prevalent in athlete monitoring, though underutilized in asymmetry research. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship of countermovement jump (CMJ) impulse asymmetry to performance in collegiate soccer athletes. Male and female athletes were selected from an ongoing athlete research repository database of NCAA D-I soccer athletes. All athletes contributed two maximal effort unweighted (CMJ0) and weighted countermovement jumps (CMJ20) using the mean for calculations. Propulsive phase asymmetry scores (PrPAS) and positive impulse asymmetry scores (PIAS) were calculated to determine the magnitude of asymmetry for each prospective phase. Statistically significant correlations were found between CMJ0 jump height and unweighted PIAS (r = −0.43) in females. Males had statistically significant correlations between CMJ20 jump height and weighted PIAS (r = −0.49). Neither unweighted PrPAS nor weighted PrPAS produced statistically significant correlations (r < 0.26) to their prospective jump heights. When assessing CMJ asymmetry, it is recommended to conduct both weighted and unweighted CMJ testing, utilizing PIAS as the metric to be assessed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Exercises in Musculoskeletal Disorders—4th Edition)

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8 pages, 1131 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical and Radiological Results after Fracture-Dislocations of the Ankle: A Medium- to Long-Term Followup Study

by Vincenzo De Luna, Alessandro Caterini, Chiara Casci, Martina Marsiolo, Kristian Efremov, Fernando De Maio and Pasquale Farsetti

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(2), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7020030 - 25 Mar 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5513

Abstract

The authors report the long-term outcome in a series of 26 patients surgically treated for a fracture-dislocation of the ankle by open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), reviewed after an average followup of 5.2 years. The average age of the patients was 46.8 [...] Read more.

The authors report the long-term outcome in a series of 26 patients surgically treated for a fracture-dislocation of the ankle by open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), reviewed after an average followup of 5.2 years. The average age of the patients was 46.8 years; 17 were female and 9 male; the right side was involved in 22 patients and the left side in 4; 10 patients had a unimalleolar fracture, 11 a bimalleolar fracture, and 5 a trimalleolar fracture. The quality of reduction was excellent in 14 cases and good in 12. The functional results were assessed using the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, while radiographic results followed the Van Dijk classification. At followup, the AOFAS score ranged from 75 to 98 points with an average of 87.9, while the radiographic results were evaluated as grade 0 in 16 ankles and grade I in 10. Fracture-dislocations of the ankle occurred more frequently after high-energy traumas in younger patients on the right side, but they were also observed in older females after low-energy trauma. Excellent reduction was correlated with better radiographic results at long term followup. However, these injuries may lead to a poor functional outcome, despite an anatomical reduction and good radiographic results; in fact, in nine of our cases (34.6 percent), the AOFAS score was less than 90 points. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fractures Management in Upper and Lower Limbs)

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J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol., Volume 7, Issue 2 (June 2022) – 22 articles

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