Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology

14 pages, 1936 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Physical Load on Dynamic Postural Control—A Systematic Replication Study

by Jessica Heil, Sarah Schulte and Dirk Büsch

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(4), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5040100 - 21 Dec 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2602

Dynamic postural control is challenged during many actions in sport such as when landing or cutting. A decrease of dynamic postural control is one possible risk factor for non-contact injuries. Moreover, these injuries mainly occur under loading conditions. Hence, to assess an athlete’s [...] Read more.

Dynamic postural control is challenged during many actions in sport such as when landing or cutting. A decrease of dynamic postural control is one possible risk factor for non-contact injuries. Moreover, these injuries mainly occur under loading conditions. Hence, to assess an athlete’s injury risk properly, it is essential to know how dynamic postural control is influenced by physical load. Therefore, the study’s objective was to examine the influence of maximal anaerobic load on dynamic postural control. Sixty-four sport students (32 males and 32 females, age: 24.11 ± 2.42, height: 175.53 ± 8.17 cm, weight: 67.16 ± 10.08 kg) were tested with the Y-Balance Test before and after a Wingate Anaerobic Test on a bicycle ergometer. In both legs, reach distances (anterior) and composite scores were statistically significantly reduced immediately after the loading protocol. The values almost returned to pre-load levels in about 20 min post-load. Overall, findings indicate an acute negative effect of load on dynamic postural control and a higher potential injury risk during a period of about 20 min post-load. To assess an athlete’s sports-specific injury risk, we recommend testing dynamic postural control under loaded conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatigue and Motor Performance: A Way to Understand How the Human Body Adapts to Exercise)

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9 pages, 597 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mixed versus Focused Resistance Training during an Australian Football Pre-Season

by Lachlan P. James, Jade Haycraft, Anthony Pierobon, Timothy J. Suchomel and Mark Connick

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(4), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5040099 - 18 Dec 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2554

Abstract

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of a focused versus mixed-methods strength-power training plan on athletes undertaking high volumes of concurrent training. Fourteen junior elite male Australian football players were randomly assigned into either the focused or mixed group. [...] Read more.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of a focused versus mixed-methods strength-power training plan on athletes undertaking high volumes of concurrent training. Fourteen junior elite male Australian football players were randomly assigned into either the focused or mixed group. Both training groups undertook a sequenced training intervention consisting of a four-week mesocycle emphasising heavy strength followed by a four-week mesocycle of high velocity emphasis. Training differed between groups by way of the degree of emphasis placed on the targeted attribute in each cycle and occurred during the preseason. Testing occurred pre- and post-training and consisted of the unloaded and loaded (+20 kg) countermovement jump (CMJ). Focused training elicited practical (non-trivial) improvements in flight time to contraction ratio (FT:CT) (g = 0.45, ±90% confidence interval 0.49) underpinned by a small reduction in contraction time (g = −0.46, ±0.45) and a small increase in braking (g = 0.36, ±0.42) and concentric phase mean force (g = 0.22, ±0.39). Conversely, the mixed group demonstrated an unchanged FT:CT (g = −0.13, ±0.56). Similar respective changes occurred in the loaded condition. Preferential improvements in FT:CT occur when a greater focus is placed on a targeted physical quality in a sequenced training plan of junior elite Australian football players during preseason training. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Muscular Strength and Its Influence on Performance Outcomes)

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12 pages, 1117 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preliminary Study of the Effects of Eccentric-Overload Resistance Exercise on Physical Function and Torque Capacity in Chronic Kidney Disease

by Jared M. Gollie, Samir S. Patel, Joel D. Scholten and Michael O. Harris-Love

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(4), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5040097 - 18 Dec 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2525

Abstract

The purpose of this preliminary study was to describe changes in physical function and torque capacity in adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in response to a novel progressive eccentric-overload resistance exercise (ERE) regime. Participants included men (n = 4) diagnosed with [...] Read more.

The purpose of this preliminary study was to describe changes in physical function and torque capacity in adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in response to a novel progressive eccentric-overload resistance exercise (ERE) regime. Participants included men (n = 4) diagnosed with CKD according to estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) between 59 and 15 mL/kg/1.73 m² and not requiring dialysis. Physical function was determined by the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), five repetitions of a sit-to-stand (STS) task, and timed-up and go (TUG). Knee extensor strength was assessed using both isometric and isokinetic contractions and performance fatigability indexes were calculated during a 30-s maximal isometric test and a 30-contraction isokinetic test at 180°/second. None of the patients exhibited significant worsening in their health status after training. Participants demonstrated improvements in several measures of physical function and torque capacity following 24 sessions of ERE. Following training, performance fatigability remained relatively stable despite the increases in torque capacity, indicating the potential for greater fatigue resistance. These findings provide initial evidence for ERE as a potential treatment option to combat declines in physical function and neuromuscular impairments in people with CKD. Future research is required to determine optimal progression strategies for maximizing specific neuromuscular and functional outcomes when using ERE in this patient population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatigue and Motor Performance: A Way to Understand How the Human Body Adapts to Exercise)

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9 pages, 237 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence of Low Energy Availability in Collegiate Women Soccer Athletes

by Meghan K. Magee, Brittanie L. Lockard, Hannah A. Zabriskie, Alexis Q. Schaefer, Joel A. Luedke, Jacob L. Erickson, Margaret T. Jones and Andrew R. Jagim

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(4), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5040096 - 18 Dec 2020

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3868

Abstract

(1) Background: Limited information exists on the prevalence of low energy availability (LEA) in collegiate team sports. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of LEA in collegiate women soccer players. (2) Methods: Collegiate women soccer athletes (n = [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Limited information exists on the prevalence of low energy availability (LEA) in collegiate team sports. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of LEA in collegiate women soccer players. (2) Methods: Collegiate women soccer athletes (n = 18, height: 1.67 ± 0.05 m; body mass: 65.3 ± 7.9 kg; body fat %: 24.9 ± 5.6%) had their body composition and sport nutrition knowledge assessed in the pre-season. Energy availability was assessed mid-season using a 4-day dietary log and activity energy expenditure values from a team-based monitoring system. A validated screening tool was used to screen for LEA. (3) Results: The screening tool classified 56.3% of athletes as at risk of LEA (<30 kcal/kg of FFM); however, the actual dietary intake identified 67% as LEA. Athletes identified as non-LEA consumed significantly more absolute (p = 0.040) and relative (p = 0.004) energy than LEA athletes. (4) Conclusions: There was a high prevalence of LEA among collegiate women soccer athletes. Although previously validated in women endurance athletes, the LEA screening tool was not effective in identifying those at risk of LEA in this sample of athletes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Evaluation and Prescription)

6 pages, 542 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Function of the Distal Part of the Vastus Medialis Muscle as a Generator of Knee Extension Twitch Torque

by Yoshitsugu Tanino, Takaki Yoshida, Wataru Yamazaki, Yuki Fukumoto, Tetsuya Nakao and Toshiaki Suzuki

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(4), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5040098 - 18 Dec 2020

Viewed by 2579

Abstract

The distal part of the vastus medialis (VM) (VM obliquus: VMO) muscle acts as the medial stabilizer of the patella. However, it has been known to facilitate VMO contraction during training of the quadriceps femoris muscle in knee joint rehabilitation. This study aimed [...] Read more.

The distal part of the vastus medialis (VM) (VM obliquus: VMO) muscle acts as the medial stabilizer of the patella. However, it has been known to facilitate VMO contraction during training of the quadriceps femoris muscle in knee joint rehabilitation. This study aimed to examine the contribution degree of VMO as a knee joint extension torque generator. Sixteen healthy male volunteers participated in this study. Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) was performed on VMO at 60° knee angle for 20 min to induce muscle fatigue. Knee extension twitch torques (TT) at 90° and 30° knee angle evoked by femoral nerve stimulation were measured before and after EMS. Although each TT at 90° and 30° knee angle significantly decreased after EMS, the decreased TT rate in both joint angles showed no significant difference. Our results show that VMO might contribute to the generation of the knee joint torque at the same level in the range from flexion to extension. Therefore, it was suggested that the facilitating the neural drive for VMO is important during the quadriceps femoris muscle strengthening exercise. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Functional Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System)

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15 pages, 256 KiB

Open AccessReview

Achilles Tendon Rupture: Mechanisms of Injury, Principles of Rehabilitation and Return to Play

by Domiziano Tarantino, Stefano Palermi, Felice Sirico and Bruno Corrado

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(4), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5040095 - 17 Dec 2020

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 19142

Abstract

The Achilles tendon is the thickest, strongest and largest tendon in the human body, but despite its size and tensile strength, it frequently gets injured. Achilles tendon ruptures (ATRs) mainly occur during sports activities, and their incidence has increased over the last few [...] Read more.

The Achilles tendon is the thickest, strongest and largest tendon in the human body, but despite its size and tensile strength, it frequently gets injured. Achilles tendon ruptures (ATRs) mainly occur during sports activities, and their incidence has increased over the last few decades. Achilles tendon tears necessitate a prolonged recovery time, sometimes leaving long-term functional limitations. Treatment options include conservative treatment and surgical repair. There is no consensus on which is the best treatment for ATRs, and their management is still controversial. Limited scientific evidence is available for optimized rehabilitation regimen and on the course of recovery after ATRs. Furthermore, there are no universally accepted outcomes regarding the return to play (RTP) process. Therefore, the aim of this narrative review is to give an insight into the mechanism of injuries of an ATR, related principles of rehabilitation, and RTP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Exercises in Musculoskeletal Disorders—3th Edition)

11 pages, 231 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Beneficial Effects of Physical Activity on Subjects with Neurodegenerative Disease

by Laura Vizzi, Elvira Padua, Agata Grazia D’Amico, Virginia Tancredi, Giovanna D’Arcangelo, Ida Cariati, Manuel Scimeca, Grazia Maugeri, Velia D’Agata and Michela Montorsi

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(4), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5040094 - 16 Dec 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2746

Abstract

Studies on the effectiveness of physical exercise to treat and/or prevent mental disorders are essential and particularly appropriate, given the rapid growth of the elderly population and the consequent increase in the prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases. The onset of neurodegenerative diseases is subtle, [...] Read more.

Studies on the effectiveness of physical exercise to treat and/or prevent mental disorders are essential and particularly appropriate, given the rapid growth of the elderly population and the consequent increase in the prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases. The onset of neurodegenerative diseases is subtle, and progression is irreversible, as there is still no cure capable of stopping them permanently. Therefore, we should not underestimate these diseases and should immediately begin to combine the treatment with physical activity adapted to specific needs. Indeed, it is well known that physical activity has positive effects on mobility, autonomy, and functional capacity, improving not only cognitive functions, but also reducing the risk of developing dementia. Despite several studies in this field, to date there are no specific and effective protocols that promote physical exercise in people with dementia. Based on this evidence, the aim of the present work was to verify whether an adapted physical exercise regimen could promote the maintenance of psychomotor functions in elderly subjects and, therefore, delay the irreversible effects of combinations of dementia and other pathologies associated with aging. Our results clearly show that exercise is very effective in improving psychomotor functions and delaying the progress of neurodegenerative diseases in humans, since we observed that the subjects maintained their cognitive skills after 8 months of physical activity, moreover, two patients presented an amelioration. Based on the results obtained, we recommend that the motor practice, in any chosen form, be considered an integral part of prevention programs based on an active lifestyle in older people. Future studies will be necessary to establish how long lasting the benefits of a specific physical activity are and whether they are enough to delay cognitive decline. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity Improves Muscle-Cognitive Performance: Impact in Quality of Life)

9 pages, 3186 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Potential Use of Wearable Sensors to Assess Cumulative Kidney Trauma in Endurance Off-Road Running

by Daniel Rojas-Valverde, Rafael Timón, Braulio Sánchez-Ureña, José Pino-Ortega, Ismael Martínez-Guardado and Guillermo Olcina

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(4), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5040093 - 14 Dec 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2024

Abstract

(1) Background: This study aimed to explore wearable sensors′ potential use to assess cumulative mechanical kidney trauma during endurance off-road running. (2) Methods: 18 participants (38.78 ± 10.38 years, 73.24 ± 12.6 kg, 172.17 ± 9.48 cm) ran 36 k off-road race wearing [...] Read more.

(1) Background: This study aimed to explore wearable sensors′ potential use to assess cumulative mechanical kidney trauma during endurance off-road running. (2) Methods: 18 participants (38.78 ± 10.38 years, 73.24 ± 12.6 kg, 172.17 ± 9.48 cm) ran 36 k off-road race wearing a Magnetic, Angular Rate and Gravity (MARG) sensor attached to their lower back. Impacts in g forces were recorded throughout the race using the MARG sensor. Two blood samples were collected immediately pre- and post-race: serum creatinine (sCr) and albumin (sALB). (3) Results: Sixteen impact variables were grouped using principal component analysis in four different principal components (PC) that explained 90% of the total variance. The 4th PC predicted 24% of the percentage of change (∆%) of sCr and the 3rd PC predicted the ∆% of sALB by 23%. There were pre- and post-race large changes in sCr and sALB (p ≤ 0.01) and 33% of participants met acute kidney injury diagnosis criteria. (4) Conclusions: The data related to impacts could better explain the cumulative mechanical kidney trauma during mountain running, opening a new range of possibilities using technology to better understand how the number and magnitude of the g-forces involved in off-road running could potentially affect kidney function. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Evaluation and Prescription)

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11 pages, 584 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Four Minutes of Sprint Interval Training Had No Acute Effect on Improving Alertness, Mood, and Memory of Female Primary School Children and Secondary School Adolescents: A Randomized Controlled Trial

by Terence Chua, Abdul Rashid Aziz and Michael Chia

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(4), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5040092 - 14 Dec 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2240

Abstract

We investigated whether a 4-min sprint interval training (SIT) protocol had an acute effect (15 min after) on improving alertness, mood, and memory recall in female students. Sixty-three children and 131 adolescents were randomly assigned to either a SIT or control (CON) group [...] Read more.

We investigated whether a 4-min sprint interval training (SIT) protocol had an acute effect (15 min after) on improving alertness, mood, and memory recall in female students. Sixty-three children and 131 adolescents were randomly assigned to either a SIT or control (CON) group by the class Physical Education (PE) teachers. The SIT intervention was delivered twice a week for 3 weeks. SIT participants performed three, 20-s ‘all-out’ effort sprints interspersed with 60-s intervals of walking while CON group sat down and rested. PE lessons were arranged such that the first two sessions were to familiarise participants with the SIT protocol leading to acute assessments conducted on the third session. On that occasion, both groups rated their alertness and mood on a single-item hedonic scale and underwent an adapted memory recall test. The same assessments were administered to both groups fifteen minutes after delivery of SIT intervention. A 4-min SIT involving three, 20 s ‘all-out’ effort intensity sprints did not have an acute main effect on improving alertness, mood and, memory recall in female children (η_p² = 0.009) and adolescents (η_p² = 0.012). Students’ exercise adherence and feedback from PE teachers are indicatives of the potential scalability of incorporating SIT into PE programmes. Different work-to-rest ratios could be used in future studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Promotion in Children and Adolescents through Sport and Physical Activities—2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 1237 KiB

Open AccessReview

Isometric Mid-Thigh Pull Performance in Rugby Players: A Systematic Literature Review

by Eric A. Martin and George K. Beckham

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(4), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5040091 - 08 Dec 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 7025

Abstract

The isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) is a multi-joint test of whole-body force production relevant to rugby players. “Rugby AND (mid-thigh pull OR midthigh pull OR mid thigh pull” were searched in PubMed, Sportdiscus, Academic Search Premier, CINAHL Plus with Full Text, and Google [...] Read more.

The isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) is a multi-joint test of whole-body force production relevant to rugby players. “Rugby AND (mid-thigh pull OR midthigh pull OR mid thigh pull” were searched in PubMed, Sportdiscus, Academic Search Premier, CINAHL Plus with Full Text, and Google Scholar; the final date of search was 24 January 2018. Data extraction from 24 articles included subject characteristics, force data, and IMTP testing procedures. Select ranges of peak forces reported were: Youth: 1162–2374 N; Academy: 1855–3104 N; Professional: 2254–3851 N. Rate of force development (RFD) at 100 and 200 ms ranged from 5521 to 11,892 N and 5403 to 8405 N, respectively, among professional rugby players. Studies’ research design were of moderate quality, but most studies lacked detailed reporting of IMTP procedures. Variability of force characteristics derived from the IMTP within similar populations (e.g., approximately 200% difference in peak force between samples of professional rugby league players) as well as large and unexpected overlaps between dissimilar populations, limit conclusions about force production capabilities relative to playing level, likely due to limitations and lack of standardization of IMTP procedures. Greater uniformity in IMTP testing procedures and reporting is needed. This manuscript provides a guide for reporting needs when presenting results from an IMTP in research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Muscular Strength and Its Influence on Performance Outcomes)

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8 pages, 2914 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Histological and Immunofluorescence Study of Discal Ligaments in Human Temporomandibular Joint

by Michele Runci Anastasi, Antonio Centofanti, Alba Arco, Giovanna Vermiglio, Fabiana Nicita, Giuseppe Santoro, Piero Cascone, Giuseppe Pio Anastasi, Giuseppina Rizzo and Giuseppina Cutroneo

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(4), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5040090 - 08 Dec 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2650

Abstract

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a bilateral synovial articulation stabilized by several anatomical structures such as ligaments. The existence of articular capsule reinforcement structures have been described in the lateral and medial sides of disc which have been defined as collateral ligaments, lateral [...] Read more.

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a bilateral synovial articulation stabilized by several anatomical structures such as ligaments. The existence of articular capsule reinforcement structures have been described in the lateral and medial sides of disc which have been defined as collateral ligaments, lateral and medial. Despite that, some macroscopic observations support that these collateral ligaments do not belong to the articular capsule but they belong to the disc. By that, the aim of the present work was to evaluate morphological aspects of TMJ from cadaveric frozen heads by histological and immunofluorescence techniques in order to verify the origin and insertion of lateral and medial collateral ligaments. Results show that both lateral and medial ligaments origin from the disc and insert directly to the articular cartilage of mandibula condyle. These data open a new approach in the study of human TMJ. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Exercises in Musculoskeletal Disorders—3th Edition)

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9 pages, 895 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Video Observation and Motor Imagery on Simple Reaction Time in Cadet Pilots

by Felice Sirico, Veronica Romano, Anna Maria Sacco, Immacolata Belviso, Vittoria Didonna, Daria Nurzynska, Clotilde Castaldo, Stefano Palermi, Giuseppe Sannino, Elisabetta Della Valle, Stefania Montagnani and Franca Di Meglio

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(4), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5040089 - 05 Dec 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2669

Abstract

Neuromotor training can improve motor performance in athletes and patients. However, few data are available about their effect on reaction time (RT). We investigated the influence of video observation/motor imagery (VO/MI) on simple RT to visual and auditory stimuli. The experimental group comprised [...] Read more.

Neuromotor training can improve motor performance in athletes and patients. However, few data are available about their effect on reaction time (RT). We investigated the influence of video observation/motor imagery (VO/MI) on simple RT to visual and auditory stimuli. The experimental group comprised 21 cadets who performed VO/MI training over 4 weeks. Nineteen cadets completed a sham intervention as control. The main outcome measure was RT to auditory and visual stimuli for the upper and lower limbs. The RT to auditory stimuli improved significantly post-intervention in both groups (control vs. experimental mean change for upper limbs: −40 ms vs. −40 ms, p = 0.0008; for lower limbs: −50 ms vs. −30 ms, p = 0.0174). A trend towards reduced RT to visual stimuli was observed (for upper limbs: −30 ms vs. −20 ms, p = 0.0876; for lower limbs: −30 ms vs. −20 ms, p = 0.0675). The interaction term was not significant. Only the specific VO/MI training produced a linear correlation between the improvement in the RT to auditory and visual stimuli for the upper (r = 0.703) and lower limbs (r = 0.473). In conclusion, VO/MI training does not improve RT when compared to control, but it may be useful in individuals who need to simultaneously develop a fast response to different types of stimuli. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Evaluation and Prescription)

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17 pages, 1639 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Participants’ Anthropometry on Muscle Activation Levels While Interacting with the Level of Expertise, Task Type, and Single Muscles

by Morteza Nagahi, Niamat Ullah Ibne Hossain, Vidanelage L. Dayarathna, Sofia Karam, Kari Babski-Reeves and Raed Jaradat

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(4), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5040088 - 04 Dec 2020

Viewed by 2651

Abstract

In this research paper, we implemented a mixed factor design in order to investigate the effect of four anthropometries: height, weight, lower-arm dimensions, and upper-arm dimensions on the muscle activation level of participants when interacting with three types of moderators: experiment expertise, task [...] Read more.

In this research paper, we implemented a mixed factor design in order to investigate the effect of four anthropometries: height, weight, lower-arm dimensions, and upper-arm dimensions on the muscle activation level of participants when interacting with three types of moderators: experiment expertise, task type, and muscle type. The research paper focused on two levels of expertise (novice and expert), two tasks (deck-building and picket installation), and four arm muscles (Brachioradialis (BR), Extensor Carpi Ulnaris (ECU), Flexor Carpi Radialis (FCR), and Flexor Carpi Ulnaris (FCU)), which resulted in 16 (2 × 2 × 4) groups. For each of the 16 groups, the data were analyzed in order to investigate the relationship between the four anthropometries and the four muscle activation levels of the participants. Amos software (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA), along with multiple group structural equation modeling, was used to test a total of 16 direct relationships, as well as the moderation effects in the designed experiment. The results show that the participants’ expertise can moderate the relationship between their height and muscle activation levels, the relationship between their weight and muscle activation levels, and the relationship between their lower arm dimensions and muscle activation levels. Moreover, the findings of this research paper demonstrate that the relationship between the lower arm dimensions and muscle activation levels, and the relationship between weight and muscle activation levels are moderated by the type of muscle used by the participants (i.e., BR, ECU, FCR, and FCU). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Exercises in Musculoskeletal Disorders—3th Edition)

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9 pages, 1913 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

A Visualization Template for the Graphical Representation of Sport Injury Antecedents and Consequences Models and Data

by Britton W. Brewer and Travis P. Van Brewer

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(4), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5040087 - 25 Nov 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1886

Abstract

A template for visually representing factors affecting and affected by the occurrence of sport injury is presented. The visualization template is designed to facilitate comparison among graphic depictions of models and data pertaining to the antecedents and consequences of sport injury. Innovative aspects [...] Read more.

A template for visually representing factors affecting and affected by the occurrence of sport injury is presented. The visualization template is designed to facilitate comparison among graphic depictions of models and data pertaining to the antecedents and consequences of sport injury. Innovative aspects and limitations of the visualization template are highlighted, and future applications of the visualization template are discussed. Full article

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4 pages, 187 KiB

Open AccessReply

A Reply to Contrary to the Conclusions Stated in the Paper, Only Dry Fat-Free Mass Was Different between Groups upon Reanalysis—Comment on: “Intermittent Energy Restriction Attenuates the Loss of Fat-Free Mass in Resistance Trained Individuals: A Randomized Controlled Trial”

by Bill I. Campbell

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(4), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5040086 - 24 Nov 2020

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2025

Abstract

We would like to thank Dr [...] Full article

4 pages, 211 KiB

Open AccessComment

Contrary to the Conclusions Stated in the Paper, Only Dry Fat-Free Mass Was Different between Groups upon Reanalysis. Comment on: “Intermittent Energy Restriction Attenuates the Loss of Fat-Free Mass in Resistance Trained Individuals. A Randomized Controlled Trial”

by Jackson Peos, Andrew W. Brown, Colby J. Vorland, David B. Allison and Amanda Sainsbury

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(4), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5040085 - 20 Nov 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3622

Abstract

Campbell and colleagues recently published a randomised controlled trial investigating the effects of diets involving intermittent energy restriction versus continuous energy restriction on changes in body composition and resting metabolic rate (RMR) in resistance-trained adults[...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Sports Nutrition: Body Composition and Performance)

10 pages, 1438 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does Warm-up Type Matter? A Comparison between Traditional and Functional Inertial Warm-up in Young Soccer Players

by Giovanni Fiorilli, Federico Quinzi, Andrea Buonsenso, Giulia Di Martino, Marco Centorbi, Arrigo Giombini, Giuseppe Calcagno and Alessandra di Cagno

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(4), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5040084 - 19 Nov 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2743

Abstract

Functional inertial training, a popular high-intensity training mode, provides high neuromuscular activation, developing proprioception, postural control, power, and sprint time. Aim of the study was to assess the acute effects of two types of warm-up (WU), inertial warm-up (IWU) vs. traditional warm-up (TWU), [...] Read more.

Functional inertial training, a popular high-intensity training mode, provides high neuromuscular activation, developing proprioception, postural control, power, and sprint time. Aim of the study was to assess the acute effects of two types of warm-up (WU), inertial warm-up (IWU) vs. traditional warm-up (TWU), on explosive and reactive strength, sprint, and Change of Directions (COD) in young soccer players. In a randomized cross-over design study, twelve soccer players (aged 13.3 ± 0.7) performed 16 min of IWU and 16 min of TWU. IWU and TWU were spaced two weeks apart. Pre and post intervention tests, aimed at assessing explosive and reactive strength, sprint, and COD ability included: Squat Jump test (SJ), Countermovement Jump test (CMJ), Drop Jump test (DJ), Seven Repetition Hopping test (7R-HOP), 40 m-sprint test (40 m), and Illinois Agility Test (IAT). RM-ANOVA, used to compare differences between IWU and TWU effects (the level of significance set at ρ ≤ 0.05), showed enhanced performance after the IWU compared to the TWU. In addition, the effects of the IWU on performance lasted longer after the IWU than after the TWU. For IAT, the enhanced effects of IWU on performance lasted up to ten minutes after the administration of the IWU. Our results suggest that IWU affects functional changes displaying earlier adaptation in explosive and reactive strength with longer lasting effects compared to TWU and it could be recommended in young soccer athletes as a WU procedure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Exercises in Musculoskeletal Disorders—3th Edition)

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11 pages, 1097 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nutritional Therapy for Athletes with Diabetes

by Francesca Cannata, Gianluca Vadalà, Luca Ambrosio, Rocco Papalia and Nicola Napoli

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(4), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5040083 - 13 Nov 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3869

Abstract

Diabetes is a worldwide disease also affecting the sports field. The two main forms of diabetes, namely type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), differ in both their pathological and pharmacological characteristics and thus require a distinct nutritional treatment. Diet plays [...] Read more.

Diabetes is a worldwide disease also affecting the sports field. The two main forms of diabetes, namely type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), differ in both their pathological and pharmacological characteristics and thus require a distinct nutritional treatment. Diet plays an important role in the management of athletes with diabetes and is crucial to achieving their best performance. This review aims to investigate the objectives of nutritional therapy before, during and after training, in order to improve the best composition of macronutrients during meals. In this review, we provide a brief overview of recent studies about nutritional approaches to people with diabetes for performance optimization and for the control of diabetes-related complications. Thereafter, we discuss the differences between macronutrients and dietary intake before, during and after training. It can be concluded that each sport has particular characteristics in terms of endurance and power, hence demanding a specific energy expenditure and consequent nutritional adjustments. Therefore, the management of athletes with diabetes must be personalized and supported by medical professionals, including a diabetologist, physiologist and a nutritionist. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sports Medicine and Nutrition)

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14 pages, 2282 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nordic Walking and Free Walking Improve the Quality of Life, Cognitive Function, and Depressive Symptoms in Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial

by Elren Passos-Monteiro, Felipe B. Schuch, Leandro T. Franzoni, Alberito R. Carvalho, Natalia A. Gomeñuka, Marindia Becker, Carlos R. M. Rieder, Alexandro Andrade, Flávia G. Martinez, Aline S. Pagnussat and Leonardo A. Peyré-Tartaruga

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(4), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5040082 - 10 Nov 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4629

Abstract

Nordic walking’s (NW) degree of effectiveness regarding health-related parameters in people with Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a subject of debate. While NW seems to improve functionality, a clear non-motor benefit has not been demonstrated. The aim of this randomized controlled trial was to [...] Read more.

Nordic walking’s (NW) degree of effectiveness regarding health-related parameters in people with Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a subject of debate. While NW seems to improve functionality, a clear non-motor benefit has not been demonstrated. The aim of this randomized controlled trial was to compare the effects of 9-week NW and free walking (FW) training programs on quality of life, cognitive function, and depressive symptoms in individuals with PD. Thirty-three people with PD, (Hoehn and Yahr 1–4) were randomized into two groups: NW (n = 16) and FW (n = 17). We analyzed quality of life, cognitive function, depressive symptoms, and motor symptoms. Significant improvements were found in the overall, physical, psychological, social participation, and intimacy domains of quality of life, as well as in cognitive function and depressive symptoms for both groups. Only the NW group showed improvement in the autonomy domain. Individuals with PD had a similar enhancement of non-motor symptoms after walking training, with or without poles. However, the NW group showed a more significant improvement in the autonomy domain, strengthening the applied and clinical potential of NW in people with PD. Future studies are needed to determine the efficacy of walking training without poles in subjects with PD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise and Neurodegenerative Disease)

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20 pages, 266 KiB

Open AccessReview

Various Factors May Modulate the Effect of Exercise on Testosterone Levels in Men

by Ruba Riachy, Kevin McKinney and Demidmaa R. Tuvdendorj

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(4), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5040081 - 07 Nov 2020

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 30215

Abstract

Exercise has been proposed to increase serum testosterone concentrations. The analysis of existing literature demonstrates a large degree of variability in hormonal changes during exercise. In our manuscript, we summarized and reviewed the literature, and concluded that this variability can be explained by [...] Read more.

Exercise has been proposed to increase serum testosterone concentrations. The analysis of existing literature demonstrates a large degree of variability in hormonal changes during exercise. In our manuscript, we summarized and reviewed the literature, and concluded that this variability can be explained by the effect of numerous factors, such as (a) the use of different types of exercise (e.g., endurance vs. resistance); (b) training intensity and/or duration of resting periods; (c) study populations (e.g., young vs. elderly; lean vs. obese; sedentary vs. athletes); and (d) the time point when serum testosterone was measured (e.g., during or immediately after vs. several minutes or hours after the exercise). Although exercise increases plasma testosterone concentrations, this effect depends on many factors, including the aforementioned ones. Future studies should focus on clarifying the metabolic and molecular mechanisms whereby exercise may affect serum testosterone concentrations in the short and long-terms, and furthermore, how this affects downstream mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Athletic Training and Human Performance)

9 pages, 2845 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Immunofluorescence Evaluation of Myf5 and MyoD in Masseter Muscle of Unilateral Posterior Crossbite Patients

by Giovanna Vermiglio, Antonio Centofanti, Guglielmo Ramieri, Michele Tepedino, Michele Runci Anastasi, Antonio Girolamo Micali, Alba Arco and Maria Grazia Piancino

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(4), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5040080 - 07 Nov 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1971

Abstract

A unilateral posterior crossbite is a malocclusion where the low activity of the affected masseter muscle is compensated by the contralateral muscle hypertrophy. It is still unknown if, in the same condition, myogenesis with new fibre formation takes place. Aim: the aim of [...] Read more.

A unilateral posterior crossbite is a malocclusion where the low activity of the affected masseter muscle is compensated by the contralateral muscle hypertrophy. It is still unknown if, in the same condition, myogenesis with new fibre formation takes place. Aim: the aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression of myogenesis markers, such as Myf5 and MyoD, in masseter muscles of unilateral posterior crossbite patients. Materials and methods: biopsies from fifteen surgical patients with unilateral posterior crossbites have been analysed by immunofluorescence reactions. The results show the expression of Myf5 and MyoD in the contralateral muscle but not in the ipsilateral one. Moreover, statistical analysis shows the higher number of satellite cells in the contralateral side if compared to the ipsilateral one. Conclusions: these results suggest that in contralateral muscle, hyperplastic events take place, as well as hypertrophy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Exercises in Musculoskeletal Disorders—3th Edition)

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10 pages, 1291 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Low Body Fat Does Not Influence Recovery after Muscle-Damaging Lower-Limb Plyometrics in Young Male Team Sport Athletes

by John F. T. Fernandes, Kevin L. Lamb and Craig Twist

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(4), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5040079 - 05 Nov 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2200

Abstract

Aim: This study assessed the influence of fat mass to fat-free mass ratio (FM:FFM) on recovery from plyometric exercise. Method: After assessment of body composition, 20 male team sport players (age 20.7 ± 1.1 years; body mass 77.1 ± 11.5 kg) were divided [...] Read more.

Aim: This study assessed the influence of fat mass to fat-free mass ratio (FM:FFM) on recovery from plyometric exercise. Method: After assessment of body composition, 20 male team sport players (age 20.7 ± 1.1 years; body mass 77.1 ± 11.5 kg) were divided into low- (n = 10; 0.11 ± 0.03) and normal- (n = 10; 0.27 ± 0.09) fat groups based on FM:FFM ratio. Thereafter, participants completed measurements of knee extensor torque at 60 and 240°∙s⁻¹, countermovement jump flight time, plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity and perceived muscle soreness (VAS) before and at 0, 24 and 48 h after 10 × 10 maximal plyometric vertical jumps. Results: Evidence of muscle damage was confirmed by alterations in VAS, peak torque at 60 and 240°∙s⁻¹ and flight time at 0, 24 and 48 h after plyometric exercise (P < 0.05). CK was increased at 0 and 24 h (P < 0.05) but returned to baseline values by 48 h. No time by group effects were observed for any of the dependent variables (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The current findings indicate that while muscle damage was present after plyometric exercise, the magnitude was similar across the two body composition groups. Applied practitioners can allow for a similar recovery time after plyometric exercise in those with low and normal body fat. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Exercises in Musculoskeletal Disorders—3th Edition)

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14 pages, 545 KiB

Open AccessReview

Fatigability and Cardiorespiratory Impairments in Parkinson’s Disease: Potential Non-Motor Barriers to Activity Performance

by Andrew E. Pechstein, Jared M. Gollie and Andrew A. Guccione

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(4), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5040078 - 31 Oct 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3818

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative condition after Alzheimer’s disease, affecting an estimated 160 per 100,000 people 65 years of age or older. Fatigue is a debilitating non-motor symptom frequently reported in PD, often manifesting prior to disease diagnosis, persisting [...] Read more.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative condition after Alzheimer’s disease, affecting an estimated 160 per 100,000 people 65 years of age or older. Fatigue is a debilitating non-motor symptom frequently reported in PD, often manifesting prior to disease diagnosis, persisting over time, and negatively affecting quality of life. Fatigability, on the other hand, is distinct from fatigue and describes the magnitude or rate of change over time in the performance of activity (i.e., performance fatigability) and sensations regulating the integrity of the performer (i.e., perceived fatigability). While fatigability has been relatively understudied in PD as compared to fatigue, it has been hypothesized that the presence of elevated levels of fatigability in PD results from the interactions of homeostatic, psychological, and central factors. Evidence from exercise studies supports the premise that greater disturbances in metabolic homeostasis may underly elevated levels of fatigability in people with PD when engaging in physical activity. Cardiorespiratory impairments constraining oxygen delivery and utilization may contribute to the metabolic alterations and excessive fatigability experienced in individuals with PD. Cardiorespiratory fitness is often reduced in people with PD, likely due to the combined effects of biological aging and impairments specific to the disease. Decreases in oxygen delivery (e.g., reduced cardiac output and impaired blood pressure responses) and oxygen utilization (e.g., reduced skeletal muscle oxidative capacity) compromise skeletal muscle respiration, forcing increased reliance on anaerobic metabolism. Thus, the assessment of fatigability in people with PD may provide valuable information regarding the functional status of people with PD not obtained with measures of fatigue. Moreover, interventions that target cardiorespiratory fitness may improve fatigability, movement performance, and health outcomes in this patient population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatigue and Motor Performance: A Way to Understand How the Human Body Adapts to Exercise)

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9 pages, 966 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Physical and Metabolic Changes after Ileal Pouch-Anal Anastomosis: A Case Study

by Jacob Erickson, Patrick Harty, Paul Molling, Richie Stecker, Chad Kerksick and Andrew Jagim

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(4), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5040077 - 28 Oct 2020

Viewed by 2094

Abstract

This case study examined changes in body composition, resting metabolic rate (RMR), aerobic capacity, and daily physical activity in a patient who had ulcerative colitis and underwent ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) surgery. Body composition, RMR, and peak oxygen consumption (VO₂peak) were [...] Read more.

This case study examined changes in body composition, resting metabolic rate (RMR), aerobic capacity, and daily physical activity in a patient who had ulcerative colitis and underwent ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) surgery. Body composition, RMR, and peak oxygen consumption (VO₂peak) were assessed prior to surgery and four, eight, and 16 weeks after IPAA surgery. Daily physical activity data were extracted from a wrist-worn activity tracker preoperatively and 16 months postoperatively. At baseline, total body mass was 95.3 kg; body fat, 11.6%; lean body mass, 81.1 kg; RMR, 2416 kcal/d; and VO₂peak, 42.7 mL/kg/min. All values decreased from baseline at four weeks postoperatively, body mass was 85.2 kg (−10.5%); body fat, 10.9% (−6.0%); lean body mass, 73.1 kg (−9.9%); RMR 2210 kcal/d (−8.5%) and VO₂peak, 25.5 mL/kg/min (−40.3%). At 16 weeks postoperatively, most parameters were near their baseline levels (within 1–7%), exceptions were VO₂peak, which was 20.4% below baseline, and RMR, which increased to nearly 20% above baseline. After the patient had IPAA surgery, his total and lean body masses, RMR, and aerobic capacity were markedly decreased. Daily physical activity decreased postoperatively and likely contributed to the decreased aerobic capacity, which may take longer to recover compared to body composition and RMR parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sports Medicine and Nutrition)

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25 pages, 454 KiB

Open AccessReview

Emphasizing Task-Specific Hypertrophy to Enhance Sequential Strength and Power Performance

by S. Kyle Travis, Ai Ishida, Christopher B. Taber, Andrew C. Fry and Michael H. Stone

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(4), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5040076 - 27 Oct 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 8509

Abstract

While strength is indeed a skill, most discussions have primarily considered structural adaptations rather than ultrastructural augmentation to improve performance. Altering the structural component of the muscle is often the aim of hypertrophic training, yet not all hypertrophy is equal; such alterations are [...] Read more.

While strength is indeed a skill, most discussions have primarily considered structural adaptations rather than ultrastructural augmentation to improve performance. Altering the structural component of the muscle is often the aim of hypertrophic training, yet not all hypertrophy is equal; such alterations are dependent upon how the muscle adapts to the training stimuli and overall training stress. When comparing bodybuilders to strength and power athletes such as powerlifters, weightlifters, and throwers, while muscle size may be similar, the ability to produce force and power is often inequivalent. Thus, performance differences go beyond structural changes and may be due to the muscle’s ultrastructural constituents and training induced adaptations. Relative to potentiating strength and power performances, eliciting specific ultrastructural changes should be a variable of interest during hypertrophic training phases. By focusing on task-specific hypertrophy, it may be possible to achieve an optimal amount of hypertrophy while deemphasizing metabolic and aerobic components that are often associated with high-volume training. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to briefly address different types of hypertrophy and provide directions for practitioners who are aiming to achieve optimal rather than maximal hypertrophy, as it relates to altering ultrastructural muscular components, to potentiate strength and power performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Sport Physiology and Performance)

16 pages, 1191 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Muscle Synergies Reliability in the Power Clean Exercise

by Paulo D. G. Santos, João R. Vaz, Paulo F. Correia, Maria J. Valamatos, António P. Veloso and Pedro Pezarat-Correia

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(4), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5040075 - 22 Oct 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3561

Abstract

Muscle synergy extraction has been utilized to investigate muscle coordination in human movement, namely in sports. The reliability of the method has been proposed, although it has not been assessed previously during a complex sportive task. Therefore, the aim of the study was [...] Read more.

Muscle synergy extraction has been utilized to investigate muscle coordination in human movement, namely in sports. The reliability of the method has been proposed, although it has not been assessed previously during a complex sportive task. Therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate intra- and inter-day reliability of a strength training complex task, the power clean, assessing participants’ variability in the task across sets and days. Twelve unexperienced participants performed four sets of power cleans in two test days after strength tests, and muscle synergies were extracted from electromyography (EMG) data of 16 muscles. Three muscle synergies accounted for almost 90% of variance accounted for (VAF) across sets and days. Intra-day VAF, muscle synergy vectors, synergy activation coefficients and individual EMG profiles showed high similarity values. Inter-day muscle synergy vectors had moderate similarity, while the variables regarding temporal activation were still strongly related. The present findings revealed that the muscle synergies extracted during the power clean remained stable across sets and days in unexperienced participants. Thus, the mathematical procedure for the extraction of muscle synergies through nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) may be considered a reliable method to study muscle coordination adaptations from muscle strength programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Kinesiology and Biomechanics)

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12 pages, 284 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

The “Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology” Journal Club Series: Highlights on Recent Papers in Corrective Exercise

by Antonino Bianco, Silvio Lorenzetti, Jan Seiler, Heiliane de Brito Fontana, Walter Herzog, Gessica Aline Silvano, Heron Baptista de Oliveira Medeiros and Giuseppe Musumeci

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(4), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5040074 - 14 Oct 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3970

Abstract

We are glad to introduce the Journal Club of Volume Five, fourth Issue. This edition is focused on relevant studies published in the last few years in the field of corrective exercise, chosen by our Editorial Board members and their colleagues. We hope [...] Read more.

We are glad to introduce the Journal Club of Volume Five, fourth Issue. This edition is focused on relevant studies published in the last few years in the field of corrective exercise, chosen by our Editorial Board members and their colleagues. We hope to stimulate your curiosity in this field and to share a passion for sport with you, seen also from the scientific point of view. The Editorial Board members wish you an inspiring lecture. Full article

7 pages, 452 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Bioimpedance Vector References Need to Be Period-Specific for Assessing Body Composition and Cellular Health in Elite Soccer Players: A Brief Report

by Tindaro Bongiovanni, Gabriele Mascherini, Federico Genovesi, Giulio Pasta, Fedon Marcello Iaia, Athos Trecroci, Marco Ventimiglia, Giampietro Alberti and Francesco Campa

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(4), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5040073 - 01 Oct 2020

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 2953

Abstract

Purpose: Bioimpedance data through bioimpedance vector analysis (BIVA) is used to evaluate cellular function and body fluid content. This study aimed to (i) identify whether BIVA patters differ according to the competitive period and (ii) provide specific references for assessing bioelectric properties at [...] Read more.

Purpose: Bioimpedance data through bioimpedance vector analysis (BIVA) is used to evaluate cellular function and body fluid content. This study aimed to (i) identify whether BIVA patters differ according to the competitive period and (ii) provide specific references for assessing bioelectric properties at the start of the season in male elite soccer players. Methods: The study included 131 male soccer players (age: 25.1 ± 4.7 yr, height: 183.4 ± 6.1 cm, weight: 79.3 ± 6.6) registered in the first Italian soccer division (Serie A). Bioimpedance analysis was performed just before the start of the competitive season and BIVA was applied. In order to verify the need for period-specific references, bioelectrical values measured at the start of the season were compared to the reference values for the male elite soccer player population. Results: The results of the two-sample Hotelling T² tests showed that in the bivariate interpretation of the raw bioimpedance parameters (resistance (R) and reactance (Xc)) the bioelectric properties significantly (T² = 15.3, F = 7.6, p ≤ 0.001, Mahalanobis D = 0.45) differ between the two phases of the competition analyzed. In particular, the mean impedance vector is more displaced to the left into the R-Xc graph at the beginning of the season than in the first half of the championship. Conclusions: For an accurate evaluation of body composition and cellular health, the tolerance ellipses displayed by BIVA approach into the R-Xc graph must be period-specific. This study provides new specific tolerance ellipses (R/H: 246 ± 32.1, Xc/H: 34.3 ± 5.1, r: 0.7) for performing BIVA at the beginning of the competitive season in male elite soccer players. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Evaluation and Prescription)

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10 pages, 340 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Body Composition Changes over Multiple Academic Years in Female Collegiate Soccer Players

by Austin Katona, Caroline Riewe, Angela Bruzina, Nicholas J Ollberding, Mary Ankrom, Jon Divine, Robert Mangine and Abigail Peairs

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(4), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5040072 - 28 Sep 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2517

Abstract

Body composition plays a key role in overall health and sports performance and its assessment is an important part of many athletic programs. The purpose of this study was to describe longitudinal changes in body composition for collegiate female soccer players in order [...] Read more.

Body composition plays a key role in overall health and sports performance and its assessment is an important part of many athletic programs. The purpose of this study was to describe longitudinal changes in body composition for collegiate female soccer players in order to provide data to inform future training and nutrition interventions for this population. A linear mixed-model (LMM) approach was used to analyze four years of pre- and post-season body composition data, including total mass, fat-free mass (FFM), fat mass, and body fat percentage (%BF) for 49 athletes. Athletes gained an average of 0.5 kg FFM during the season (p < 0.05) and increased total mass, FFM, fat mass, and %BF (2.5 kg, 1.1 kg, 1.7 kg, and 1.7%, respectively; p < 0.05) over four years. Freshmen experienced a 1.5 kg gain in total mass pre- to post-season (p < 0.05), while no changes in total mass or body composition were seen in other grade levels. Gains in %BF during the off season between Freshman and Sophomore years represented negative changes in body composition that should be addressed further. These results can help interdisciplinary athlete care teams optimize training programs in this population by understanding what changes are expected over multiple years. Normalizing these changes may also help the promotion of realistic body composition goals and the development of positive training and dietary habits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Sport Physiology and Performance)

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13 pages, 550 KiB

Open AccessReview

Evidence-Based Practice in Rehabilitation of Myasthenia Gravis. A Systematic Review of the Literature

by Bruno Corrado, Benedetto Giardulli and Massimo Costa

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(4), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5040071 - 27 Sep 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 10733

Abstract

Myasthenia gravis is a rare neuromuscular disorder characterized by muscle weakness and fatigue. This review analyzes the most recent evidence regarding the effectiveness and safety of different rehabilitative approaches to the disease. The review was carried out in accordance with the Preferred Reporting [...] Read more.

Myasthenia gravis is a rare neuromuscular disorder characterized by muscle weakness and fatigue. This review analyzes the most recent evidence regarding the effectiveness and safety of different rehabilitative approaches to the disease. The review was carried out in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A total of 365 articles were found in the main scientific databases. Applying the inclusion/exclusion criteria, 11 studies were admitted to the final phase of the review. Three different rehabilitative approaches were identified: physical training, respiratory training, and balance training. All rehabilitative modalities contributed to enhancing functional outcomes, reducing fatigue, and improving quality of life, but currently none can be recommended over another for the lack of cross-comparative studies. The included studies showed methodological quality from low to fair. Despite the range of rehabilitative interventions available, there is a lack of high-quality evidence. However, this review suggests that a multidisciplinary rehabilitation approach should be recommended to people with myasthenia gravis, and above all, for those with mild to moderate symptomatology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Exercises in Musculoskeletal Disorders—3th Edition)

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J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol., Volume 5, Issue 4 (December 2020) – 30 articles

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