Preparation and Performance Evaluation of a Self-Crosslinking Emulsion-Type Fracturing Fluid for Quasi-Dry CO2 Fracturing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Materials
2.2. Experimental Methods
2.2.1. IR Analyses
2.2.2. SEM Analyses
2.2.3. Thermogravimetric Analyses (TGA)
2.2.4. Test of Viscoelasticity
2.2.5. Tests of Temperature and Shear Resistance
2.2.6. Test of Gel Breaking Property
2.2.7. Method for the Frictional Drag Tests
2.2.8. Method for Testing Sand Suspension Properties
2.2.9. Method for Testing Core Damage
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Infrared Spectroscopic Analyses
3.2. Scanning Electron Microscope Tests
3.3. TGA Test Results
3.4. Viscoelasticity Test Results
3.5. Temperature and Shear Resistance Tests
3.6. Gel Breaking Properties
3.7. Frictional Drag Properties
3.8. Sand Suspension Properties
3.9. Evaluation of Core Damage
4. Field Application
4.1. Basic Situations of the Experimental Well
4.2. Construction Process and Effect Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Reservoir Formation, Rock and Fluid Properties | Typical Range (Collected from Literature) |
---|---|
Permeability | 1E-5-0.1 mD |
Porosity | 2–18% |
Reservoir temperature | 200–240°F |
Formation pressure | 3000–8000 psi |
Saturation pressure | 2500–3500 psi |
Ney pay thickness | 8–2600 ft |
Formation depth | 2000–14,000 ft |
Drive mechanism | Poor sweep and low-pressure connectivity |
Initial water saturation | 25–50% |
Pressure gradient | 0.42–0.7 psi/ft |
Rock type | Mixed-silt, limestone, sand & shale |
Thermal maturity (Ro) | 0.6–1.8% |
Wettability | Mixed to oil-wet |
Contact angle | 80°–145°vvv |
Oil–water interfacial tension (IFT) | 17–34 mN/m |
Natural fracture intensity | 0–32 per ft |
Clay content | 7–30% |
Total organic content | 0.1–12% |
Bulk density | 2.3–2.5 g/cm3 |
Grain density | 2.5–2.7 g/cm3 |
Rock grain size | Below 62.5 μm |
Average pore radius | 0.01–0.03 μm |
Oil density | 38–42 API |
Oil viscosity | Below 4.2 cP |
Gas oil ratio (GOR) | 500–1800 scf/stb |
Oil polarity | More towards paraffinic |
Fluid pH | Acidic |
Total acid number | 0.02–0.36 mg KOH/g |
Total base number | 0.12–1.16 mg KOH/g |
Brine specific gravity | Heavy |
Brine salinity | High |
Brine total dissolved solids (TDS) | 228,500–285,000 |
Fracturing Fluid System | Producer | Drag Reduction Rate/% | Viscosity of Gel Breaking Liquid/mPa.s | Temperature Resistance, Shear Resistance | Reservoir Damage Rate/% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
FR1-1 fracturing fluid system | Shandong Ruixing Petroleum Technology Service Co., Ltd. | 40 | 3.7~4.8 | 150 °C, 170 s−1 for 2 h, 40 mPa.s | 30 |
JNBY fracturing fluid system | Jinan Beyate Chemical Co., Ltd. | 40 | 3.5 | 120 °C, 170 s−1 for 2 h, 50 mPa.s | 26 |
Guar gum fracturing fluid system | Henan Yuanchun Chemical Co., Ltd. | 60 | <5 | 45 °C, 170 s−1 for 1.5 h, 100 mPa.s | 18 |
Guar gum fracturing fluid system | Hubei Dongsao Chemical Technology Co., Ltd. | 60 | <5 | 90 °C, 170 s−1 for 2 h, 70 mPa.s | 25 |
Environmental protection emulsion fracturing fluid system | Henan Tianxiang New Material Co., Ltd. | 55 | 4 | 70 °C, 170 s−1 for 2 h, 80 mPa.s | 15 |
BS-1A fracturing fluid system | Zhejiang Fenghong New Material Co., Ltd. | 65 | <5 | 40 °C, 170 s−1 for 2 h, 100 mPa.s | 25 |
ZL-1 fracturing fluid system | Lab homemade | 72 | 1.7 | 160 °C, 170 s−1 for 2 h, 100 mPa.s | 14 |
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Ion | Concentration, mg/L |
---|---|
Na+ | 7012.05 |
Ca2+ | 500.86 |
Mg2+ | 341.26 |
Cl− | 11,398.45 |
total | 19,252.62 |
No. | Length (cm) | Diameter (cm) | Permeability (mD) | Porosity (%) | Mean Permeability (mD) | Mean Porosity (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1# | 6.086 | 2.327 | 0.2156 | 7.24 | 0.386 | 8.65 |
2# | 6.968 | 2.331 | 0.2221 | 7.87 | ||
3# | 6.552 | 2.328 | 0.4507 | 8.33 | ||
4# | 6.724 | 2.326 | 0.4330 | 9.26 | ||
5# | 6.414 | 2.338 | 0.6115 | 10.55 |
Fracturing Fluid System | Temperature (℃) | Pressure (MPa) | Injection Quantity (%) | Permeability K1 (mD) | Permeability K2 (mD) | Core Damage Ratio Dd (%) | Mean Dd (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.5 wt% ZJL-1 fracturing fluid | 20 | 8 | 0.5 | 0.382 | 0.331 | 13.350 | 14.055 |
20 | 8 | 1.0 | 0.388 | 0.329 | 15.206 | ||
20 | 8 | 1.5 | 0.386 | 0.335 | 13.212 | ||
40 | 15 | 0.5 | 0.389 | 0.346 | 11.053 | ||
40 | 15 | 1.0 | 0.383 | 0.323 | 15.665 | ||
40 | 15 | 1.5 | 0.385 | 0.324 | 15.844 | ||
1.5 wt% Conventional guar fracturing fluid | 20 | 8 | 0.5 | 0.385 | 0.509 | 32.43 | 33.075 |
20 | 8 | 1.0 | 0.385 | 0.510 | 32.56 | ||
20 | 8 | 1.5 | 0.382 | 0.508 | 33.17 | ||
40 | 15 | 0.5 | 0.381 | 0.508 | 33.54 | ||
40 | 15 | 1.0 | 0.388 | 0.519 | 33.80 | ||
40 | 15 | 1.5 | 0.384 | 0.510 | 32.95 |
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Hu, J.; Fu, M.; Li, M.; Zheng, Y.; Li, G.; Hou, B. Preparation and Performance Evaluation of a Self-Crosslinking Emulsion-Type Fracturing Fluid for Quasi-Dry CO2 Fracturing. Gels 2023, 9, 156. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9020156
Hu J, Fu M, Li M, Zheng Y, Li G, Hou B. Preparation and Performance Evaluation of a Self-Crosslinking Emulsion-Type Fracturing Fluid for Quasi-Dry CO2 Fracturing. Gels. 2023; 9(2):156. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9020156
Chicago/Turabian StyleHu, Jiani, Meilong Fu, Minxuan Li, Yan Zheng, Guojun Li, and Baofeng Hou. 2023. "Preparation and Performance Evaluation of a Self-Crosslinking Emulsion-Type Fracturing Fluid for Quasi-Dry CO2 Fracturing" Gels 9, no. 2: 156. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9020156