Next Article in Journal
Influence of Ceria Addition on Crystallization Behavior and Properties of Mesoporous Bioactive Glasses in the SiO2–CaO–P2O5–CeO2 System
Next Article in Special Issue
Smart Antifreeze Hydrogels with Abundant Hydrogen Bonding for Conductive Flexible Sensors
Previous Article in Journal
Intranasal Delivery of Darunavir-Loaded Mucoadhesive In Situ Gel: Experimental Design, In Vitro Evaluation, and Pharmacokinetic Studies
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Gels
Volume 8
Issue 6
10.3390/gels8060343
gels-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Highly Efficient Adsorption of Heavy Metals and Cationic Dyes by Smart Functionalized Sodium Alginate Hydrogels

by
Tianzhu Shi
1,2,*,
Zhengfeng Xie
2,
Xinliang Mo
1,
Yulong Feng
1,
Tao Peng
1 and
Dandan Song
1
1
Department of Brewing Engineering, Moutai Institute, Renhuai 564500, China
2
Oil & Gas Field Applied Chemistry Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Gels 2022, 8(6), 343; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels8060343
Submission received: 11 May 2022 / Revised: 21 May 2022 / Accepted: 25 May 2022 / Published: 31 May 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Smart and Tough Hydrogels)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
In this paper, functionalized sodium alginate hydrogel (FSAH) was prepared to efficiently adsorb heavy metals and dyes. Hydrazide-functionalized sodium alginate (SA) prepared hydrazone groups to selectively capture heavy metals (Pb2+, Cd2+, and Cu2+), and another functional group (dopamine grafting), serves as sites for adsorption methylene blue (MB), malachite green (MG), crystal violet (CV). Thermodynamic parameters of adsorption indicated that the adsorption process is endothermic and spontaneous. The heavy metals adsorption by FSAH was physical adsorption mainly due to ΔHθ < 40 kJ/mol, and the adsorption of cationic dyes fitted with the Langmuir models, which indicated that the monolayer adsorption is dominated by hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, and π-π interactions. Moreover, the adsorption efficiency maintained above 70% after five adsorption-desorption cycles. To sum up, FSAH has great application prospect.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

In the process of rapid industrial development, it is easy to cause environmental pollution problems. The improper treatment of industrial waste water leads to the destruction of the water ecological environment [1]. In particular, heavy metals and dyes in sewage are very resistant to biodegradation, posing a serious threat to human health [2], for example, lead poisoning can cause brain damage and kidney and liver dysfunction; excessive malachite green can also cause nausea, abdominal pain, etc. [3,4,5,6,7]. The adsorption method is widely used due to its advantages of low-cost, simple-operation, and good selectivity. Heavy metals and dyes coexist in wastewater, and the current adsorption material treatment capacity limits its large-scale application [8,9,10,11]. Researchers are committed to developing adsorbents with large adsorption capacity, no secondary pollution, and wide application.
SA, a natural polysaccharide, is widely used in the food industry, pharmaceutical industry, rubber industry, and other industries. At the same time, SA as adsorption material to adsorb heavy metals and organic pollutions through physical and chemical modification, has attracted wide attention [12,13]. The chemical modification of SA can be divided into: the C–C bond of o-diol that was oxidized to dialdehyde or dicarboxylic groups; and COO– on SA was grafted to new groups, such as amides or esters [14].
Hydrazone is very sensitive to heavy metals and can easily coordinate to form coordination structures, [15,16,17,18]. DA (dopamine) has strong functional modification ability, and catechol and amine groups could form various hydrogen bonds to adsorb target pollutants [19,20,21]. DA-modification is a highly functional surface modification strategy. Combining the advantages of the hydrazone group and DA-modification, an SA-based adsorption material FSAH was prepared.
In this paper, the functional modification of sodium alginate was divided into two steps: the hydrazone group was prepared by using sodium alginate and biphthalate dihydrazide (BDD) based on the Schiff base reaction, and DA was grafted to form an amide carbonyl group to prepare the adsorbent FSAH. The adsorption capacity of heavy metals and dyes was evaluated, and pH, initial concentration, time, and reaction temperature were investigated. The adsorption isotherm equations, adsorption thermodynamics, and adsorption kinetics were analyzed in the adsorption process. According to FT-IR, SEM, and XPS analysis, the mechanism of FSAH adsorption of heavy metals and dyes was proposed. Adsorption–desorption experiments showed FSAH had broad application prospects in the removal of heavy metals and dyes.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Characterizations

2.1.1. SEM and EDS–Mapping Analysis

The microstructure and morphology of material before and after modification were recorded by SEM, respectively. The SA surface was smooth with dense small particles (Figure 1a), but the surface of FSAH (Figure 1b) showed rough, multi-fractured, and porous structure resulting from SA that was grafted with BDD and DA, respectively, and the specific surface area (BET) was increased. Figure 1c,d shows the C, O, and Na elements in SA by EDS–mapping as shown in Table S1, but the N element is added to FSAH after modification. The element content of C increased from 32.49 to 48.35%, however, O and Na contents decreased, respectively. The new element N increased to 25.88%, as shown in Table S5.

2.1.2. FT-IR and XPS Analysis

The infrared absorption spectra of FSAH, DSA (dialdehyde sodium alginate), and SA were determined using FT-IR spectroscopy (Figure 2a). The dialdehyde group (1731 cm−1) was generated by oxidation of the C–C bond in o-diol groups by NaIO4, and the stretching vibration of the aldehyde group proton was observed at 2910 and 2842 cm−1 of DSA [22]. In FSAH, the C=N imine and the N-H peak occurred at 1597 and 1003 cm−1, respectively, and the 1731 cm−1 peak vanished, indicating that the hydrazone group was successfully prepared [23]. The connection between δ N-H and ν C-N, as well as the C=N peak positions, created the amide II (1528 cm−1) and amide III (1283 cm−1) belts peaks, respectively.
As shown in Figure 2b,c, C 1s, O 1s, and N 1s core levels were investigated using deconvoluted fitting of complex spectra, and the N 1s, which was new peak, occurred in FSAH. The C 1s spectrum for SA displayed the bonds as being C–C, C–H bond (284.80 eV), O–C–O bond (286.29 eV), C–OH bond (286.88 eV), and C=O bond (288.01 eV), respectively [24,25]. However, a new peak of 287.70 eV appeared in C 1s of FSAH, belonging to the C=N bond in the hydrazone group, and the other three peaks BE shifted to 284.80, 286.28, and 288.70 eV, successively. The atom fraction at 284.80 eV increased to 70.47%, indicating that the dopamine grafting was successful. The peak of 535.90 eV in FSAH disappeared, the electron binding energy of –OH bond increased from 532.80 to 533.25 eV in O 1s, and the atomic fraction of the –OH decreased by 19.32% (from 55.96% to 36.64%). The N 1s curve formed by the Schiff base and aldimine condensation reactions, with BEs of 399.92, 400.15, and 400.92 eV for the C=N, N–N, and C–N bonds, respectively. The structure of the planned target adsorbent FSAH is compatible with these results.

2.1.3. TG and BET Analysis

As Figure 3a shows, the decomposition of SA and FSAH involved three processes: mass loss of 9% was attributed to the loss of water at around 210 °C in the first step; the thermal decomposition weight loss rate of carboxyl, hydrazone, amide, and hydroxyl groups increased clearly under 260 °C; and the breakdown and decomposition of the molecular carbon chain and basic skeleton (T > 260 °C).
Figure 3b,c showed that N2 adsorption increases slowly under relatively low pressure, the adsorption capacity of N2 increased obviously with the increase of pressure which can be classified as VI type adsorption isotherm according to IUPAC classification criteria, which showed a lag loop of H3 associated with slit pores when the relative pressure (P/P0) is close to 0.6. After the adsorption of Pb2+ by FSAH, the average pore size of BJH decreased, and the concentrated distribution of pore size changed from 20.34 to 12.29 nm. The pore uniformity was good, but the volume of adsorption pores of BET and BJH increased greatly.

2.2. Adsorption Performance Study

2.2.1. DA Mass Ratio

The DA was applied to prepare FSAH to adsorb cationic dyes (MB, MG, and CV) with variable proportions (1.60, 1.28, 0.96, 0.64, and 0.32 g). When the amount of DA increased from 0 to 0.96 g, the removal rates of MB, MG, and CV increased from 42.31, 39.52, and 38.85 to 99.99, 99.61, and 99.66% (Figure 3d). The removal efficiency of cationic dyes did not change significantly when the amount of DA was increased. This indicated the carboxyl group on the SA chain was conjugated to a certain amount of DA by N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), and excessive DA remained in the PBS buffer. Considering cost and benefit, the input of DA grafting was determined to be 0.96 g.

2.2.2. pH

The relationship between pH and heavy metals (pH: 1–7) and dyes (pH: 1–12) removal rate is shown in Figure 4. The point of zero charge (pHZPC) value of FSAH at zero potential was 4.07. The amount of H+ was increased, causing protonation of the adsorbent surface at pH < pHZPC, resulting in a positively charged surface. At pH > pHZPC, the level of OH– was increased, and functional groups of FSAH surfaces formed negative charge, thus promoting the removal rate of heavy metals and cationic dyes [26]. The pH of 5 was the best for FSAH to adsorb heavy metals and cationic dyes, because of the hydroxide formation at pH > 5; as Medusa software showed formation of copper hydroxide at pH = 6; and then the adsorption removal rate had no significant changes to dyes at pH > 5. When pH < pHPZC, the adsorption ability was restricted because a mass of H+ on FSAH surface caused group protonation, which prevented the adsorption removal rate [27,28].

2.2.3. Adsorption Isotherm

To evaluate the equilibrium adsorption mechanism, the Langmuir [29], Freundlich, and Redlich–Peterson isotherm models [30] were used (Equations (S1)–(S4), respectively).
Compared with the fitting correlation coefficient (R2) of the Freundlich isotherm model and Langmuir isotherm model, the Freundlich isotherm model was more suitable to describe the adsorption process of Pb2+, Cd2+, and Cu2+ by FSAH at three temperature conditions in Figure 5 (R2 > 0.95). The adsorption intensity decreased with the increase in temperature (1/n < 0.5) and KF increased with the increase of temperature, which indicated that the adsorption process was easier to proceed with accompanied by an increase in temperature. In the Langmuir isotherm model, Figure 5 shows the change curve of adsorption separation factor (RL) and adsorbent initial concentration, 0 < RL < 1, indicating that the adsorption behavior is favorable and has a strong affinity (Figure S1). It can be inferred that the adsorption process of heavy metal ions mainly tended to be multilayer adsorption. In the adsorption process of MB, MG, and CV, the fitting correlation coefficient R2 of the Langmuir isotherm model was >0.9, which was larger than the Freundlich isotherm model’s R2, and the adsorption data were more consistent with the Langmuir isotherm model. These results indicated that the adsorption of MB, MG, and CV by FSAH mainly involved monomolecular adsorption induced by the point-facing adsorption mechanism. KF and n represented the adsorption strength and strength, respectively. The KF and n values of MB were the largest when fitting parameters with the three cationic dyes, which indicated that the affinity of FSAH with cationic dyes was MB > CV > MG [31]. Rendering a high R2 value and a low χ2 value, fitting with the Redlich–Peterson model was also fairly good (R2 > 0.9, Table S2). The saturated adsorption capacity of Pb2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, MB, MG, and CV by FSAH were 371.4, 304.3, 157.1, 1147.71, 1332.75, and 1210.01 mg/g in Table S1, respectively. Comparison with other adsorption materials are reported in Table S6. The adsorption capacity of FSAH on heavy metals and dyes has a relatively large advantage. As a consequence, FSAH was a valuable adsorbent material for wastewater treatment.

2.2.4. Adsorption Kinetic

In order to fit the experimental data, the non-linear pseudo-first-order (PFO) [32], pseudo-second-order (PSO) [33] rate laws kinetic models, and internal diffusion models are represented by Equations (S5)–(S7) in this paper, respectively.
Figure 6 and Tables S2 and S3 show that the adsorption of heavy metal ions and cationic dyes had a higher degree of fit with PSO, R2(PSO) > R2(PFO) and χ2(PSO) < χ2(PFO) based on high values of R2 and low values of the non-linear chi-square statistics (χ2), and the qe calculated by PSO was more consistent with the actual value of the experiment. The relevant kinetic fitting parameters K1, K2 > 0, which showed that the adsorption behavior of heavy metals was spontaneous. In the case of the coexistence of chemical adsorption and physical adsorption, the rate-determining step was chemical adsorption. C1, C2 ≠ 0 in the two stages of intraparticle diffusion adsorption, indicating that boundary layer diffusion has a great influence on adsorption. The kid1 > kid2 which indicated that the surface of the adsorbent was occupied by the adsorbate with the increase of adsorption time, and the adsorbate molecules diffused from the surface of the adsorbent to the internal pores of the adsorbent, resulting in a very slow process and a decrease in the adsorption efficiency [34].

2.2.5. Thermodynamic Adsorption

The Gibbs free energy (ΔGθ), enthalpy (ΔHθ), and entropy (ΔSθ) were calculated using Equations (S8)–(S11) at 298.15, 308.15, and 318.15 K, respectively [35,36]. Figure 7 and Table S4 show the related thermodynamic parameters. The ΔH > 0 indicated that increasing the temperature increased the resultful collision efficiency between heavy metals, dyes, and FSAH, which promoted diffusion in the microchannels inside, improved adsorption ability to adsorb heavy metals which were very advantageous to adsorption. The ΔS > 0 showed that solute adsorption was accompanied by solvent desorption in the adsorption process; the former process was accompanied by a loss in entropy, whereas the latter process increased entropy [37]. At various temperatures, the ΔGθ < 0, adsorption processes were viable and spontaneous. In conclusion, adsorption reactions were spontaneous endothermic reactions.

2.2.6. Reuse Adsorption

To assess recycle adsorption ability of FSAH was an important index [38]. After five recycles, the adsorption removal rate of FSAH decreased to 93.15%, 77.28%, 55.18%, 92.45%, 89.23%, and 91.23% for Pb2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, MB, MG, and CV (Figure 8), respectively. The main reasons were speculated on the partial functional groups that were occupied with heavy metals and dyes incomplete desorption, and the structure of FSAH could be damaged with HCl [39]. In general, the FSAH as heavy metals and dyes adsorbent materials possessed excellent regeneration and reuse potential.

2.3. Adsorption Mechanism

Figure 9a shows the FT-IR analysis of FSAH before and after adsorption of Pb2+ and MB. The peak of C=N came from Schiff base condensation shifted from 1597 to 1586 cm−1, The peak of COO– at 1392 cm−1 changed initial position, which showed that ion-exchange and coordination would have occurred after adsorption Pb2+. The peak of carboxyl groups shifted significantly after adsorption MB, and new peaks appeared.
The new peaks of Pb 4f and S 2p clearly emerged in Figure 9b revealed that the FSAH had adsorbed Pb2+ and MB from XPS analysis, respectively. The O 1s peak for C–O of –COO– shifted from 532.60 to 532.83 eV which possibly revealed the covalent interaction between Pb2+ and C–O of –COO– was ionic interactions after adsorption Pb2+ [40,41,42]; however, the BE of C=N shifted from 401.28 to 402.05 eV (ΔBE > 0.5 eV), the atomic fractions of C=N were significantly reduced which indicated the preferential covalent interaction between Pb2+ and N-donor ligands over O-donors [10,43,44,45]. After adsorption of MB on FSAH, the S 2p3/2 (163.90 eV) and S 2p1/2 (168.60 eV) appeared in Figure 9c, and the O 1s spectra noticeably shifted, possibly from the influence of –OH and COO– in FSAH. Because the dyes of MB, MG, and CV have positive-charge, FSAH has negative-charge when the system pH is greater than pHZPC, and the adsorption data of MB, MG, and CV fitted with the Langmuir model which showed that monolayer adsorption was dominant.
In general, the most possible explanation for adsorption is the ion exchange interaction from COO– groups and chelation coordination from hydrazone groups played important roles in adsorption of heavy metals in FSAH; due to graft DA introducing functional groups that have more adsorption effect on dyes, especially catechol groups, which utilized electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding, π-π interaction, and Van der Waals force [46].

3. Conclusions

The secondary grafting of hydrazide and DA to prepare adsorption material FSAH, which has a high removal rate for Pb2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, MB, MG, and CV. The saturated adsorption capacity of FSAH for Pb2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, MB, MG, and CV were 371.4, 304.3, 157.1, 1147.71, 1332.75, and 1210.01 mg/g, respectively. SEM, BET, FT-IR, and XPS analysis show that heavy metals are easier to enter the FSAH in the spatial network structure; the structure of BDD boosted adsorption effectiveness of dyes through the π–π-interaction. At ideal pH = 5, the thermodynamic study revealed that the adsorption process is endothermic and spontaneous. The hydrazone groups coordination and ion exchange, which was primarily chemical adsorption, fitted the Freundlich model for heavy metal ion adsorption. However, cationic dye adsorption was linked to a variety of interactions, including H–bond, electrostatic, and π-π interaction, which fitted the Langmuir model and revealed that monolayer adsorption was the most common. Furthermore, after fivefold adsorption–desorption, adsorption efficiency can still be over 80%. To sum up, we concluded that FSAH was a valuable adsorbent material for wastewater treatment.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Materials

SA (500–1000 mPa·s) was purchased from Adamas Reagent (Shanghai, China). Acetic acid, BDD, dopamine (DA), ethylene glycol, Pb (NO3)2, Cd (NO3)2·4H2O, Cu (NO3)2·4H2O, MB, MG, CV, EDC, NHS, lead, cadmium, and copper standard solution (1000 mg/L) were obtained from Aladdin Biochemical Technology (Shanghai, China). Anhydrous ethanol, and sodium periodate (NaIO4) were obtained from the Kelong Chemical Reagent Factory (Chengdu, China). Unless otherwise noted, all reagents were used without further purification.

4.2. Preparation of DSA

SA (5 g) was dispersed in anhydrous ethanol (50 mL) for 2 h, and 40 mL aqueous solution (2.5 g, NaIO4) was dropped into SA-ethanol dispersion in the dark for 12 h (318.15 K, pH = 4.0). Furthermore, ethylene glycol (5 mL) was used to terminate reaction, the product was washed 3 times with a mixture of ethanol and water (v/v = 5:4), and finally, DSA was vacuum-dried [47]. Using an automatic potentiometric titrator and the hydroxylamine hydrochloride method, the oxidation degree (OD) of DSA was determined by potentiometric titration for the detection of aldehyde groups [22,37], and the OD of DSA is 64.28%.

4.3. Preparation of FSAH

The mixture (DSA, 5.00 g and BDD, 2.70 g) was stirred to prepare DBD at 318 K for 12 h in ethanol (20 mL), which was collected by filtration; DBD (500 mg), EDC (440 mg), and NHS (295 mg) were stirred in PBS buffer solution (50 mL) for 30 min, and then added to 900 mg DA through nitrogen protection for 24 h at 15 °C. The hydrogel particle of FSAH was washed 3 times, and freeze-dried [18,21]. The preparation route of FSAH is presented in Figure 10.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/gels8060343/s1, Figure S1: the change curve of adsorption separation factor RL [29,30,48]. Table S1: Parameters calculated by Langmuir and Freundlich models for heavy metals and dyes adsorption onto FSAH (298.15 K, 308.1 5K, 318.15 K) [29,30]. Table S2. Kinetic parameters for heavy metals and cationic dyes adsorption onto FSAH [32,33,49]. Table S3. Intraparticle diffusion parameters for heavy metals and cationic dyes adsorption onto FSAH. Table S4. Thermodynamic parameters for the adsorption of heavy metal ions and dyes onto FSAH [35,36]. Figure S2. Effect of different salt ions on the adsorption capacity of FSAH for to adsorb Pb2+ (a), Cd2+ (b), Cu2+ (c), MB (d), MG (e), and CV (f) [50,51,52,53,54]. Table S5. EDS-mapping parameters of SA and FSAH, respectively. Table S6. Comparison with other adsorption materials [10,31,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66].

Author Contributions

T.S.: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing—original draft. Z.X.: Conceptualization, Supervision, X.M.: Funding acquisition, Investigation, Software. Y.F.: Investigation, Data curation. T.P.: Supervision, Resources. D.S.: Software. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by A Project on Characteristic Key Laboratory of Guizhou Ordinary Colleges and Universities by Department of Education of Guizhou Province (Grant No: Qian Jiao He KY Zi [2018] 003) supported by Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Projects. A project of Guizhou Province science and technology program (Grant No.: Qian Ke He Ji Chu [2019] 1295 supported by Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Projects. Zunyi science and Technology Bureau of Guizhou Province and Moutai Institute Joint Science and Technology Cooperation Fund Project, Zunyi Ke He Hz [2021] No. 333.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Xie, R.; Jiang, W.; Wang, L.; Peng, J.; Chen, Y. Effect of pyrolusite loading on sewage sludge-based activated carbon in Cu(II), Pb(II), and Cd(II) adsorption. Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energy 2013, 32, 1066–1073. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Shahzad, A.; Miran, W.; Rasool, K.; Nawaz, M.; Jang, J.; Lim, S.-R.; Lee, D.S. Heavy metals removal by EDTA-functionalized chitosan graphene oxide nanocomposites. RSC Adv. 2017, 7, 9764–9771. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  3. Akhavan, B.; Jarvis, K.; Majewski, P. Plasma polymer-functionalized silica particles for heavy metals removal. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2015, 7, 4265–4274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Singha, N.R.; Karmakar, M.; Mahapatra, M.; Mondal, H.; Dutta, A.; Deb, M.; Mitra, M.; Roy, C.; Chattopadhyay, P.K. An in situ approach for the synthesis of a gum ghatti-g-interpenetrating terpolymer network hydrogel for the high-performance adsorption mechanism evaluation of Cd(ii), Pb(ii), Bi(iii) and Sb(iii). J. Mater. Chem. A 2018, 6, 8078–8100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Singha, N.R.; Chattopadhyay, P.K.; Dutta, A.; Mahapatra, M.; Deb, M. Review on additives-based structure-property alterations in dyeing of collagenic matrices. J. Mol. Liq. 2019, 293, 111470. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Shi, P.; Hu, X.; Duan, M. A UIO-66/tannic acid/chitosan/polyethersulfone hybrid membrane-like adsorbent for the dynamic removal of dye and Cr (VI) from water. J. Clean. Prod. 2021, 290, 125794. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Cai, L.; Ying, D.; Liang, X.; Zhu, M.; Lin, X.; Xu, Q.; Cai, Z.; Xu, X.; Zhang, L. A novel cationic polyelectrolyte microsphere for ultrafast and ultra-efficient removal of heavy metal ions and dyes. Chem. Eng. J. 2021, 410, 128404. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Saya, L.; Malik, V.; Singh, A.; Singh, S.; Gambhir, G.; Singh, W.R.; Chandra, R.; Hooda, S. Guar gum based nanocomposites: Role in water purification through efficient removal of dyes and metal ions. Carbohydr. Polym. 2021, 261, 117851. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Khan, F.S.A.; Mubarak, N.M.; Tan, Y.H.; Khalid, M.; Karri, R.R.; Walvekar, R.; Abdullah, E.C.; Nizamuddin, S.; Mazari, S.A. A comprehensive review on magnetic carbon nanotubes and carbon nanotube-based buckypaper for removal of heavy metals and dyes. J. Hazard. Mater. 2021, 413, 125375. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Usman, M.; Ahmed, A.; Yu, B.; Wang, S.; Shen, Y.; Cong, H. Simultaneous adsorption of heavy metals and organic dyes by beta-Cyclodextrin-Chitosan based cross-linked adsorbent. Carbohydr. Polym. 2021, 255, 117486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Chen, M.; Bi, R.; Zhang, R.; Yang, F.; Chen, F. Tunable surface charge and hydrophilicity of sodium polyacrylate intercalated layered double hydroxide for efficient removal of dyes and heavy metal ions. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 2021, 617, 126384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Simonescu, C.M.; Mason, T.J.; Calinescu, I.; Lavric, V.; Vinatoru, M.; Melinescu, A.; Culita, D.C. Ultrasound assisted preparation of calcium alginate beads to improve absorption of Pb(+2) from water. Ultrason. Sonochem. 2020, 68, 105191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Ding, H.; Zhang, X.; Yang, H.; Luo, X.; Lin, X. Highly efficient extraction of thorium from aqueous solution by fungal mycelium-based microspheres fabricated via immobilization. Chem. Eng. J. 2019, 368, 37–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Gao, X.; Guo, C.; Hao, J.; Zhao, Z.; Long, H.; Li, M. Adsorption of heavy metal ions by sodium alginate based adsorbent—A review and new perspectives. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2020, 164, 4423–4434. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Xue, S.; Xie, Z.; Chu, Y.; Yue, Y.; Shi, W.; Zhou, J. Synthesis of Sulfonylhydrazone Type Probe with High Selectivity for Rapid Detection of Mercury and Its Application in Adsorption and HeLa Cell. Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2021, 41, 1138–1145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Xue, S.; Xie, Z.; He, J. 1-[(2-Hydroxy-phenylimino)-methyl]-naphthalen-2-ol: Application in detection and adsorption of aluminum ions. Res. Chem. Intermed. 2021, 47, 4333–4347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Wang, H.; Xue, S.; Zhou, X.; Liu, J.; Xie, Z. Synthesis of highly selective copper ion probe and its application in adsorption. Chin. J. Lumin. 2021, 42, 1427. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Ma, J.; Fang, S.; Shi, P.; Duan, M. Hydrazine-Functionalized guar-gum material capable of capturing heavy metal ions. Carbohydr. Polym. 2019, 223, 115137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Wu, C.; Wang, H.; Wei, Z.; Li, C.; Luo, Z. Polydopamine-mediated surface functionalization of electrospun nanofibrous membranes: Preparation, characterization and their adsorption properties towards heavy metal ions. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2015, 346, 207–215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Ye, Q.; Zhou, F.; Liu, W. Bioinspired catecholic chemistry for surface modification. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2011, 40, 4244–4258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Chen, T.; Chen, Y.; Rehman, H.U.; Chen, Z.; Yang, Z.; Wang, M.; Li, H.; Liu, H. Ultratough, Self-Healing, and Tissue-Adhesive Hydrogel for Wound Dressing. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 10, 33523–33531. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Wang, L.; Hou, Y.; Zhong, X.; Hu, J.; Shi, F.; Mi, H. Preparation and catalytic performance of alginate-based Schiff Base. Carbohydr. Polym. 2019, 208, 42–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Wilson, L.D.; Pratt, D.Y.; Kozinski, J.A. Preparation and sorption studies of beta-cyclodextrin-chitosan-glutaraldehyde terpolymers. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2013, 393, 271–277. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Gorzalski, A.S.; Donley, C.; Coronell, O. Elemental composition of membrane foulant layers using EDS, XPS, and RBS. J. Membr. Sci. 2017, 522, 31–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  25. He, Y.; Gou, S.; Zhou, L.; Tang, L.; Liu, T.; Liu, L.; Duan, M. Amidoxime-functionalized polyacrylamide-modified chitosan containing imidazoline groups for effective removal of Cu2+ and Ni2+. Carbohydr. Polym. 2021, 252, 117160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Pashaei-Fakhri, S.; Peighambardoust, S.J.; Foroutan, R.; Arsalani, N.; Ramavandi, B. Crystal violet dye sorption over acrylamide/graphene oxide bonded sodium alginate nanocomposite hydrogel. Chemosphere 2021, 270, 129419. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Li, Y.; Zhou, Y.; Zhou, Y.; Lei, J.; Pu, S. Cyclodextrin modified filter paper for removal of cationic dyes/Cu ions from aqueous solutions. Water Sci. Technol. 2018, 78, 2553–2563. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Huang, Q.; Liu, M.; Zhao, J.; Chen, J.; Zeng, G.; Huang, H.; Tian, J.; Wen, Y.; Zhang, X.; Wei, Y. Facile preparation of polyethylenimine-tannins coated SiO2 hybrid materials for Cu2+ removal. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2018, 427, 535–544. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Langmuir, I. The Constitution and Fundamental Properties of Solids and Liquids. Part I. Solids. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1916, 38, 2221–2295. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  30. Freundlich, H. Über die Adsorption in Lösungen. Z. Phys. Chem. 1906, 57U, 385–470. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Lin, L.; Tang, S.; Wang, X.; Sun, X.; Yu, A. Hexabromocyclododecane alters malachite green and lead(II) adsorption behaviors onto polystyrene microplastics: Interaction mechanism and competitive effect. Chemosphere 2021, 265, 129079. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Lagergren, S. Zur theorie der sogenannten adsorption geloster stoffe. K. Sven. Vetensk. Handl. 1898, 24, 1–39. [Google Scholar]
  33. Ho, Y.S.; McKay, G. Sorption of dye from aqueous solution by peat. Chem. Eng. J. 1998, 70, 115–124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Cui, L.; Wang, Y.; Hu, L.; Gao, L.; Du, B.; Wei, Q. Mechanism of Pb(ii) and methylene blue adsorption onto magnetic carbonate hydroxyapatite/graphene oxide. RSC Adv. 2015, 5, 9759–9770. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Cestari, A.R.; Vieira, E.F.; Tavares, A.M.; Bruns, R.E. The removal of the indigo carmine dye from aqueous solutions using cross-linked chitosan: Evaluation of adsorption thermodynamics using a full factorial design. J. Hazard. Mater. 2008, 153, 566–574. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Zhang, N.; Zhang, H.; Li, R.; Xing, Y. Preparation and adsorption properties of citrate-crosslinked chitosan salt microspheres by microwave assisted method. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2020, 152, 1146–1156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Shi, T.; Xie, Z.; Zhu, Z.; Shi, W.; Liu, Y.; Liu, M.; Mo, X. Effective removal of metal ions and cationic dyes from aqueous solution using different hydrazine-dopamine modified sodium alginate. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2022, 195, 317–328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Gu, P.; Zhang, S.; Li, X.; Wang, X.; Wen, T.; Jehan, R.; Alsaedi, A.; Hayat, T.; Wang, X. Recent advances in layered double hydroxide-based nanomaterials for the removal of radionuclides from aqueous solution. Environ. Pollut. 2018, 240, 493–505. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Zheng, L.; Zhang, S.; Cheng, W.; Zhang, L.; Meng, P.; Zhang, T.; Yu, H.; Peng, D. Theoretical calculations, molecular dynamics simulations and experimental investigation of the adsorption of cadmium(ii) on amidoxime-chelating cellulose. J. Mater. Chem. A 2019, 7, 13714–13726. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Dai, J.; Yan, H.; Yang, H.; Cheng, R. Simple method for preparation of chitosan/poly(acrylic acid) blending hydrogel beads and adsorption of copper(II) from aqueous solutions. Chem. Eng. J. 2010, 165, 240–249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Dong, Y.; Ma, Y.; Zhai, T.; Shen, F.; Zeng, Y.; Fu, H.; Yao, J. Silver Nanoparticles Stabilized by Thermoresponsive Microgel Particles: Synthesis and Evidence of an Electron Donor-Acceptor Effect. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2007, 28, 2339–2345. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Ling, C.; Liu, F.-Q.; Long, C.; Chen, T.-P.; Wu, Q.-Y.; Li, A.-M. Synergic removal and sequential recovery of acid black 1 and copper (II) with hyper-crosslinked resin and inside mechanisms. Chem. Eng. J. 2014, 236, 323–331. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Fang, Y.; Luo, B.; Jia, Y.; Li, X.; Wang, B.; Song, Q.; Kang, F.; Zhi, L. Renewing Functionalized Graphene as Electrodes for High-Performance Supercapacitors. Adv. Mater. 2012, 24, 6348–6355. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Wang, Y.-H.; Bayatpour, S.; Qian, X.; Frigo-Vaz, B.; Wang, P. Activated carbon fibers via reductive carbonization of cellulosic biomass for adsorption of nonpolar volatile organic compounds. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 2021, 612, 125908. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. He, S.; Zhang, F.; Cheng, S.; Wang, W. Synthesis of Sodium Acrylate and Acrylamide Copolymer/GO Hydrogels and Their Effective Adsorption for Pb2+ and Cd2+. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2016, 4, 3948–3959. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Liu, M.; Xie, Z.; Ye, H.; Li, W.; Shi, W.; Liu, Y.; Zhang, Y. Waste polystyrene foam—Chitosan composite materials as high-efficient scavenger for the anionic dyes. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 2021, 627, 127155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Wu, L.; Li, L.; Pan, L.; Wang, H.; Bin, Y. MWCNTs reinforced conductive, self-healing polyvinyl alcohol/carboxymethyl chitosan/oxidized sodium alginate hydrogel as the strain sensor. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 138, 49800. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Milani, S.A.; Karimi, M. Isotherm, kinetic and thermodynamic studies for Th(IV) sorption by amino group-functionalized titanosilicate from aqueous solutions. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 2017, 34, 1159–1169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Chen, X.; Li, P.; Zeng, X.; Kang, Y.; Wang, J.; Xie, H.; Zhang, Y. Efficient adsorption of methylene blue by xanthan gum derivative modified hydroxyapatite. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2020, 151, 1040–1048. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Dong, J.; Du, Y.; Duyu, R.; Shang, Y.; Zhang, S.; Han, R. Adsorption of copper ion from solution by polyethylenimine modified wheat straw. Bioresour. Technol. Rep. 2019, 6, 96–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Wang, J.; Xu, L.; Cheng, C.; Meng, Y.; Li, A. Preparation of new chelating fiber with waste PET as adsorbent for fast removal of Cu2+ and Ni2+ from water: Kinetic and equilibrium adsorption studies. Chem. Eng. J. 2012, 193–194, 31–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. Yadav, S.; Asthana, A.; Singh, A.K.; Chakraborty, R.; Vidya, S.S.; Susan, M.; Carabineiro, S.A.C. Adsorption of cationic dyes, drugs and metal from aqueous solutions using a polymer composite of magnetic/beta-cyclodextrin/activated charcoal/Na alginate: Isotherm, kinetics and regeneration studies. J. Hazard. Mater. 2021, 409, 124840. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Chen, H.; Gao, B.; Li, H. Removal of sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin from aqueous solutions by graphene oxide. J. Hazard. Mater. 2015, 282, 201–207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  54. Chen, Y.; Lan, T.; Duan, L.; Wang, F.; Zhao, B.; Zhang, S.; Wei, W. Adsorptive Removal and Adsorption Kinetics of Fluoroquinolone by Nano-Hydroxyapatite. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0145025. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  55. Chen, Y.; Wang, S.; Li, Y.; Liu, Y.; Chen, Y.; Wu, Y.; Zhang, J.; Li, H.; Peng, Z.; Xu, R.; et al. Adsorption of Pb(II) by tourmaline-montmorillonite composite in aqueous phase. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2020, 575, 367–376. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  56. Hu, R.; Wang, X.; Dai, S.; Shao, D.; Hayat, T.; Alsaedi, A. Application of graphitic carbon nitride for the removal of Pb(II) and aniline from aqueous solutions. Chem. Eng. J. 2015, 260, 469–477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. Alqadami, A.A.; Naushad, M.; ZA, A.L.; Alsuhybani, M.; Algamdi, M. Excellent adsorptive performance of a new nanocomposite for removal of toxic Pb(II) from aqueous environment: Adsorption mechanism and modeling analysis. J. Hazard. Mater. 2020, 389, 121896. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  58. Thanarasu, A.; Periyasamy, K.; Manickam Periyaraman, P.; Devaraj, T.; Velayutham, K.; Subramanian, S. Comparative studies on adsorption of dye and heavy metal ions from effluents using eco-friendly adsorbent. Mater. Today Proc. 2021, 36, 775–781. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  59. Sheikhi, A.; Safari, S.; Yang, H.; van de Ven, T.G.M. Copper Removal Using Electrosterically Stabilized Nanocrystalline Cellulose. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2015, 7, 11301–11308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  60. Huang, Y.; Wang, Z. Preparation of composite aerogels based on sodium alginate, and its application in removal of Pb2+ and Cu2+ from water. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2018, 107, 741–747. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  61. Ilgin, P.; Durak, H.; Gür, A. A Novel pH-Responsive p(AAm-co-METAC)/MMT Composite Hydrogel: Synthesis, Characterization and Its Absorption Performance on Heavy Metal İons. Polym.-Plast. Technol. Eng. 2015, 54, 603–615. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  62. Ali, E.A.M.; Sayed, M.A.; Abdel-Rahman, T.M.A.; Hussein, R. Fungal remediation of Cd(ii) from wastewater using immobilization techniques. RSC Adv. 2021, 11, 4853–4863. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  63. Saeed, A.; Sharif, M.; Iqbal, M. Application potential of grapefruit peel as dye sorbent: Kinetics, equilibrium and mechanism of crystal violet adsorption. J. Hazard. Mater. 2010, 179, 564–572. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  64. Zhang, S.; Zhang, F.; Yang, M.; Fang, P. POSS modified NixOy-decorated TiO2 nanosheets: Nanocomposites for adsorption and photocatalysis. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2021, 566, 150604. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  65. Ji, Q.; Li, H. High surface area activated carbon derived from chitin for efficient adsorption of Crystal Violet. Diam. Relat. Mater. 2021, 118, 108516. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  66. Abebe, M.W.; Kim, H. Methylcellulose/tannic acid complex particles coated on alginate hydrogel scaffold via Pickering for removal of methylene blue from aqueous and quinoline from non-aqueous media. Chemosphere 2021, 286, 131597. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Gels 08 00343 g001 550
Figure 1. SEM of SA (a) and FSAH (b); EDS–mapping of SA (c), FSAH (d).
Figure 1. SEM of SA (a) and FSAH (b); EDS–mapping of SA (c), FSAH (d).
Gels 08 00343 g001
Gels 08 00343 g002 550
Figure 2. (a) FT–IR spectra of SA, DSA, and FSAH. (b) The XPS spectra of SA and FSAH. (c) C 1s, O 1s, and N 1s spectra of SA and FSAH.
Figure 2. (a) FT–IR spectra of SA, DSA, and FSAH. (b) The XPS spectra of SA and FSAH. (c) C 1s, O 1s, and N 1s spectra of SA and FSAH.
Gels 08 00343 g002
Gels 08 00343 g003 550
Figure 3. The TG curves of FSAH (a), SA BET N2 adsorption and desorption isothermals curve for FSAH and FSAH after adsorption Pb2+ (b,c), the relationship between different DA mass ratios and dye removal rates (d).
Figure 3. The TG curves of FSAH (a), SA BET N2 adsorption and desorption isothermals curve for FSAH and FSAH after adsorption Pb2+ (b,c), the relationship between different DA mass ratios and dye removal rates (d).
Gels 08 00343 g003
Gels 08 00343 g004 550
Figure 4. The relationship between pH and heavy metals and dyes removal rate (a); the pHZPC of FSAH (b).
Figure 4. The relationship between pH and heavy metals and dyes removal rate (a); the pHZPC of FSAH (b).
Gels 08 00343 g004
Gels 08 00343 g005 550
Figure 5. FSAH adsorption isotherm curves fitted by the Langmuir and Freundlich models to adsorb Pb2+ (a), Cd2+ (b), Cu2+ (c), MB (d), MG (e), and CV (f).
Figure 5. FSAH adsorption isotherm curves fitted by the Langmuir and Freundlich models to adsorb Pb2+ (a), Cd2+ (b), Cu2+ (c), MB (d), MG (e), and CV (f).
Gels 08 00343 g005
Gels 08 00343 g006 550
Figure 6. The PFO (a) and PSO kinetic plots (b), the intraparticle diffusion plots (c) for heavy metals and cationic dyes onto FSAH.
Figure 6. The PFO (a) and PSO kinetic plots (b), the intraparticle diffusion plots (c) for heavy metals and cationic dyes onto FSAH.
Gels 08 00343 g006
Gels 08 00343 g007 550
Figure 7. The adsorption capacity and the adsorption thermodynamics curve of heavy metal ions and dyes adsorption of FSAH at 298.15, 308.15, and 318.15 K, respectively.
Figure 7. The adsorption capacity and the adsorption thermodynamics curve of heavy metal ions and dyes adsorption of FSAH at 298.15, 308.15, and 318.15 K, respectively.
Gels 08 00343 g007
Gels 08 00343 g008 550
Figure 8. Removal efficiency of FSAH (a,b) adsorption of heavy metals and dyes after 5 recycles.
Figure 8. Removal efficiency of FSAH (a,b) adsorption of heavy metals and dyes after 5 recycles.
Gels 08 00343 g008
Gels 08 00343 g009 550
Figure 9. FT–IR (a) and XPS (b) analysis of the FSAH, and XPS analysis (c,d) of C 1s, O 1s, and N 1s (e) of the FSAH before and after adsorption of Pb2+ and MB, XPS analysis of Pb 4f and S 2p (f), respectively.
Figure 9. FT–IR (a) and XPS (b) analysis of the FSAH, and XPS analysis (c,d) of C 1s, O 1s, and N 1s (e) of the FSAH before and after adsorption of Pb2+ and MB, XPS analysis of Pb 4f and S 2p (f), respectively.
Gels 08 00343 g009
Gels 08 00343 g010 550
Figure 10. The preparation route of FSAH.
Figure 10. The preparation route of FSAH.
Gels 08 00343 g010
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Shi, T.; Xie, Z.; Mo, X.; Feng, Y.; Peng, T.; Song, D. Highly Efficient Adsorption of Heavy Metals and Cationic Dyes by Smart Functionalized Sodium Alginate Hydrogels. Gels 2022, 8, 343. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels8060343

AMA Style

Shi T, Xie Z, Mo X, Feng Y, Peng T, Song D. Highly Efficient Adsorption of Heavy Metals and Cationic Dyes by Smart Functionalized Sodium Alginate Hydrogels. Gels. 2022; 8(6):343. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels8060343

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shi, Tianzhu, Zhengfeng Xie, Xinliang Mo, Yulong Feng, Tao Peng, and Dandan Song. 2022. "Highly Efficient Adsorption of Heavy Metals and Cationic Dyes by Smart Functionalized Sodium Alginate Hydrogels" Gels 8, no. 6: 343. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels8060343

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop