Four New Wood-Inhabiting Fungal Species of Peniophoraceae (Russulales, Basidiomycota) from the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, China

Zou, Lei; Zhang, Xiaolu; Deng, Yinglian; Zhao, Changlin

doi:10.3390/jof8111227

Open AccessArticle

Four New Wood-Inhabiting Fungal Species of Peniophoraceae (Russulales, Basidiomycota) from the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, China

by

Lei Zou

^1,2,

Xiaolu Zhang

²,

Yinglian Deng

² and

Changlin Zhao

^1,2,3,*

¹

Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China

²

College of Biodiversity Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China

³

Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

J. Fungi 2022, 8(11), 1227; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8111227

Submission received: 13 October 2022 / Revised: 9 November 2022 / Accepted: 18 November 2022 / Published: 21 November 2022

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Diversity in Various Environments)

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Abstract

:

Four new fungi of the family Peniophoraceae, viz., Peniophora roseoalba, P. yunnanensis, Vararia daweishanensis, and V. fragilis are herein proposed, based on a combination of morphological features and molecular evidence. Peniophora roseoalba is characterized by resupinate, membranaceous basidiomata with a rose pink to pale pinkish grey hymenophore, a monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae, the presence of cystidia, and ellipsoid basidiospores. However, P. yunnanensis differs in being tuberculate, with a pale cream to cream hymenial surface, small lamprocystidia (18–29 × 4.5–7 µm), and subcylindrical basidiospores. Vararia daweishanensis is characterized by resupinate, membranous basidiomata with a pale yellowish hymenial surface, a dimitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae, strongly dextrinoid dichohyphae, and allantoid basidiospores; V. fragilis is characterized by resupinate, brittle basidiomata, with a buff to ochraceous hymenial surface and small ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 3.5–5.5 × 2.5–3.5 µm. Sequences of the ITS and nLSU rRNA markers of the studied samples were generated, and phylogenetic analyses were performed with the maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference methods. The nLSU analysis revealed that the four new species can be clustered into the family Peniophoraceae (Russulales), in the genera Peniophora and Vararia. Further studies based on the ITS dataset showed that four fungi of the family Peniophoraceae were new to science.

Keywords:

Asia; macrofungi; molecular systematics; taxonomy; Yunnan Province

1. Introduction

The family Peniophoraceae (Russulales) is a large and rather heterogeneous family with seven genera accepted; two genera, Peniophora Cooke and Vararia P. Karst., have the highest number of taxa in this family, in which they play fundamental ecological roles to drive carbon cycling in forest soils, acting as decomposers [1,2].

Peniophora, typified by P. quercina (Pers.) Cooke, is characterized by resupinate, membranaceous to ceraceous basidiomata, with smooth to tuberculate hymenophores having a grey, violaceous, orange, red, or brown hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae; dendrohyphidia, lamprocystidia, and gloeocystidia are present or absent; the basidiospores are ellipsoid, cylindrical to allantoid, smooth, thin-walled, acyanophilous, and without reaction with Melzer [3]. Based on the MycoBank database (http://www.MycoBank.org, accessed on 13 October 2022) and the Index Fungorum (http://www.indexfungorum.org, accessed on 13 October 2022), the genus Peniophora has 637 specific and registered names, but the actual number of species has reached 191 [4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18]. Vararia is typified by V. investiens (Schwein.) P. Karst. This genus is characterized by resupinate basidiomata, a dimitic hyphal system with clamped or simple-septate generative hyphae and often, dextrinoid dichohyphae, the presence of gloeocystidia, and variously shaped smooth basidiospores with or without an amyloid reaction [19,20,21]. The MycoBank database (http://www.MycoBank.org, accessed on 13 October 2022) and Index Fungorum (http://www.indexfungorum.org, accessed on 13 October 2022) have registered 96 specific and infraspecific names in Vararia, but the actual number of the species has reached 72, and they occur mainly in the tropical and subtropical areas of the world [22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31]. However, Vararia is still poorly studied in China [32], from whence eight species, namely, V. amphithallica Boidin, Lanq. & Gilles, V. bispora S.L. Liu & S.H. He, V. breviphysa Boidin & Lanq., V. cinnamomea Boidin, Lanq. & Gilles, V. investiens (Schwein.) P. Karst., V. montana S.L. Liu & S.H. He, V. racemosa (Burt.) D.P. Rogers & H.S. Jacks., and V. sphaericospora Gilb., have been reported in this country [32,33,34].

These pioneering research studies into the Peniophoraceae family were just the prelude to the molecular systematics period. The phylogenetic diversity displayed by corticioid fungal species, based on 5.8S and 28S nuclear rDNA, revealed that the taxa of Peniophoraceae are nested in the russuloid clade, which holds a considerable share of the phylogenetic framework, and include the genera of Peniophora and Vararia [35]. The phylogenetic research about the major clades of mushroom-forming fungi (Homobasidiomycetes) indicated that the largest resupinate forms divided into the polyporoid, russuloid, and hymenochaetoid clades, in which Peniophora grouped with Asterostroma Massee and Scytinostroma Donk [36]. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of nrITS and nrLSU sequences revealed affinities among families with the Peniophorales in the Russulales, in which the presence of distinctive hyphal elements, which are homologous to the defining features of Peniophorales, was consistent with the phylogenetic evidence, and the Varariaceae were grouped closely with the Peniophoraceae [37].

During the investigations into wood-inhabiting fungi in Yunnan Province, China, four new taxa of Peniophoraceae were found that could not be assigned to any described species. Herein, we present the morphological and molecular phylogenetic evidence that supports the recognition of these four new species within the Peniophora and Vararia, based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions and the large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nLSU) sequences.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Morphology

Fresh fruiting bodies of the fungi were collected from Chuxiong, Honghe, Puer, and Wenshan of Yunnan Province, in China. The specimens were dried in an electric food dehydrator at 40 °C, then sealed and stored in an envelope bag and deposited in the herbarium of the Southwest Forestry University (SWFC), Kunming, Yunnan Province, China. The macromorphological descriptions are based on field notes and photos captured in the field and laboratory. The color terminology follows the example set by Petersen [38,39,40]. Micromorphological data were obtained from the dried specimens when observed under a light microscope, following the method used by Dai [41]. The following abbreviations were used: KOH = 5% potassium hydroxide water solution, CB = Cotton Blue, CB− = acyanophilous, CB+ = cyanophilous, IKI = Melzer’s reagent, IKI− = both inamyloid and indextrinoid, L = mean spore length (arithmetic average for all spores), W = mean spore width (arithmetic average for all spores), Q = variation in the L/W ratios between the specimens studied, and n = a/b (number of spores (a) measured from a given number (b) of specimens).

2.2. Molecular Phylogeny

The CTAB rapid plant genome extraction kit-DN14 (Aidlab Biotechnologies Co., Ltd., Beijing, China) was used to obtain the genomic DNA from the dried specimens using the manufacturer’s instructions, following a previous study [42]. The nuclear ribosomal ITS region was amplified with the primers ITS5 and ITS4 [43]. The nuclear nLSU region was amplified with the primer pair, LR0R and LR7 (http://lutzonilab.org/nuclear-ribosomal-dna/; accessed on 13 October 2022). The PCR procedure for ITS was as follows: initial denaturation at 95 °C for 3 min, followed by 35 cycles at 94 °C for 40 s, 58 °C for 45 s, and 72 °C for 1 min, with a final extension of 72 °C for 10 min. The PCR procedure for nLSU was as follows: initial denaturation at 94 °C for 1 min, followed by 35 cycles at 94 °C for 30 s, 48 °C for 1 min, and 72 °C for 1.5 min, with a final extension of 72 °C for 10 min. The PCR products were purified and sequenced at Kunming Tsingke Biological Technology Company, Limited (Yunnan Province, China). All of the newly generated sequences were deposited in the NCBI GenBank (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/; accessed on 13 October 2022) (Table 1).

The sequencer, 4.6 (GeneCodes, Ann Arbor, MI, USA), was used to assemble and edit the generated sequence reads. The sequences were aligned in MAFFT 7 (https://mafft.cbrc.jp/alignment/server/; accessed on 13 October 2022), using the “G-INS-i” strategy for the ITS and nLSU dataset, manually adjusted in BioEdit [44]. The sequences of Sistotrema brinkmannii (Bres.) J. Erikss. and S. coronilla (Höhn.) Donk ex. D.P. Rogers, obtained from GenBank, were selected as an outgroup for the phylogenetic analysis of the nLSU phylogenetic tree (Figure 1) [45]; the sequences of Dichostereum durum (Bourdot & Galzin) Pilát and D. effuscatum (Cooke & Ellis) Boidin & Lanq. were selected as an outgroup for phylogenetic analysis of ITS phylogenetic tree (Figure 2) [45]; the sequences of P. incarnata (Pers.) P. Karst. and P. nuda (Fr.) Bres. were selected as an outgroup in the ITS analysis (Figure 3), following the method of a previous study [38].

Maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML), and Bayesian inference (BI) analyses were applied to the three combined datasets, following the technique used in a previous study [42], and the tree construction procedure was performed in PAUP*, version 4.0b10 [46]. All the characters were equally weighted, and gaps were treated as missing data. Trees were inferred using the heuristic search option, with TBR branch swapping and 1000 random sequence additions. The max trees were set to 5000, branches of zero length were collapsed, and all parsimonious trees were saved. Clade robustness was assessed using a bootstrap (BT) analysis with 1000 replicates [47]. The descriptive tree statistics were tree length (TL), consistency index (CI), retention index (RI), rescaled consistency index (RC), and homoplasy index (HI); these were calculated for each maximum parsimonious tree generated. The multiple sequence alignment was also analyzed using the maximum likelihood (ML) in RAxML-HPC2, through the Cipres Science Gateway (www.phylo.org; accessed on 13 October 2022) [48]. Branch support (BS) for the ML analysis was determined by 1000 bootstrap replicates.

Table 1. List of species, specimens, and GenBank accession numbers of the sequences used in this study.

Species Name	Specimen No.	GenBank Accession No.		References	Country
Species Name	Specimen No.	ITS	nLSU	References	Country
Amylostereum areolatum	NH 8041	AF506405	AF506405	[45]	Sweden
A. chailletii	NH 8031	AF506406	AF506406	[45]	Sweden
A. laevigatum	NH 12863	AF506407	AF506407	[45]	Sweden
Asterostroma bambusicola	He 4132		KY263871	this publication	Thailand
A. cervicolor	He 2314		KY263869	this publication	China
A. laxum	EL 33-99	AF506410	AF506410	[45]	Sweden
A. vararioides	He 4140		KY263870	this publication	Thailand
Auriscalpium vulgare	EL 33-95	AF506375	AF506375	[45]	Sweden
Baltazaria galactina	CBS: 752.86		MH873721	[49]	France
B. neogalactina	CBS: 755.86	MH873724	MH873724	[49]	French
B. occidentalis	AFTOL-ID		DQ234539	[50]	Canada
B. podocarpi	Dai 9261		KJ583221	[51]	China
Dentipratulum bialoviesense	GG 1645	AF506389	AF506389	[45]	Sweden
Dichostereum durum	FG 1985	AF506429	AF506429	[45]	Sweden
D. effuscatum	GG 930915	AF506390	AF506390	[45]	Sweden
Gloeocystidiellum bisporum	KHL 11135	AY048877	AY048877	[45]	Sweden
G. clavuligerum	FCUG 2159	AF310088	AF310088	[52]	Spain
G. purpureum	Wu 9310-45	AF441338	AF441338	[45]	China
Gloeocystidiopsis flammea	CBS: 324.66	AF506437	AF506437	[45]	C. African Rep.
Gloeodontia columbiensis	NH 11118	AF506444	AF506444	[45]	Spain
G. discolor	KHL 10099	AF506445	AF506445	[45]	USA
G. eriobotryae	Dai 12080		JQ349103	[53]	China
G. pyramidata	LR 15502	AF506446	AF506446	[45]	Colombia
G. subasperispora	KHL 8695	AF506404	AF506404	[45]	Norway
G. yunnanensis	SWFC 00010504		MN908254	[54]	China
Gloeopeniophorella convolvens	KHL 10103	AF506435	AF506435	[45]	USA
Gloiothele lactescens	EL 8-98	AF506453	AF506453	[45]	Sweden
G. lamellosa	KHL 11031	AF506454	AF506454	[45]	Venezuela
Heterobasidion annosum	06129/6		KJ583225	[51]	Russia
H. parviporum	04121/3		KJ583226	[51]	Finland
Lachnocladium schweinfurthianum	KM 49740		MH260051	[38]	Cameroon
Lactarius leonis	SJ 91016	AF506411	AF506411	[45]	Sweden
Lentinellus cochleatus	KGN 960928	AF506417	AF506417	[45]	Sweden
L. ursinus	EL 73-97	AF506419	AF506419	[45]	USA
L. vulpinus	KGN 980825 (GB)	AF347097	AF347097	[45]	Sweden
Megalocystidium luridum	KHL 8635	AF506422	AF506422	[45]	Norway
Michenera artocreas	GHL-2016-Oct		MH204692	[55]	USA
M. incrustata	He 2630		MH142907	[55]	China
Peniophora albobadia	CBS: 329.66	MH858809	MH858809	[49]	France
P. bicornis	He 3609	MK588763	MK588763	[39]	China
P. bicornis	He 4767	MK588764	MK588764	[39]	China
P. borbonica	He 4597	MK588766	MK588766	[39]	China
P. borbonica	He 4606	MK588765	MK588765	[39]	China
P. cinerea	B 1020	MN475151	MN475151	[39]	USA
P. crassitunicata	CBS: 663.91	MH862292	MH862292	[49]	France
P. duplex	B 1022	MN475153	MN475153	[39]	USA
P. erikssonii	CBS: 287.58	MH857788	MH857788	[39]	France
P.erikssonii	Cui 11871	MK588771	MK588811	[39]	China
P. exima	B 1011	MN475155	MN475155	[39]	USA
P. exima	T-523	MK588772	MK588772	[39]	USA
P. fasticata	CBS: 942.96	MH862624	MH862624	[39]	Ethiopia
P. fissilis	CBS: 681.91	MH862298	MH862298	[39]	France
P. fissilis	CBS: 684.91	MH862299	MH862299	[39]	Netherlands
P. gabonensis	CBS: 673.91	MH862293	MH862293	[39]	Gabon
P. gilbertsonii	CBS: 357.95	MH862528	MH862528	[39]	USA
P. gilbertsonii	CBS: 360.95	MH862530	MH862530	[39]	USA
P. halimi	CBS: 862.84	MH861843	MH861843	[39]	France
P. incarnata	NH 10271	AF506425	AF506425	[45]	Denmark
P. incarnata	CBS: 430.72	MH860518	MH872230	[39]	Netherlands
P. junipericola	He 2462	MK588773	MK588773	this publication	China
P. laeta	CBS: 256.56	MH857617	MH857617	[39]	France
P. laeta	CBS: 255.56	MH857616	MH857616	[39]	France
P. laxitexta	LGMF 1159	JX559580		[39]	Brazil
P. laxitexta	BAFC 3309	FJ882040		[39]	Argentina
P. laxitexta	BAFC: 4687	MN518328		[39]	Argentina
P. lilacea	CBS: 337.66	MH858813	MH858813	[39]	Armenia
P. lycii	CBS: 264.56	MH857624	MH857624	[39]	France
P. lycii	CBS: 261.56	MH857621	MH857621	[39]	France
P. malaiensis	He 4870	MK588775	MK588775	[39]	China
P. manshurica	He 2956	MK588776	MK588776	[39]	China
P. manshurica	He 3729	MK588777	MK588777	[39]	China
P. meridionalis	CBS: 289.58	MH857789	MH857789	[49]	France
P. molesta	CBS: 678.91	MH862296	MH862296	[39]	Cote d’Ivoire
P. molesta	CBS: 676.91	MH862294	MH862294	[39]	Gabon
P. molesta	CBS: 677.91	MH862295	MH862295	[39]	Gabon
P. monticola	CBS: 649.91	MH862289	MH862289	[39]	France
P. nuda	AFTOL-ID 660	DQ411533		[39]	USA
P. nuda	LZ15-07	MT859929	MT859929	this publication	China
P. ovalispora	CBS: 653.91		MH873971	[39]	Netherlands
P. ovalispora	CBS: 653.91	MH862290	MH862290	[39]	Netherlands
P. parvocystidiata	CBS: 716.91	MH862305	MH862305	[39]	France
P. parvocystidiata	CBS: 717.91	MH862306	MH862306	[39]	France
P. piceae	B 1010	MN475158	MN475158	this publication	USA
P. pilatiana	CBS: 269.56	MH857627	MH857627	[39]	France
P. pilatiana	CBS: 265.56	MH857625	MH857625	[39]	France
P. pilatiana	CBS: 266.56	MH857626	MH857626	[39]	France
P. pini	CBS: 273.56	MH857631	MH857631	[39]	France
P. pini	CBS: 270.56	MH857628	MH857628	[39]	France
P. pithya	CBS: 275.56	MH857633	MH857633	[49]	France
P. polygonia	He 3668	MH669233		[56]	China
P. polygonia	CBS: 404.50	MH856684	MH856684	[39]	France
P. proxima	CBS: 406.50	MH856686	MH856686	[39]	France
P. proxima	CBS: 405.50	MH856685	MH856685	[39]	France
P. pseudonuda	FCUG 2384	GU322866		this publication	Sweden
P. pseudonuda	FCUG 2390	GU322865		this publication	Sweden
P. pseudopini	B 1024	MN475163	MN475163	this publication	USA
P. pseudoversicolor	CBS: 125881	MH864303	MH864303	[39]	France
P. quercina	CBS: 407.50	MH856687	MH868204	[39]	France
P. quercina	CBS: 408.50	MH856688	MH856688	[39]	France
P. quercina	CBS: 409.50	MH856689	MH856689	[39]	France
P. reidii	CBS: 397.83	MH861616	MH861616	[39]	France
P. rosealba	CLZhao 3513	ON786559	OP380690	present study	China
P. rosealba	CLZhao 9401 *	ON786560		present study	China
P. rufa	B 1014	MN475165	MN475165	this publication	USA
P. rufa	CBS: 351.59	MH857891	MH869432	[39]	Canada
P. rufomarginata	CBS: 281.56	MH857639	MH857639	[39]	France
P. rufomarginata	CBS: 282.56	MH857640	MH857640	[39]	France
P. septentrionalis	CBS: 294.58	MH857791	MH857791	[39]	Canada
P. simulans	CBS: 875.84	MH861850	MH861850	[39]	France
P. simulans	CBS: 874.84	MH861849	MH861849	[39]	France
P. subsalmonea	CBS: 697.91	MH862303	MH862303	[39]	Netherlands
P. subsalmonea	CBS: 696.91	MH862302	MH862302	[39]	Netherlands
P. taiwanensis	Wu 9209-14	MK588794	MK588794	[39]	China
P. tamaricicola	CBS: 438.62	MH858203	MH858203	[39]	Morocco
P. tamaricicola	CBS: 439.62	MH858204	MH858204	[39]	Morocco
P. tamaricicola	CBS: 441.62	MH858205	MH858205	[39]	Morocco
P. versicolor	CBS: 358.61	MH858082	MH858082	[39]	Morocco
P. violaceolivida	CBS: 348.52	MH857077	MH857077	[39]	France
P. yunnanensis	CLZhao 3978	OP380617	OP380689	present study	China
P. yunnanensis	CLZhao 7347 *	OP380616		present study	China
P. yunnanensis	CLZhao 8135	OP380615		present study	China
Russula violacea	SJ 93009	AF506465	AF506465	[45]	Sweden
Scytinostroma portentosum	EL 11-99	AF506470	AF506470	[45]	Sweden
Sistotrema brinkmannii	NH 11412	AF506473	AF506473	[45]	Turkey
S. coronilla	NH 7598	AF506475	AF506475	[45]	Canada
Stereum hirsutum	NH 7960	AF506479	AF506479	[45]	Romania
Vararia abortiphysa	CBS: 632.81	MH861387	MH861387	[49]	Gabon
V. ambigua	CBS: 634.81	MH861388	MH873137	[49]	France
V. amphithallica	CBS: 687.81	MH861431	MH861431	[49]	France
V. aurantiaca	CBS: 642.81	MH861394	MH861394	[49]	Gabon
V. aurantiaca	CBS: 641.81	MH861393	MH861393	[49]	France
V. breviphysa	CBS: 644.81	MH861396	MH861396	[49]	Gabon
V. calami	CBS: 646.81	MH861398	MH861398	[49]	France
V. calami	CBS: 648.81	MH861399	MH861399	[49]	France
V. callichroa	CBS: 744.91	MH874000	MH874000	[49]	France
V. cinnamomea	CBS: 642.84	MH873488	MH873488	[49]	Madagascar
V. cinnamomea	CBS: 641.84	MH861794	MH861794	[49]	Madagascar
V. cremea	CBS: 651.81	MH873147	MH873147	[49]	France
V. daweishanensis	CLZhao 17911	OP380613	OP615103	present study	China
V. daweishanensis	CLZhao 17936 *	OP380614	OP380688	present study	China
V. dussii	CBS: 655.81	MH861405	MH861405	[49]	France
V. dussii	CBS: 652.81	MH873148	MH873148	[49]	France
V. ellipsospora	HHB-19503	MW740328	MW740328	this publication	New Zealand
V. fragilis	CLZhao 2628	OP380611		present study	China
V. fragilis	CLZhao 16475 *	OP380612	OP380687	present study	China
V. fusispora	PDD: 119539	OL709443	OL709443	this publication	New Zealand
V. gallica	CBS: 234.91	MH862250		[49]	Canada
V. gallica	CBS: 656.81	MH861406	MH873152	[49]	France
V. gillesii	CBS: 660.81	MH873153	MH873153	[49]	Cote d’Ivoire
V. gomezii	CBS: 661.81	MH873154	MH873154	[49]	French
V. gracilispora	CBS: 664.81	MH861412	MH861412	[49]	Gabon
V. gracilispora	CBS: 663.81	MH861411		[49]	Gabon
V. insolita	CBS: 668.81	MH861413	MH861413	[49]	France
V. intricata	CBS: 673.81	MH861418	MH861418	[49]	France
V. investiens	FP-151122	MH971976	MH971977	[56]	USA
V. malaysiana	CBS: 644.84	MH873490	MH873490	[49]	Singapore
V. minispora	CBS: 682.81	MH861426	MH861426	[49]	France
V. ochroleuca	CBS: 465.61	MH858109	MH858109	[49]	France
V. ochroleuca	JS 24400	AF506485	AF506485	[45]	Norway
V. parmastoi	CBS: 879.84	MH861852	MH861852	[49]	Uzbekistan
V. perplexa	CBS: 695.81	MH861438	MH861438	[49]	France
V. pectinata	CBS: 685.81	MH861429		[49]	Cote d’Ivoire
V. pirispora	CBS: 720.86	MH862016	MH862016	[49]	France
V. rhombospora	CBS: 743.81	MH861470	MH861470	[49]	France
V. rosulenta	CBS: 743.86	MH862028		[49]	France
V. rugosispora	CBS: 697.81	MH861440	MH861440	[49]	Gabon
V. sigmatospora	CBS: 748.91	MH874001	MH874001	[49]	Netherlands
V. sphaericospora	CBS: 700.81	MH873185	MH873185	[49]	Gabon
V. sphaericospora	CBS: 703.81	MH861446	MH861446	[49]	Gabon
V. trinidadensis	CBS: 651.84	MH861803	MH861803	[49]	Madagascar
V. trinidadensis	CBS: 650.84	MH873495	MH873495	[49]	Madagascar
V. tropica	CBS: 704.81	MH861447	MH873189	[49]	France
V. vassilievae	UC2022892	KP814203	KP814203	this publication	USA
V. verrucosa	CBS 706.81	MH861449	MH861449	[49]	France
Vesiculomyces citrinus	EL 53-97	AF506486	AF506486	[45]	Sweden

* indicates the holotype.

MrModeltest 2.3 [57] was used to determine the best-fit evolution model for each dataset, using Bayesian inference (BI), which was performed using MrBayes 3.2.7a, with a GTR+I+G model of the DNA substitution and a gamma distribution rate variation across the sites [58]. Four Markov chains were run for 2 runs, beginning from random starting trees for 0.9 million generations for nLSU (Figure 1), for 1.5 million generations for ITS (Figure 2) with trees, and 1 million generations for ITS (Figure 3) with trees, with the parameters sampled every 1000 generations. The first one-quarter of all generations were discarded as the burn-in. The majority rule consensus tree of all the remaining trees was calculated. Branches were considered significantly supported if they received a maximum likelihood bootstrap value (BS) > 70%, a maximum parsimony bootstrap value (BT) > 70%, or Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) > 0.95.

3. Results

3.1. Molecular Phylogeny

The nLSU dataset (Figure 1) included sequences from 55 fungal specimens, representing 55 species. The dataset had an aligned length of 1415 characters, of which 923 characters are constant, 152 are variable and parsimony-uninformative, and 340 are parsimony-informative. The maximum parsimony analysis yielded one equally parsimonious tree (TL = 860, CI = 0.3233, HI = 0.6767, RI = 0.6123, RC = 0.1979). The best model for the ITS+nLSU dataset, which was estimated and applied in the Bayesian analysis, was GTR+I+G (lset nst = 6, rates = invgamma; prset statefreqpr = dirichlet (1,1,1,1). The Bayesian analysis and ML analysis resulted in a similar topology to the MP analysis, with an average standard deviation of split frequencies = 0.009575 (BI); the effective sample size (ESS) across the two runs is the double of the average ESS (avg ESS) = 200.5. The phylogeny (Figure 1), based on the combined nLSU sequences, includes six families within the order of Russulales, which indicated that nine genera, comprising Asterostroma Massee, Baltazaria Leal-Dutra, Dentinger & G.W. Griff., Gloiothele Bres., Lachnocladium Lév., Michenera Berk. & M.A. Curtis, Peniophora, Scytinostroma Donk, Vararia, and Vesiculomyces E. Hagstr. could be incorporated into the Peniophoraceae family. Our current four new species can be clustered into the genera of Peniophora and Vararia, respectively.

The ITS-alone dataset of the genus Peniophora (Figure 2) included the sequences from 83 fungal specimens, representing 52 species. The dataset had an aligned length of 607 characters, of which 353 characters were constant, while 64 were variable and parsimony-uninformative, and 190 were parsimony-informative. The maximum parsimony analysis yielded 12 equally parsimonious trees (TL = 1681, CI = 0.3111, HI = 0.6889, RI = 0.4496, RC = 0.1399). The best model for the ITS dataset that was estimated and applied in the Bayesian analysis was GTR+I+G (lset nst = 6, rates = invgamma; prset statefreqpr = dirichlet (1,1,1,1). Bayesian analysis and ML analysis resulted in a similar topology to MP analysis, with an average standard deviation of split frequencies = 0.009599 (BI). The phylogenetic tree indicated that P. roseoalba can be grouped with two close taxa, P. versicolor and P. ovalispora, whereas P. yunnanensis can be grouped with a clade comprising P. lycii and P. violaceolivida.

The ITS-only dataset of the genus Vararia (Figure 3) included sequences from 63 fungal specimens, representing 39 species. The dataset had an aligned length of 1128 characters, of which 511 characters were constant, 133 were variable and parsimony uninformative, and 484 were parsimony informative. Maximum parsimony analysis yielded 6 equally parsimonious trees (TL = 4589, CI = 0.2805, HI = 0.7195, RI = 0.4174, and RC = 0.1171). The best model for the ITS dataset estimated and applied in the Bayesian analysis was GTR+I+G. The Bayesian and ML analyses resulted in a similar topology to that of the MP analysis with split frequencies = 0.0096082 (BI). The phylogram inferred from the ITS sequences (Figure 3) revealed that Vararia daweishanensis could be grouped with four close taxa: V. gomezii, V. rhombospora, V. sigmatospora, and V. trinidadensis, whereas the other species of V. fragilis could be grouped with a clade comprising V. ambigua and V. ellipsospora, with a low level of support.

3.2. Taxonomy

Peniophora roseoalba L. Zou & C.L. Zhao, sp. nov. (Figure 4 and Figure 5).

MycoBank no.: 845758.

Holotype—China, Yunnan Province, Puer, Jingdong county, the Forest of Pineapple, 24°37′ N, 100°45′ E, altitude 2083 m asl., on the fallen branch of an angiosperm, 4 January 2019, CLZhao 9401 (SWFC).

Etymology—Roseoalba (Lat.): referring to the rose to pale pinkish grey color of the hymenial surface of the specimens.

Fruiting body—Basidiomata are annual, resupinate, membranaceous, without odor and taste when fresh, up to 90 mm long, 20 mm wide, 70–100 µm thick. The hymenial surface is smooth, occasionally cracked, and rose to pale pinkish grey. The sterile margin is indistinct and is rose to pinkish grey.

Hyphal system—Monomitic, generative hyphae with clamp connections, colorless, thin- to thick-walled, moderately branched, 1.5–4.5 µm in diameter, CB−, IKI−; tissues unchanged in KOH.

Hymenium—The cystidia are of two types: (1) Gloeocystidia is subcylindrical to conical, smooth, colorless, thin-walled, 31.5–40.5 × 6.5–7.5 µm; (2) Lamprocystidia is abundant in the hymenium, and is conical, thick-walled, encrusted apical part, colorless, 33–42.5 × 7–10.5 µm. The Basidia are subclavate to subcylindrical, slightly constricted in the middle, with four sterigmata and a basal clamp connection, sized 24–39.5 × 3.5–5.5 µm.

Basidiospores—Basidiospores are ellipsoid, colorless, thin-walled, smooth, IKI−, CB−, 4–6.5 × 3–5 µm, L = 5.19 µm, W = 3.8 µm, Q = 1.26–1.48 (n = 60/2).

Additional specimen examined—China, Yunnan Province, Puer, Jingdong County, Wuliangshan National Nature Reserve, 23°57′ N, 100°22′ E, altitude 3376 m asl., found on the fallen branch of an angiosperm, 2 October 2017, CLZhao 3513 (SWFC).

Peniophora yunnanensis L. Zou & C.L. Zhao sp. nov. (Figure 6 and Figure 7).

MycoBank no.: 845760.

Holotype—China, Yunnan Province, Chuxiong, Zixishan Forestry Park, 25°01′ N, 101°24′ E., altitude 2356 m asl., on an angiosperm stump, 2 July 2018, code: CLZhao 7347 (SWFC).

Etymology—Yunnanensis (Lat.): referring to the geographic provenance (Yunnan Province) of the specimens.

Fruiting body—Basidiomata are annual, resupinate, and coriaceous, without odor and taste when fresh, up to 100 mm long, 25 mm wide, and 70–100 µm thick. The hymenial surface is tuberculate and is pale cream to cream. The sterile margin is indistinct and slightly cream-colored.

Hyphal system—Monomitic, generative hyphae with clamp connections, colorless, thin- to thick-walled, moderately branched, 2.5–3.5 µm in diameter, IKI−, CB−; tissues are unchanged in the KOH; the subiculum generative hyphae are dense, with a subparallel arrangement; the subhymenium is composed of strongly agglutinated vertical hyphae.

Hymenium—The cystidia are of two types: (1) Gloeocystidia, which are different in shape, conical, clavate to fusiform, and subglobose, usually containing refractive materials; they are colorless, smooth, thin-walled, and 12.5–58 × 5.5–15.5 µm; (2) Lamprocystidia are abundant in the hymenium, the conical, thick-walled, encrusted apical part, colorless, and 18–29 × 4.5–7 µm. The basidia subclavate changes to subcylindrical, being slightly constricted in the middle to somewhat constricted, with four sterigmata and a basal clamp connection, 22.5–39.5 × 4.5–8 µm.

Basidiospores—The basidiospores are subcylindrical, colorless, thin-walled, and smooth, with oil drops occasionally found inside, IKI−, CB−, (5–) 5.5–10 (–11) × 3–5.5 µm, L = 7.72 µm, W = 4.44 µm, Q = 1.61–1.88 (n = 90/3).

Additional specimens examined (paratypes)—China, Yunnan Province, Puer, Jingdong County, Taizhong Town, Ailaoshan, 24°23′ N, 120°53′ E, altitude 3166 m asl.; found on the fallen branch of an angiosperm, 4 October 2017, CLZhao 3978 (SWFC). Zhenyuan County, Ailaoshan, Jinshan Original Forestry, 24°00′ N, 101°10′ E; altitude 2300 m asl., and found on the fallen branch of an angiosperm, 21 August 2018, CLZhao 8135 (SWFC).

Vararia daweishanensis L. Zou & C.L. Zhao, sp. nov. (Figure 8 and Figure 9).

MycoBank no.: 845761.

Holotype—China, Yunnan Province, Honghe, Pinbian County, Daweishan National Forestry Park, 22°53′ N, 103°35′ E, altitude 1670 m asl., found on a fallen angiosperm branch, 1 August 2019, CLZhao 17936 (SWFC).

Etymology—daweishanensis (Lat.): referring to the provenance (Daweishan) of the specimens.

Fruiting body—Basidiomata are annual, resupinate, membranous, soft, and adnate, up to 80 mm long, 16 mm wide, and 70–150 µm thick. The hymenial surface is smooth and pale yellowish. The sterile margin is distinct, narrow, whitish, and attached.

Hyphal system—Dimitic, generative hyphae with clamp connections, colorless, thin- to thick-walled, occasionally branched, interwoven, 2–4 µm in diameter, IKI−, CB+, tissues are unchanged in KOH; dichohyphae in subhymenium abundant, yellowish, capillary, distinctly thick-walled; dichotomously to irregularly branched, with the main branches up to 4 μm in diameter and with acute tips, moderately dextrinoid when in Melzer’s reagent; more frequently branched with more narrow and shorter branches in the hymenium, with slightly curved tips and a stronger dextrinoid reaction.

Hymenium—The gloeocystidia are empty or are filled with a refractive oil-like matter; they are also subcylindrical. The hymenium is elliptical to ovoid, smooth, colorless, thin-walled, and 9–23 × 7–10.5 µm. The basidia are subcylindrical, with four sterigmata and a basal clamp connection, 26–46 × 5–8 µm.

Basidiospores—The basidiospores are allantoid, colorless, thin-walled, and smooth, with oil droplets inside, IKI−, CB−, (8.5–) 9–13 (–14) × 3.5–5 µm, L = 10.57 µm, W = 4.23 µm, Q = 2.44–2.55 (n = 60/2).

Additional specimens examined (paratypes)—China, Yunnan Province, Honghe, Pinbian County, Daweishan National Forestry Park, 22°53′ N, 103°35′ E, altitude 1670 m asl., found on a fallen angiosperm branch, 1 August 2019, CLZhao 17911 (SWFC).

Vararia fragilis L. Zou & C.L. Zhao, sp. nov. (Figure 10 and Figure 11).

MycoBank no.: 845763.

Holotype—China, Yunnan Province, Wenshan, Wenshan National Nature Reserve. GPS coordinates: found at 23°22′ N, 104°43′ E, altitude 1500 m asl., found on the fallen branch of an angiosperm, 26 July 2019, CLZhao 16475 (SWFC).

Etymology—fragilis (Lat.): referring to the fragile basidiomata.

Fruiting body—Basidiomata are annual, resupinate, adnate, thin, membranous, and fragile, without odor and taste when fresh, up to 85 mm long, 40 mm wide, and 30–100 µm thick. The hymenial surface is smooth, buff when fresh, buff to ochraceous on drying and cracking. The sterile margin is indistinct, attached, and is cream to buff.

Hyphal system—Dimitic, generative hyphae, bearing simple septa, colorless, thin- to thick-walled, occasionally branched, interwoven, 1.5–3.5 µm in diameter, IKI−, CB+, and with tissues unchanged in KOH; the dichohyphae in the subhymenium are abundant, predominantly yellowish, capillary, distinctly thick-walled, and dichotomously to irregularly branched, with the main branches up to 2 μm in diameter and with acute tips; moderately dextrinoid in Melzer’s reagent; more frequently branched, with more narrow and shorter branches in the subiculum, with slightly curved tips and a stronger dextrinoid reaction.

Hymenium—The gloeocystidia are of two types: (1) elliptical to ovoid, 5.8–16 × 3.5–7 µm; (2) subulate, usually with a constriction at the tip, smooth, colorless, thin-walled, 16.5–27 × 4–7 µm. Basidia subcylindrical, with four sterigmata and a basal simple-septa connection, 13–23.5 × 3–4.5 µm.

Basidiospores—The basidiospores are broad from ellipsoid to ellipsoid, colorless, thin-walled, smooth, IKI−, CB−, 3.5–5.5 (–6) × 2.5–3.5 µm, L = 4.78 µm, W = 3.12 µm, Q = 1.48–1.56 (n = 60/2).

Additional specimen examined (paratype)—China, Yunnan Province, Yuxi, Xiping County, Mopanshan National Forestry Park, 24°07′ N, 101°98′ E, altitude 2614 m asl., on the fallen branch of an angiosperm, 20 August 2017, CLZhao 2628 (SWFC).

4. Discussion

Four genera, Gloiothele, Peniophora, Scytinostroman, and Vararia have been grouped together and clustered within the family Peniophoraceae, as inferred from a dataset with 178 terminal taxa [37]. In the present study, based on the nLSU data (Figure 1), four new species were classified in the family Peniophoraceae and were then classified within the genera of Peniophora and Vararia.

Based on the ITS phylogenetic analysis (Figure 2), two new taxa have been grouped within the genus Peniophora, named P. roseoalba and P. yunnanensis, in which P. roseoalba is grouped with two close taxa, P. versicolor and P. ovalispora; P. yunnanensis was grouped with a clade comprising P. lycii and P. violaceolivida. However, morphologically, Peniophora versicolor differs from P. roseoalba by its dark brown to reddish brown or ochraceous hymenophore, smaller lamprocystidia (10–20 × 8–10 µm), and larger basidiospores (9–11 × 4.5–6 µm) [59]. P. ovalispora is separated from P. roseoalba by having a cream-colored to salmon or brownish hymenophore, with a pruinose margin [13,60]. Peniophora lycii is separated from P. yunnanensis by its even, greyish lilac to bluish violaceous hymenial surface, the presence of the dendrohyphidia and the wider lamprocystidia (22–42 × 14–25 µm) [60]; P. violaceolivida differs in terms of its pale pink, with a violaceous hymenial surface and a fimbriate margin [60].

In the current study, based on the further ITS phylogenetic tree (Figure 3), two new taxa have been grouped within the genus Vararia. These are V. daweishanensis and V. fragilis, in which V. daweishanensis was grouped with four close taxa, namely, V. gomezii, V. rhombospora, V. sigmatospora and V. trinidadensis, while V. fragilis was grouped with a clade comprising V. ambigua and V. ellipsospora. However, morphologically speaking, V. gomezii differs from V. daweishanensis in having a pinkish buff to cream hymenial surface and simple-septate generative hyphae, as well as navicular basidiospores [20]. V. rhombospora is separated from V. daweishanensis by having a fragile basidiomata with a cream to beige gray hymenial surface, with rhomboid and larger basidiospores (15–17 × 5–6 µm) [61]; V. sigmatospora is distinguishable from V. daweishanensis by its simple-septate generative hyphae and fusiform, narrower basidiospores (13–15.2 × 2.5–3 µm) [62]; V. trinidadensis differs in its gray to grayish-white hymenial surface, simple-septate generative hyphae, and fusiform, narrower basidiospores (13–17 × 2.5–3.2 µm) [63]. V. ambigua is distinguishable from V. fragilis by its powdery hymenial surface, as well as by basidia that are swollen at the base and larger basidia (27–40 × 3.5–4 µm) [21]; V. ellipsospora differs from V. fragilis in its fimbriate margin, clamped generative hyphae, wider gloeocystidia (28–48 × 8–11 µm) and larger basidiospores (8–12 × 5.5–6.5 µm) [22].

Morphologically, Peniophora cinerea (Pers.) Cooke, P. laeta (Fr.) Donk, P. laurentii S. Lundell, P. polygonia (Pers.) Bourdot & Galzin, P. rhodocarpa Rehill & B.K. Bakshi are similar to P. roseoalba by having encrusted lamprocystidia. However, P. cinerea differs from P. roseoalba by its smaller lamprocystidia (15–20 × 6–10 µm), and subcylindrical to allantoid basidiospores [60]; P. laeta is separated from P. roseoalba by having a hydnoid to raduloid hymenophore, larger gloeocystidia (60–120 × 8–10 µm) and cylindrical to suballantoid, larger basidiospores (9–15 × 3.5–4.5 µm) [64]; P. laurentii is distinguished from P. roseoalba by tuberculate to plicate or merulioid hymenophore, white margin, simple-septa generative hyphae, as well as longer gloeocystidia (70–150 × 8–12 µm) and larger basidia (50–60 × 6–8 µm) [60]; P. polygonia is separated from P. roseoalba by having bladder like, bigger gloeocystidia (60–100 × 15–25 µm), presence of dendrohyphidia, and cylindrical to allantoid, larger basidiospores (10–14 × 2.5–4 µm) [60]; P. rhodocarpa differs P. roseoalba by having tuberculate, rimose hymenial surface, larger gloeocystidia (50–90 × 12–18 µm) with larger lamprocystidia (60–100 × 12–18 µm), and allantoid, narrower basidiospores (5–8.5 × 1.7–2.2 µm) [60].

Peniophora yunnanensis is similar to P. aurantiaca (Bres.) Höhn. & Litsch., P. bonariensis C.E. Gómez, P. junipericola J. Erikss., P. meridionalis Boidin, P. quercina (Pers.) Cooke, based on having clamped generative hyphae and gloeocystidia. However, Peniophora aurantiaca is distinguished from P. yunnanensis by its orange-red, reddish to reddish grey hymenial surface, larger gloeocystidia (70–150 × 10–20 µm), larger basidia (60–80 × 10–15 µm), and ellipsoid, larger basidiospores (14–20 × 8–12 µm) [60]; P. bonariensis can be delimited from P. yunnanensis by its pinkish grey to greyish violaceous hymenial surface, thick-walled gloeocystidia and larger lamprocystidia (30–50 × 12–25 µm) [60]; P. junipericola differs by having pinkish or greyish red to violaceous hymenial surface, larger lamprocystidia (40–80 × 6–18 µm), and allantoid basidiospores [60]; P. meridionalis differs from P. yunnanensis by its ochraceous grey, yellowish brown hymenial surface, presence of dendrohyphidia, and larger lamprocystidia (35–55 × 8–20 µm) [60]; P. quercina is separated from P. yunnanensis by having the pinkish to pinkish grey or bluish grey to violaceous hymenial surface, and larger lamprocystidia (30–80 × 10–20 µm) [60].

Peniophora yunnanensis resembles P. gilbertsonii Boidin, P. lilacea Bourdot & Galzin, P. limitata (Chaillet ex Fr.) Cooke, P. piceae (Pers.) J. Erikss. and P. rufomarginata (Pers.) Bourdot & Galzin in having a tuberculate hymenial surface. However, Peniophora gilbertsonii is different from P. yunnanensis in having an ochraceous pink to reddish or brown to grey hymenial surface and the presence of dendrohyphidia [60]; P. lilacea can be delimited from P. yunnanensis along its pinkish grey to ochraceous violaceous hymenial surface, along with its thick-walled gloeocystidia in trauma. We recorded the presence of the dendrohyphidia and ellipsoid, wider basidiospores (9–16 × 6.5–10 µm) [60]; P. limitata differs from P. yunnanensis by having pinkish gray or violaceous gray to a dark blue-gray hymenial surface, and wider lamprocystidia (25–60 × 8–12 µm) [19]; P. piceae is distinguished from P. yunnanensis by its reddish grey to grey to a dark violaceous grey hymenial surface, larger lamprocystidia (40–80 × 6–18 µm), and allantoid, narrower basidiospores (6.5–9.5 × 2–2.8 µm) [60]; P. rufomarginata is separated from P. yunnanensis by having a pinkish to pinkish gray or bluish gray hue to the violaceous hymenial surface, along with larger lamprocystidia (30–80 × 10–20 µm) [60].

Vararia amphithallica Boidin, Lanq. & Gilles, V. bispora S.L. Liu & S.H. He, V. montana S.L. Liu & S.H. He, V. ochroleuca (Bourdot & Galzin) Donk and V. rugosispora Boidin, Lanq. & Gilles resembles V. daweishanensis by having a smooth hymenial surface and clavate to cylindrical basidia. However, Vararia amphithallica is distinguished from V. daweishanensis by its fimbriate margin, 2-sterigmata basidia, and ellipsoid to cylindrical basidiospores (9–12 × 4–7 µm) [31]; V. bispora differs in V. daweishanensis by having the thick-walled gloeocystidia, with 2-sterigmata basidia, and larger, fusiform to cylindrical basidiospores (16–24 × 6–8 µm) [31]; V. montana is separated from V. daweishanensis by having the brittle basidiomata, longer gloeocystidia (50–100 × 4–9 µm), and broadly ellipsoid, larger basidiospores (16–24 × 8–14 µm) [31]; V. ochroleuca differs from V. daweishanensis by having cream-colored to pallid ochraceous hymenial surface, slightly thick-walled gloeocystidia, simple-septa generative hyphae, and broadly ellipsoid, to drop-shaped, smaller basidiospores (2.6–3.8 × 2–3.2 µm) [65]. V. rugosispora can be delimited from V. daweishanensis by its simple-septate generative hyphae and longer basidiospores (12–16 × 7–8 µm) [21].

Vararia breviphysa Boidin & Lanq., V. cinnamomea Boidin, Lanq. & Gilles, V. cremea Boidin, Lanq. & Gilles, V. gallica (Bourdot & Galzin) Boidin, V. hauerslevii Boidin, and V. sinapicolor Boidin & Gilles are similar to V. fragilis, based on characteristics such as the thick-walled dichohyphae, and four sterigmata basidia. However, V. breviphysa differs from V. fragilis by having the larger gloeocystidia (50–65 × 6–8.5 µm), fusiform and larger basidiospores (15–22 × 4–6 µm) [20]. V. cinnamomea is distinguished from V. fragilis by its cinnamon hymenial surface, larger basidia (45–65 × 8–10 µm), and larger basidiospores (9–13 × 5–7.2 µm) [25]. V. cremea can be delimited from V. fragilis by the longer gloeocystidia (40–90 × 7–15 µm), and larger basidiospores (15–20 × 2.7–3.5µm) [21]. V. gallica differs from V. fragilis in having a whitish hymenial surface and larger basidiospores (9–12 × 3.5–5 µm) [19]. V. hauerslevii is separated from V. fragilis by its larger gloeocystidia (50–60 × 7–9 µm) and subfusoid, larger basidiospores (10–15 × 3.5–4.5 µm) [66]. V. sphaericospora differs from V. fragilis in having clamped generative hyphae, bigger basidia (33–45 × 6–7 µm), and larger basidiospores (12.5–14 × 5.2–7 µm) [20,21,23].

The taxa of Peniophora and Vararia are typical examples of wood-rotting fungi, which is an extensively studied family [19,67,68,69,70]. So far, several studies on new wood-decaying fungi belonging to the Peniophora and Vararia from China have been reported [34,71,72,73,74,75].

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, C.Z.; methodology, C.Z. and L.Z.; software, C.Z. and L.Z.; validation, C.Z. and L.Z.; formal analysis, C.Z., X.Z., Y.D. and L.Z.; investigation, C.Z. and L.Z.; resources, C.Z.; writing—original draft preparation, C.Z., X.Z. and L.Z.; writing—review and editing, C.Z. and L.Z.; visualization, C.Z.; supervision, C.Z.; project administration, C.Z.; funding acquisition, C.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

The research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project No. 32170004, U2102220) to Changlin Zhao, Yunnan Fundamental Research Project (Grant No. 202001AS070043) to Changlin Zhao, the High-level Talents Program of Yunnan Province (YNQR-QNRC-2018-111) to Changlin Zhao.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Publicly available datasets were analyzed in this study. This data can be found here: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/; https://www.mycobank.org/page/Simple%20names%20search; http://purl.org/phylo/treebase, submission ID 28664; all accessed on 13 October 2022].

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. A maximum parsimony strict consensus tree, illustrating the phylogeny of four new species and related genera in the order Russulales, based on nLSU sequences. The branches are labeled with maximum likelihood bootstrap values of >70%, parsimony bootstrap values of >50%, and Bayesian posterior probabilities of >0.95, respectively. The new species are marked with asterisks.

Figure 2. A maximum parsimony strict consensus tree, illustrating the phylogeny of two new species and the related species in the genus Peniophora, based on the ITS sequences. The branches are labeled with maximum likelihood bootstrap values higher than 70%, parsimony bootstrap proportions that are higher than 50%, and Bayesian posterior probabilities of more than 0.95, respectively.

Figure 3. A maximum parsimony strict consensus tree illustrating the phylogeny of two new species and related species in the genus Vararia, based on ITS sequences. The branches are labeled with a maximum likelihood bootstrap value of >70%, a parsimony bootstrap value of >50%, and Bayesian posterior probabilities of >0.95, respectively.

Figure 4. Basidiomata of Peniophora roseoalba (holotype): the front of the basidiome (A); the characteristic hymenophore (B). Bars: (A) = 1 cm and (B) = 1 mm.

Figure 5. Microscopic structures of the Peniophora roseoalba (holotype): basidiospores (A); basidia (B); basidioles (C); lamprocystidia (D); subcylindrical to conical gloeocystidia (E); a section of the hymenium (F). Bars: (A–F) = 10 µm.

Figure 6. Basidiomata of Peniophora yunnanensis (holotype): the front of the basidiomata (A); the characteristic hymenophore (B). Bars: (A) = 1 cm and (B) = 1 mm.

Figure 7. Microscopic structures of Peniophora yunnanensis (holotype): basidiospores (A); basidia and basidioles (B); lamprocystidia (C); the conical, clavate to fusiform, subglobose gloeocystidia (D); a section of the hymenium (E). Bars: (A–E) = 10 µm.

Figure 8. Basidiomata of the Vararia daweishanensis (holotype): the front of the basidiomata (A); the characteristic hymenophore (B). Bars: (A) = 1 cm and (B) = 1 mm.

Figure 9. Microscopic structures of Vararia daweishanensis (holotype): basidiospores (A); basidia and basidioles (B); subcylindrical, elliptical to ovoid gloeocystidia (C); dichohyphae (D); a section of the hymenium (E). Bars: (A–E) = 10 µm.

Figure 10. Basidiomata of Vararia fragilis (holotype): the front of the basidiomata (A); the characteristic hymenophore (B). Bars: (A) = 1 cm and (B) = 1 mm.

Figure 11. Microscopic structures of Vararia fragilis (holotype): basidiospores (A); basidia and basidioles (B); fusiform gloeocystidia (C); elliptical to ovoid gloeocystidia (D); a section of the hymenium (E); dichohyphae (F). Bars: (A) = 5 μm, (B–F) = 10 µm.

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Zou, L.; Zhang, X.; Deng, Y.; Zhao, C. Four New Wood-Inhabiting Fungal Species of Peniophoraceae (Russulales, Basidiomycota) from the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, China. J. Fungi 2022, 8, 1227. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8111227

AMA Style

Zou L, Zhang X, Deng Y, Zhao C. Four New Wood-Inhabiting Fungal Species of Peniophoraceae (Russulales, Basidiomycota) from the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, China. Journal of Fungi. 2022; 8(11):1227. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8111227

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Zou, Lei, Xiaolu Zhang, Yinglian Deng, and Changlin Zhao. 2022. "Four New Wood-Inhabiting Fungal Species of Peniophoraceae (Russulales, Basidiomycota) from the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, China" Journal of Fungi 8, no. 11: 1227. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8111227

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Four New Wood-Inhabiting Fungal Species of Peniophoraceae (Russulales, Basidiomycota) from the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, China

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Morphology

2.2. Molecular Phylogeny

3. Results

3.1. Molecular Phylogeny

3.2. Taxonomy

4. Discussion

Author Contributions

Funding

Institutional Review Board Statement

Informed Consent Statement

Data Availability Statement

Conflicts of Interest

References

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