Eye Infections Caused by Filamentous Fungi: Spectrum and Antifungal Susceptibility of the Prevailing Agents in Germany
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Isolates
2.2. Molecular Species Identification
2.3. Antifungal Susceptibility Testing
3. Results
3.1. Spectrum of Filamentous Fungi Causing Eye Infections in Germany
3.2. Antifungal Susceptibility Testing Profiles of Eye-Infecting Fungal Species
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | No. of Isolates from Eye | No. of Isolates from Eye-Associated Materials |
---|---|---|
Total strain number | 169 (100%) | 73 (100%) |
Alternaria | 8 (4.7%) | 2 (2.7%) |
Alternaria alternata | 8 (4.7%) | 0 |
Alternaria hordeicola | 0 | 1 (1.4%) |
Alternaria rosae | 0 | 1 (1.4%) |
Arthrographis kalrae | 2 (1.2%) | 0 |
Aspergillus | 22 (13.0%) | 4 (5.5%) |
Aspergillus cibarius | 1 (0.6%) | 0 |
Aspergillus flavus | 6 (3.6%) | 1 (1.4%) |
Aspergillus fumigatus | 10 (5.9%) | 1 (1.4%) |
Aspergillus hiratsukae | 1 (0.6%) | 0 |
Aspergillus sydowii | 0 | 1 (1.4%) |
Aspergillus terreus | 1 (0.6%) | 0 |
Aspergillus tubingensis | 2 (1.2%) | 1 (1.4%) |
Aspergillus udagawae | 1 (0.6%) | 0 |
Aureobasidium pullulans | 1 (0.6%) | 0 |
Chaetomium anastomosans | 1 (0.6%) | 0 |
Cladosporium cladosporioides complex | 3 (1.8%) | 1 (1.4%) |
Coprinellus domesticus | 1 (0.6%) | 0 |
Epicoccum mezzettii | 1 (0.6%) | 0 |
Fusarium | 80 (47.3%) | 55 (75.3%) |
FDSC | 1 (0.6%) | 4 (5.5%) |
Fusarium dimerum | 0 | 4 (5.5%) |
Fusarium sp. | 1 (0.6%) | 0 |
FFSC | 12 (7.1%) | 5 (6.8%) |
Fusarium lactis | 1 (0.6%) | 0 |
Fusarium musae | 2 (1.2%) | 1 (1.4%) |
Fusarium proliferatum | 7 (4.1%) | 3 (4.1%) |
Fusarium sacchari | 1 (0.6%) | 0 |
Fusarium verticillioides | 1 (0.6%) | 1 (1.4%) |
FIESC | 1 (0.6%) | 0 |
Fusarium equiseti | 1 (0.6%) | 0 |
FOSC | 10 (5.9%) | 33 (45.2%) |
FRSC | 0 | 1 (1.4%) |
Fusarium redolens | 0 | 1 (1.4%) |
FSSC | 56 (33.1%) | 12 (16.4%) |
Fusarium bostrycoides (FSSC 25 + 35) | 3 (1.8%) | 0 |
Fusarium cyanescens (FSSC 27) | 1 (0.6%) | 0 |
Fusarium falciforme (FSSC 3 + 4) | 5 (3.0%) | 0 |
Fusarium ferrugineum (FSSC 28) | 0 | 1 (1.4%) |
Fusarium keratoplasticum (FSSC 2) | 13 (7.7%) | 1 (1.4%) |
Fusarium petroliphilum (FSSC 1) | 20 (11.8%) | 7 (9.6%) |
Fusarium metavorans (FSSC 6) | 2 (1.2%) | 0 |
Fusarium pisi (FSSC 11) | 0 | 1 (1.4%) |
Fusarium solani (FSSC 5) | 11 (6.5%) | 3 (4.1%) |
Fusarium stercicola (FSSC 44) | 0 | 1 (1.4%) |
Fusarium tonkinense (FSSC 9) | 1 (0.6%) | 1 (1.4%) |
Gnomoniopsis idaeicola | 0 | 1 (1.4%) |
Lecanicillium | 2 (1.2%) | 2 (2.7%) |
Lecanicillium attenuatum | 0 | 1 (1.4%) |
Lecanicillium coprophilum | 2 (1.2%) | 1 (1.4%) |
Lecythophora hoffmannii | 1 (0.6%) | 0 |
Lichtheimia corymbifera | 1 (0.6%) | 0 |
Lomentospora prolificans | 2 (1.2%) | 0 |
Montagnula opulenta | 0 | 1 (1.4%) |
Penicillium | 3 (1.8%) | 2 (2.7%) |
Penicillium chrysogenum | 0 | 1 (1.4%) |
Penicillium citrinum | 1 (0.6%) | 0 |
Penicillium crustosum | 1 (0.6%) | 0 |
Penicillium rubens | 1 (0.6%) | 1 (1.4%) |
Peniophora lycii | 1 (0.6%) | 0 |
Peroneutypa scoparia | 1 (0.6%) | 0 |
Petriella setifera | 1 (0.6%) | 0 |
Plectosphaerella | 1 (0.6%) | 1 (1.4%) |
Plectosphaerella cucumerina | 1 (0.6%) | 0 |
Plectosphaerella sp. | 0 | 1 (1.4%) |
Pseudopithomyces sp. | 1 (0.6%) | 0 |
Purpureocillium | 21 (12.4%) | 0 |
Purpureocillium lilacinum | 15 (8.9%) | 0 |
Purpureocillium sodanum | 6 (3.6%) | 0 |
Rhinocladiella similis | 1 (0.6%) | 0 |
Sarocladium | 2 (1.2%) | 2 (2.7%) |
Sarocladium kiliense | 1 (0.6%) | 1 (1.4%) |
Sarocladium spinificis | 1 (0.6%) | 0 |
Sarocladium strictum | 0 | 1 (1.4%) |
Scedosporium | 8 (4.7%) | 1 (1.4%) |
Scedosporium apiospermum | 7 (4.1%) | 0 |
Scedosporium dehoogii | 1 (0.6%) | 1 (1.4%) |
Schizophyllum commune | 1 (0.6%) | 0 |
Scopulariopsis brevicaulis | 1 (0.6%) | 0 |
Tintelnotia destructans | 2 (1.2%) | 1 (1.4%) |
Species | MICs in mg/L | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AMB | NAT | CAS | |||||||
Range | GM | M50/M90 | Range | GM | M50/M90 | Range | GM | M50/M90 | |
Alternaria alternata (10) | 0.125–1 | 0.33 | 0.25/1 | 2–4 | 2.46 | 2/4 | ≤0.06–0.5 | 0.18 | 0.25/0.25 |
Aspergillus flavus (12) | 1–4 | 1.89 | 2/4 | >32 | 50.8 | >32/>32 | 0.03–0.25 | 0.096 | 0.125/0.25 |
Aspergillus fumigatus (18) | 0.125–1 | 0.31 | 0.25/1 | 2–4 | 2.62 | 2/4 | ≤0.06–0.5 | 0.15 | 0.125/0.25 |
Aspergillus tubingensis (12) | 0.06–0.5 | 0.14 | 0.125/0.25 | 2–4 | 2.83 | 2/4 | ≤0.016–0.5 | 0.12 | 0.125/0.5 |
Fusarium | |||||||||
FDSC | |||||||||
F. dimerum (4) | 0.5–2 | 1.19 | n.a. | 2–4 | 3.36 | n.a. | >8 | 16 | n.a. |
Fusarium sp. (FDSC) (1) | 0.5 | n.a. | n.a. | 2 | n.a. | n.a. | >8 | n.a. | n.a. |
FFSC | |||||||||
F. lactis (1) | 1 | n.a. | n.a. | 4 | n.a. | n.a. | 8 | n.a. | n.a. |
F. musae (3) | 1–4 | 2 | n.a. | 2–4 | 3.17 | n.a. | >8 | 16 | n.a. |
F. proliferatum (10) | 1–4 | 1.62 | 2/2 | 4–8 | 6.96 | 8/8 | 8–>8 | 14.9 | >8/>8 |
F sacchari (2) | 1–2 | 1.41 | n.a. | 4 | 4 | n.a. | >8 | 16 | n.a. |
F. verticillioides (2) | 1–2 | 1.41 | n.a. | 4 | 4 | n.a. | >8 | 16 | n.a. |
FIESC | |||||||||
F. equiseti (1) | 2 | n.a. | n.a. | 4 | 4 | n.a. | 0.25 | n.a. | n.a. |
F0SC (43) | 0.25–8 | 1.39 | 2/2 | 2–8 | 4.41 | 4/8 | >8 | 16 | >8/>8 |
FRSC | |||||||||
F. redolens (1) | 1 | n.a. | n.a. | 4 | n.a. | n.a. | >8 | n.a. | n.a. |
FSSC | |||||||||
F. cyanescens (FSSC 27) (1) | 0.5 | n.a. | n.a. | 4 | n.a. | n.a. | >8 | n.a. | n.a. |
F. falciforme (FSSC 3+4) (5) | 1–2 | 1.15 | n.a. | 8 | n.a. | n.a. | >8 | n.a. | n.a. |
F. ferrugineum (FSSC 28) (1) | 1 | n.a. | n.a. | 4 | n.a. | n.a. | >8 | n.a. | n.a. |
F. keratoplasticum (FSSC 2) (14) | 1–4 | 2.56 | 2/4 | 4–8 | 5.12 | 4/8 | >8 | 16 | >8/>8 |
F. metavorans (FSSC 6) (2) | 1–8 | 2.83 | n.a. | 4–8 | 5.66 | n.a. | 8–>8 | 11.3 | n.a. |
F. pisi (FSSC 11) (1) | 2 | n.a. | n.a. | 8 | n.a. | n.a. | >8 | n.a. | n.a. |
F. petroliphilum (FSSC 1) (27) | 0.5–8 | 1.29 | 2/2 | 2–8 | 5.04 | 4/8 | 8–>8 | 15.5 | >8/>8 |
F. solani (FSSC 5) (21) | 0.5–8 | 1.39 | 1/2 | 4–32 | 9.59 | 8/16 | >8 | 16 | >8/>8 |
F. bostrycoides (FSSC 25+35) (3) | 1 | 1 | n.a. | 2–4 | 2.83 | n.a. | >8 | 16 | n.a. |
F. stercicola (FSSC 44) (1) | 2 | n.a. | n.a. | 4 | n.a. | n.a. | >8 | n.a. | n.a. |
F. tonkinense (FSSC 9) (2) | 2–4 | 2.83 | n.a. | 48 | 5.66 | n.a. | >8 | 16 | n.a. |
Purpureocillium lilacinum (15) | >16 | 32 | >8/>8 | >32 | 64 | >32/>32 | 0.125–>8 | 0.87 | 1/>8 |
Purpureocillium sodanum (7) | >16 | 32 | n.a. | >32 | 64 | n.a. | 0.25–>8 | 0.91 | n.a. |
Lomentospora prolificans (11) | 4–>16 | 26.5 | >8/>8 | 2–8 | 5.84 | 8/8 | 1–8 | 2.83 | 4/8 |
Scedosporium apiospermum (17) | 1–>16 | 6.26 | 8/>8 | 2–4 | 2.55 | 2/4 | 0.125–2 | 0.82 | 1/1 |
Scedosporium aurantiacum (1) | >16 | n.a. | n.a. | 2 | n.a. | n.a. | 4 | n.a. | n.a. |
Scedosporium dehoogii (4) | 8–>16 | 13.5 | n.a. | 2 | 2 | n.a. | 1–>8 | 5.66 | n.a. |
Scopulariopsis brevicaulis (2) | 8–>16 | 16 | n.a. | 4 | 4 | n.a. | 0.5 | 0.5 | n.a. |
Tintelnotia destructans (3) | 0.5–1 | 0.63 | n.a. | 1–2 | 1.41 | n.a. | ≤0.016–0.25 | 0.06 | n.a. |
Species | MICs in mg/L | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ISA | ITZ | PCZ | VCZ | |||||||||
Range | GM | M50/M90 | Range | GM | M50/M90 | Range | GM | M50/M90 | Range | GM | M50/M90 | |
A. alternata (10) | 0.5–16 | 3.03 | 4/8 | 0.25–16 | 0.93 | 0.5/1 | ≤0.016–0.5 | 0.10 | 0.125/0.5 | 0.5–4 | 1.74 | 2/2 |
A. flavus (12) | 0.5–2 | 0.75 | 0.5/2 | 0.25–2 | 0.47 | 0.5/1 | 0.125–0.5 | 0.177 | 0.125/0.5 | 0.5–1 | 0.59 | 0.5/1 |
A. fumigatus (18) | 0.125–8 | 0.71 | 0.5/8 | 0.125–>8 | 0.68 | 0.5/>8 | ≤0.016–2 | 0.06 | 0.06/0.5 | 0.25–4 | 0.58 | 0.5/2 |
A. tubingensis (12) | 1–8 | 2.92 | 4/4 | 1–>8 | 4 | 2/>8 | 0.06–1 | 0.26 | 0.25/0.5 | 0.5–2 | 1.19 | 1/2 |
Fusarium | ||||||||||||
FDSC | ||||||||||||
F. dimerum (4) | >8 | 16 | n.a. | >8 | 16 | n.a. | >8 | 16 | n.a. | 4–8 | 6.73 | n.a. |
Fusarium sp. (FDSC) (1) | 8 | n.a. | n.a. | >8 | n.a. | n.a. | >8 | n.a. | n.a. | 4 | n.a. | n.a. |
FFSC | ||||||||||||
F. lactis (1) | >8 | n.a. | n.a. | >8 | n.a. | n.a. | >8 | n.a. | n.a. | 8 | n.a. | n.a. |
F. musae (3) | 4 | 4 | n.a. | >8 | 16 | n.a. | 1–2 | 1.26 | n.a. | 2–4 | 2.52 | n.a. |
F. proliferatum (10) | >8 | 16 | >8/>8 | >8 | 16 | n.a. | 4–>8 | 6.06 | >8/>8 | 4–8 | 5.66 | 4/8 |
F sacchari (2) | 2–4 | 2.83 | n.a. | >8 | 11 | n.a. | 0.5 | 0.5 | n.a. | 2 | 2 | n.a. |
F. verticillioides (2) | 2–4 | 2.83 | n.a. | 2–>8 | 5.7 | n.a. | 0.25–1 | 0.5 | n.a. | 1–2 | 1.41 | n.a. |
FIESC | ||||||||||||
F. equiseti (1) | 2 | n.a. | n.a. | 1 | n.a. | n.a. | 0.5 | n.a. | n.a. | 1 | n.a. | n.a. |
F0SC (43) | 4–>8 | 13.0 | >8/>8 | >8 | 16 | >8/>8 | 1–>8 | 12.77 | >8/>8 | 2–>8 | 4.78 | 4/>8 |
FRSC | ||||||||||||
F. redolens (1) | >8 | n.a. | n.a. | >8 | n.a. | n.a. | >8 | n.a. | 4 | n.a. | n.a. | |
FSSC | ||||||||||||
F. cyanescens (FSSC 27) (1) | >8 | n.a. | n.a. | >8 | n.a. | n.a. | >8 | n.a. | n.a. | >8 | n.a. | n.a. |
F. falciforme (FSSC 3+4) (5) | >8 | 16 | n.a. | >8 | 16 | >8/>8 | >8 | 16 | n.a. | >8 | 16 | n.a. |
F. ferrugineum (FSSC 28) (1) | >8 | n.a. | n.a. | >8 | n.a. | n.a. | >8 | n.a. | n.a. | 4 | n.a. | n.a. |
F. keratoplasticum (FSSC 2) (14) | >8 | 16 | >8/>8 | >8 | 16 | >8/>8 | >8 | 16 | >8/>8 | 4–>8 | 12.50 | >8/>8 |
F. metavorans (FSSC 6) (2) | 8–>8 | 11.3 | n.a. | 8–>8 | 11 | n.a. | 8–>8 | 11.3 | n.a. | 4–8 | 5.66 | n.a. |
F. pisi (FSSC 11) (1) | >8 | n.a | n.a. | >8 | n.a | n.a. | >8 | n.a | n.a. | >8 | n.a | n.a. |
F. petroliphilum (FSSC 1) (27) | >8 | 16 | >8/>8 | >8 | 16 | >8/>8 | >8 | 16 | >8/>8 | 4–>8 | 14.4 | >8/>8 |
F. solani (FSSC 5) (21) | >8 | 16 | >8/>8 | >8 | 16 | >8/>8 | >8 | 15.5 | >8/>8 | 4–>8 | 12.7 | >8/>8 |
F. bostrycoides(FSSC 25+35) (3) | >8 | 16 | n.a. | >8 | 16 | n.a. | >8 | 16 | n.a. | 1–>8 | 4 | n.a. |
F. stercicola (FSSC 44) (1) | >8 | n.a | n.a. | >8 | n.a | n.a. | >8 | n.a | n.a. | >8 | n.a | n.a. |
F. tonkinense (FSSC 9) (2) | >8 | 16 | n.a. | >8 | 16 | n.a. | >8 | 16 | n.a. | >8 | 16 | n.a. |
P. lilacinum (15) | 0.06–2 | 0.34 | 0.5/1 | 1–>8 | 5.79 | >8/>8 | 0.06–1 | 0.16 | 0.125/0.5 | 0.125–0.5 | 0.24 | 0.25/0.5 |
P. sodanum (7) | 0.125–1 | 0.35 | n.a. | 2–>8 | ### | n.a. | 0.06–0.5 | 0.15 | n.a. | 0.125–0.5 | 0.25 | n.a. |
L. prolificans (11) | 4–>8 | 12.40 | >8/>8 | >8 | 16 | >8/>8 | >8 | 16 | >8/>8 | 4–>8 | 13.2 | >8/>8 |
S. apiospermum (17) | >8 | 11.60 | >8/>8 | 2–8 | 12 | n.a. | 1–>8 | 5.77 | 4/>8 | 0.5–1 | 0.75 | 1/1 |
S. aurantiacum (1) | 8 | n.a | n.a. | >8 | n.a | n.a. | 2 | n.a | n.a | 0.5 | n.a | n.a |
S. dehoogii (4) | 2–8 | 4 | n.a. | 1–>8 | 2 | n.a. | 0.25–2 | 0.71 | n.a | 0.25–0.5 | 0.42 | n.a |
Scopulariopsis brevicaulis (2) | >8 | 16.00 | n.a. | >8 | 16 | n.a. | >8 | 16 | n.a | >8 | 16 | n.a |
Tintelnotia destructans (3) | 4–8 | 6.35 | n.a. | 0.25–0.5 | 0.40 | n.a. | 0.06–0.125 | 0.10 | n.a | 0.5–1 | 0.79 | n.a |
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Walther, G.; Zimmermann, A.; Theuersbacher, J.; Kaerger, K.; von Lilienfeld-Toal, M.; Roth, M.; Kampik, D.; Geerling, G.; Kurzai, O. Eye Infections Caused by Filamentous Fungi: Spectrum and Antifungal Susceptibility of the Prevailing Agents in Germany. J. Fungi 2021, 7, 511. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7070511
Walther G, Zimmermann A, Theuersbacher J, Kaerger K, von Lilienfeld-Toal M, Roth M, Kampik D, Geerling G, Kurzai O. Eye Infections Caused by Filamentous Fungi: Spectrum and Antifungal Susceptibility of the Prevailing Agents in Germany. Journal of Fungi. 2021; 7(7):511. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7070511
Chicago/Turabian StyleWalther, Grit, Anna Zimmermann, Johanna Theuersbacher, Kerstin Kaerger, Marie von Lilienfeld-Toal, Mathias Roth, Daniel Kampik, Gerd Geerling, and Oliver Kurzai. 2021. "Eye Infections Caused by Filamentous Fungi: Spectrum and Antifungal Susceptibility of the Prevailing Agents in Germany" Journal of Fungi 7, no. 7: 511. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7070511