Natural Radioactivity Assessment and Radiation Hazards of Pegmatite as a Building Material, Hafafit Area, Southeastern Desert, Egypt
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Radioactivity Measurement
3.2. Statistical Approach
3.2.1. Pearson Correlation Analysis (PC)
3.2.2. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA)
3.2.3. Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Definition | Formula |
---|---|---|
Raeq | The radium equivalent content (Raeq) is the radioactive parameter applied widely in radiation health hazards. The data of Raeq must be less than 370 Bq kg−1, which keeps the AED for the public lower than one mSv. The Raeq can be detected by the following formula. | Raeq (Bq kg−1) = ARa + 1.43 ATh + 0.077 AK |
D (nGy/h) | The radioactive factor known as the absorbed dose rate was used to evaluate the effect of gamma radiation at a distance of 1 m from radiation sources in the air owing to the concentrations of 238U, 232Th, and 40K. | Dair (nGy h−1) = 0.430 AU + 0.666 ATh + 0.042 AK |
AEDout | An element of radioactivity called the yearly effective dose is used to gauge radiation exposure levels over a fixed period of time (1 year). | AEDout (mSv/y) = Dair (nGy/h) × 0.2 * 8760 (h/y) × 0.7 (Sv/Gy) × 10−6 (mSv/nGy) |
AEDin | AEDin (mSv/y) = Dair (nGy/h) × 0.8 × 8760 (h/y) × 0.7 (Sv/Gy) × 10−6 (mSv/nGy) | |
Hex | The radiological parameters used to evaluate the risk of gamma radiation are known as the external hazard index. When radon and its decay products are exposed internally, the internal hazard index is used. | |
Hin | ||
Iγ | Due to the various combinations of distinct natural activities in the sample, another index was proposed by a group of specialists to determine the amount of radiation hazard linked with the natural radionuclides in the samples. | |
AGDE | The radioactive measure known as the yearly gonadal dose equivalent is used to calculate the doses of gamma radiation that are absorbed by the gonads. | AGDE (mSv y−1) = 3.09ARa + 4.18ATh + 0.314AK |
ELCR | The radioactive factor used to determine whether gamma radiation exposure caused lethal cancer is called excess lifetime cancer, where, Dl = Lifetime (70 years) and RF = cancer risk factor (0.05 Sv−1). | ELCR = AEDout × DL × RF |
N | Mean | SD | Min | Max | Skewness | Kurtosis | CV, % | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
U-238 (Bq kg−1) | 67 | 30.8 | 18.4 | 4.9 | 74.1 | 0.88 | −0.16 | 60% |
Th-232 (Bq kg−1) | 67 | 27.3 | 26.0 | 0.8 | 129.9 | 1.54 | 2.79 | 95% |
K-40 (Bq kg−1) | 67 | 1045.5 | 366.9 | 219.1 | 1690.2 | −0.41 | −0.77 | 35% |
Country | 238U | 232Th | 40K | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Egypt | 30.8 | 27.3 | 1045.5 | Present study |
Egypt | 137 | 82 | 1082 | [19] |
Saudi Arabia | 28.82 | 34.83 | 665.08 | [20] |
Palestine | 71 | 82 | 780 | [21] |
Jordan | 41.52 | 58.42 | 897 | [22] |
India | 25.88 | 42.82 | 560.6 | [23] |
Iran | 77.4 | 44.5 | 1017.2 | [24] |
Spain | 84 | 42 | 1138 | [25] |
Greek | 74 | 85 | 881 | [26] |
Turkey | 80 | 101 | 974 | [27] |
Nigeria | 63.29 | 226.67 | 832.59 | [5] |
Samples | Raeq | Hin | Hex | Dair | AEDout | AEDin | AGDE | ELCR × 10−3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Bq/kg) | (nG/h) | (mSv) | (mSv) | (mSv) | ||||
S1 | 97 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 47.3 | 0.06 | 0.2 | 0.34 | 0.20 |
S2 | 126 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 60.2 | 0.07 | 0.3 | 0.43 | 0.26 |
S3 | 138 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 62.5 | 0.08 | 0.3 | 0.43 | 0.27 |
S4 | 154 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 71.0 | 0.09 | 0.3 | 0.50 | 0.30 |
S5 | 171 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 79.1 | 0.10 | 0.4 | 0.56 | 0.34 |
S6 | 206 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 95.5 | 0.12 | 0.5 | 0.67 | 0.41 |
S7 | 272 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 125.4 | 0.15 | 0.6 | 0.89 | 0.54 |
S8 | 123 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 57.2 | 0.07 | 0.3 | 0.40 | 0.25 |
S9 | 160 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 71.8 | 0.09 | 0.4 | 0.50 | 0.31 |
S10 | 202 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 91.3 | 0.11 | 0.4 | 0.64 | 0.39 |
S11 | 208 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 94.4 | 0.12 | 0.5 | 0.66 | 0.41 |
S12 | 219 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 100.3 | 0.12 | 0.5 | 0.70 | 0.43 |
S13 | 140 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 64.5 | 0.08 | 0.3 | 0.46 | 0.28 |
S14 | 93 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 47.2 | 0.06 | 0.2 | 0.35 | 0.20 |
S15 | 94 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 47.8 | 0.06 | 0.2 | 0.36 | 0.21 |
S16 | 195 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 97.2 | 0.12 | 0.5 | 0.72 | 0.42 |
S17 | 182 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 87.8 | 0.11 | 0.4 | 0.63 | 0.38 |
S18 | 168 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 80.5 | 0.10 | 0.4 | 0.58 | 0.35 |
S19 | 152 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 77.9 | 0.10 | 0.4 | 0.58 | 0.33 |
S20 | 146 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 74.6 | 0.09 | 0.4 | 0.56 | 0.32 |
S21 | 115 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 59.2 | 0.07 | 0.3 | 0.44 | 0.25 |
S22 | 126 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 64.5 | 0.08 | 0.3 | 0.48 | 0.28 |
S23 | 151 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 77.2 | 0.09 | 0.4 | 0.58 | 0.33 |
S24 | 137 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 70.8 | 0.09 | 0.3 | 0.53 | 0.30 |
S25 | 129 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 65.8 | 0.08 | 0.3 | 0.49 | 0.28 |
S26 | 137 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 70.8 | 0.09 | 0.3 | 0.53 | 0.30 |
S27 | 120 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 62.0 | 0.08 | 0.3 | 0.47 | 0.27 |
S28 | 88 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 44.2 | 0.05 | 0.2 | 0.33 | 0.19 |
S29 | 139 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 71.1 | 0.09 | 0.3 | 0.53 | 0.31 |
S30 | 112 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 56.9 | 0.07 | 0.3 | 0.42 | 0.24 |
S31 | 92 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 45.5 | 0.06 | 0.2 | 0.33 | 0.20 |
S32 | 112 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 55.1 | 0.07 | 0.3 | 0.40 | 0.24 |
S33 | 122 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 59.1 | 0.07 | 0.3 | 0.42 | 0.25 |
S34 | 135 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 69.7 | 0.09 | 0.3 | 0.52 | 0.30 |
S35 | 104 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 50.5 | 0.06 | 0.2 | 0.37 | 0.22 |
S36 | 141 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 71.4 | 0.09 | 0.4 | 0.53 | 0.31 |
S37 | 99 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 48.8 | 0.06 | 0.2 | 0.36 | 0.21 |
S38 | 116 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 58.1 | 0.07 | 0.3 | 0.43 | 0.25 |
S39 | 132 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 65.6 | 0.08 | 0.3 | 0.48 | 0.28 |
S40 | 122 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 60.7 | 0.07 | 0.3 | 0.45 | 0.26 |
S41 | 112 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 56.1 | 0.07 | 0.3 | 0.41 | 0.24 |
S42 | 124 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 63.9 | 0.08 | 0.3 | 0.48 | 0.27 |
S43 | 124 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 65.2 | 0.08 | 0.3 | 0.49 | 0.28 |
S44 | 135 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 69.9 | 0.09 | 0.3 | 0.52 | 0.30 |
S45 | 127 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 65.3 | 0.08 | 0.3 | 0.49 | 0.28 |
S46 | 126 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 65.1 | 0.08 | 0.3 | 0.49 | 0.28 |
S47 | 131 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 67.2 | 0.08 | 0.3 | 0.50 | 0.29 |
S48 | 105 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 55.6 | 0.07 | 0.3 | 0.42 | 0.24 |
S49 | 96 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 49.8 | 0.06 | 0.2 | 0.37 | 0.21 |
S50 | 94 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 48.7 | 0.06 | 0.2 | 0.37 | 0.21 |
S51 | 94 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 48.5 | 0.06 | 0.2 | 0.36 | 0.21 |
S52 | 89 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 44.5 | 0.05 | 0.2 | 0.33 | 0.19 |
S53 | 192 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 93.3 | 0.11 | 0.5 | 0.68 | 0.40 |
S54 | 334 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 156.3 | 0.19 | 0.8 | 1.13 | 0.67 |
S55 | 216 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 105.8 | 0.13 | 0.5 | 0.78 | 0.45 |
S56 | 273 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 129.4 | 0.16 | 0.6 | 0.94 | 0.56 |
S57 | 182 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 87.4 | 0.11 | 0.4 | 0.64 | 0.38 |
S58 | 227 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 108.9 | 0.13 | 0.5 | 0.79 | 0.47 |
S59 | 135 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 65.2 | 0.08 | 0.3 | 0.47 | 0.28 |
S60 | 107 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 54.1 | 0.07 | 0.3 | 0.40 | 0.23 |
S61 | 176 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 85.4 | 0.10 | 0.4 | 0.62 | 0.37 |
S62 | 186 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 91.3 | 0.11 | 0.4 | 0.66 | 0.39 |
S63 | 193 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 94.6 | 0.12 | 0.5 | 0.69 | 0.41 |
S64 | 188 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 91.4 | 0.11 | 0.4 | 0.67 | 0.39 |
S65 | 211 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 102.2 | 0.13 | 0.5 | 0.74 | 0.44 |
S66 | 215 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 104.4 | 0.13 | 0.5 | 0.76 | 0.45 |
S67 | 209 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 100.6 | 0.12 | 0.5 | 0.73 | 0.43 |
Average | 150 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 74 | 0.09 | 0.36 | 0.54 | 0.32 |
SD | 50 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 22.5 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 0.16 | 0.10 |
Max | 334 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 156.3 | 0.19 | 0.77 | 1.13 | 0.67 |
Min | 88 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 44.2 | 0.05 | 0.22 | 0.33 | 0.19 |
GM | 143 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 70.6 | 0.09 | 0.35 | 0.52 | 0.30 |
U-238 | Th-232 | K-40 | Raeq | Hin | Hex | Dair | AEDout | AEDin | AGDE | ELCR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
U-238 | 1 | ||||||||||
Th-232 | 0.62 | 1 | |||||||||
K-40 | −0.49 | −0.17 | 1 | ||||||||
Raeq | 0.55 | 0.88 | 0.26 | 1 | |||||||
Hin | 0.74 | 0.89 | 0.07 | 0.97 | 1 | ||||||
Hex | 0.55 | 0.88 | 0.26 | 1.00 | 0.97 | 1 | |||||
Dair | 0.49 | 0.82 | 0.37 | 0.99 | 0.94 | 0.99 | 1 | ||||
AEDout | 0.49 | 0.82 | 0.37 | 0.99 | 0.94 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1 | |||
AEDin | 0.49 | 0.82 | 0.37 | 0.99 | 0.94 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1 | ||
AGDE | 0.43 | 0.78 | 0.44 | 0.98 | 0.92 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1 | |
ELCR | 0.49 | 0.82 | 0.37 | 0.99 | 0.94 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1 |
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Adel, E.-A.H.; Taha, S.H.; Ebyan, O.A.; Rashed, W.M.; El-Feky, M.G.; Alqahtani, M.S.; Korany, K.A.; Hanfi, M.Y. Natural Radioactivity Assessment and Radiation Hazards of Pegmatite as a Building Material, Hafafit Area, Southeastern Desert, Egypt. Toxics 2022, 10, 596. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10100596
Adel E-AH, Taha SH, Ebyan OA, Rashed WM, El-Feky MG, Alqahtani MS, Korany KA, Hanfi MY. Natural Radioactivity Assessment and Radiation Hazards of Pegmatite as a Building Material, Hafafit Area, Southeastern Desert, Egypt. Toxics. 2022; 10(10):596. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10100596
Chicago/Turabian StyleAdel, El-Afandy H., Samia H. Taha, Osama A. Ebyan, Wafaa M. Rashed, Mohamed G. El-Feky, Mohammed S. Alqahtani, Korany A. Korany, and Mohamed Y. Hanfi. 2022. "Natural Radioactivity Assessment and Radiation Hazards of Pegmatite as a Building Material, Hafafit Area, Southeastern Desert, Egypt" Toxics 10, no. 10: 596. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10100596