Photonic Crystal Surface Emitting Laser Operating in Pulse-Periodic Regime with Ultralow Divergence Angle
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Sample Structure and Lasing Principles
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Stoneman, R.C.; Hartman, R.; Malm, A.I.; Gatt, P. Coherent laser radar using eyesafe YAG laser transmitters. Proc. SPIE 2005, 5791, 167–174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Henderson, S.W.; Suni, P.J.M.; Hale, C.P.; Hannon, S.; Magee, J.R.; Bruns, D.L.; Yuen, E.H. Coherent laser radar at 2 mu m using solid-state lasers. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 1993, 31, 4–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shi, X.J.; Sun, J.F.; Jang, P.; Lu, W.; Wang, Q.Q.; Wang, Q. All-fiber coherent laser image Lidar based on phase correction. Opt. Express 2019, 27, 26432–26445. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Canat, G.; Lombard, L.; Dolfi, A.; Valla, M.; Planchat, C.; Augère, B.; Bourdon, P.; Jolivet, V.; Besson, C.; Jaouën, Y.; et al. High Brightness 1.5 μm Pulsed Fiber Laser for Lidar: From Fibers to Systems. Fiber Integr. Opt. 2008, 27, 422–439. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huikari, J.M.T.; Avrutin, E.A.; Ryvkin, B.S.; Nissinen, J.J.; Kostamovaara, J.T. High-Energy Picosecond Pulse Generation by Gain Switching in Asymmetric Waveguide Structure Multiple Quantum Well Lasers. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2015, 21, 189–194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kostamovaara, J.; Huikari, J.; Hallman, L.; Nissinen, I.; Nissinen, J.; Rapakko, H.; Avrutin, E.; Ryvkin, B. On Laser Ranging Based on High-Speed/Energy Laser Diode Pulses and Single-Photon Detection Techniques. IEEE Photon. J. 2015, 7, 1–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Knigge, A.; Klehr, A.; Wenzel, H.; Zeghuzi, A.; Fricke, J.; Maaßdorf, A.; Liero, A.; Tränkle, G. Wavelength-stabilized high-pulse-power laser diodes for automotive LiDAR. Phys. Status Solidi A 2018, 215, 215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yun, J.; Gao, C.X.; Zhu, S.L.; Sun, C.D.; He, H.D.; Feng, L.; Dong, L.J.; Niu, L.Q. High-peak-power, single-mode, nanosecond pulsed, all-fiber laser for high resolution 3D imaging LIDAR system. Chin. Opt. Lett. 2012, 10, 121402–121404. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- McManamon, P.F. LiDAR Technologies and Systems; SPIE: Bellingham, WA, USA, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Jiang, L.F.; Lan, T.; Gu, M.X.; Ni, G.Q. Effects of laser beam divergence angle on airborne LIDAR positioning errors. J. Beijing Inst. Technol. 2012, 21, 278–284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grundl, T.; Debernardi, P.; Muller, M.; Grasse, C.; Ebert, P.; Geiger, K.; Ortsiefer, M.; Bohm, G.; Meyer, R.; Amann, M.C. Record Single-Mode, High-Power VCSELs by Inhibition of Spatial Hole Burning. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2013, 19, 1700913. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haglund, A.; Gustavsson, J.S.; Vukusic, J.; Modh, P.; Larsson, A. Single fundamental-mode output power exceeding 6 mW from VCSELs with a shallow surface relief. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 2004, 16, 368–370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shu, S.L.; Hou, G.Y.; Feng, J.; Wang, L.J.; Tian, S.C.; Tong, C.Z.; Wang, L.J. Progress of optically pumped GaSb based semiconductor disk laser. Opto-Electron. Adv. 2018, 1, 17000301–17000309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Siegman, A.E. Defining, measuring, and optimizing laser beam quality. In Proceedings of the OE/LASE’93: Optics, Electro-Optics, & Laser Applications in Science& Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 17–22 January 1993; pp. 2–12. [Google Scholar]
- Siegman, A.E. New developments in laser resonators. In Proceedings of the Optical Resonators, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 1 June 1990; pp. 2–14. [Google Scholar]
- Yoshida, M.; de Zoysa, M.; Ishizaki, K.; Tanaka, Y.; Kawasaki, M.; Hatsuda, R.; Song, B.; Gelleta, J.; Noda, S. Double-lattice photonic-crystal resonators enabling high-brightness semiconductor lasers with symmetric narrow-divergence beams. Nat. Mater. 2018, 18, 121–128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Taylor, R.J.E.; Li, G.R.; Ivanov, P.; Childs, D.T.D.; Roberts, T.S.; Stevens, B.J.; Harrison, B.; Sarma, J.; Babazadeh, N.; Terrnent, G.; et al. Mode Control in Photonic Crystal Surface Emitting Lasers through External Reflection. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2017, 23, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hirose, K.; Liang, Y.; Kurosaka, Y.; Watanabe, A.; Sugiyama, T.; Noda, S. Watt-class high-power, high-beam-quality photonic-crystal lasers. Nat. Photonics 2014, 8, 406–411. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Z.X.; Liang, Y.; Meng, B.; Sun, Y.T.; Omanakuttan, G.; Gini, E.; Beck, M.; Sergachev, I.; Lourdudoss, S.; Faist, J.; et al. Large area photonic crystal quantum cascade laser with 5 W surface-emitting power. Opt. Express 2019, 27, 22708–22716. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lu, H.Y.; Tian, S.C.; Tong, C.Z.; Wang, L.J.; Rong, J.M.; Liu, C.Y.; Wang, H.; Shu, S.L.; Wang, L.J. Extracting more light for vertical emission: High power continuous wave operation of 1.3-μm quantum-dot photonic-crystal surface-emitting laser based on a flat band. Light Sci. Appl. 2019, 8, 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Klehr, A.; Liero, A.; Christopher, H.; Wenzel, H.; Maassdorf, A.; Della Casa, P.; Fricke, J.; Ginolas, A.; Knigge, A. Wavelength stabilized high pulse power 48 emitter laser bars for automotive light detection and ranging application. Semicond. Sci. Technol. 2020, 35, 065016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kitamura, K.; Okino, T.; Yasuda, D.; Noda, S. Polarization control by modulated photonic-crystal lasers. Opt. Lett. 2019, 44, 4718–4720. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yokoyama, M.; Noda, S. Polarization mode control of two-dimensional photonic crystal laser having a square lattice structure. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 2003, 39, 1074–1080. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miyai, E.; Sakai, K.; Okano, T.; Kunishi, W.; Ohnishi, D.; Noda, S. Lasers producing tailored beams. Nature 2006, 441, 946. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liang, Y.; Okino, T.; Kitamura, K.; Peng, C.; Ishizaki, K.; Noda, S. Mode stability in photonic-crystal surface-emitting lasers with large κ1DL. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2014, 104, 21102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Imada, M.; Chutinan, A.; Noda, S.; Mochizuki, M. Multidirectionally distributed feedback photonic crystal lasers. Phys. Rev. B 2002, 65, 65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, W.D.; Liu, S.C.; Ge, X.; Zhao, D.Y.; Yang, H.J.; Reuterskiold-Hedlund, C.; Hammar, M. On-Chip Photonic Crystal Surface-Emitting Membrane Lasers. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2019, 25, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Z.L.; Chang, B.H.; Lin, C.H.; Lee, C.P. Dual-wavelength GaSb-based mid infrared photonic crystal surface emitting lasers. J. Appl. Phys. 2018, 123, 093102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Siegman, A.E.; Townsend, S.W. Output beam propagation and beam quality from a multimode stable-cavity laser. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 1993, 29, 1212–1217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carter, W.H. Spot size and divergence for Hermite Gaussian beams of any order. Appl. Opt. 1980, 19, 1027–1029. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Layer | Thickness (nm) | Refractive Index |
---|---|---|
n−cladding layer | 1500 | 3.20 (AlGaAs) |
MQWs | 98 | 3.52 (InGaAs/AlGaAs) |
blocking layer | 60 | 3.19 (AlGaAs) |
photonic crystal layer | 180 | 3.55 (GaAs) |
p−cladding layer | 1500 | 3.28 (AlGaAs) |
p−contact layer | 210 | 3.55 (GaAs) |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Wang, Z.; Tong, C.; Wang, L.; Lu, H.; Tian, S.; Wang, L. Photonic Crystal Surface Emitting Laser Operating in Pulse-Periodic Regime with Ultralow Divergence Angle. Photonics 2021, 8, 323. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics8080323
Wang Z, Tong C, Wang L, Lu H, Tian S, Wang L. Photonic Crystal Surface Emitting Laser Operating in Pulse-Periodic Regime with Ultralow Divergence Angle. Photonics. 2021; 8(8):323. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics8080323
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Ziye, Cunzhu Tong, Lijie Wang, Huanyu Lu, Sicong Tian, and Lijun Wang. 2021. "Photonic Crystal Surface Emitting Laser Operating in Pulse-Periodic Regime with Ultralow Divergence Angle" Photonics 8, no. 8: 323. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics8080323