Effects of Pore Water Content on Stress Sensitivity of Tight Sandstone Oil Reservoirs: A Study of the Mahu Block (Xinjiang Province, China)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geological Background
3. Methods
3.1. Comparison of Stress Sensitivity Experiments in Water-Bearing and Dry Conditions for Tight Sandstone
3.2. Limitations of Traditional Stress Sensitivity Models in Fitting the Experimental Results under Water-Bearing Conditions
3.3. Improvement to Power-Law Function Model
4. Results
4.1. Verification of the Improved Stress Sensitivity Assessment Model Using Experimental Data
- (1)
- As the water content in the sample increases, the disparity between most of the computed results of the fitted coefficients obtained under dry conditions according to the original model and the experimental results becomes more pronounced. This result corroborates the speculation in the preceding section that an increase in water content reduces the total compressibility factor of the sample. Moreover, the larger the water content, the smaller the total compressibility factor of the sample. Certainly, this disparity does not continue to increase, primarily during the high water content stages, as shown in Figure 7 and Figure 8. Nevertheless, on the whole, it remains evident that utilizing the stress-sensitive damage coefficient fitted under dry conditions to evaluate the extent of stress-sensitive damage under wet conditions will result in an overestimation of the degree of stress sensitivity damage.
- (2)
- The improved model, which takes into account the correction of the fitting coefficients of the power-law model for water content, exhibits improved fitting accuracy compared to the actual data, even though some disparity still remains. Comparing the fitting results of the original M2 for the sample group A, the accuracy of the improved model’s fitting results has increased by 35.46%, 60.56%, and 70.94% for the samples with Sw = 30%, Sw = 60%, and Sw = 80%, respectively. In the case of the sample group B, the accuracy of the improved model’s fitting results has increased by 21.06%, 39.63%, and 54.20% for the samples with Sw = 25%, Sw = 52%, and Sw = 80%, respectively. The average increase in accuracy for these experiments is 46.98%. As for Figure 7, the accuracy of the improved model’s fitting results has increased by 6.01%, 4.18%, and −48.96% for the samples with Sw = 20%, Sw = 40%, and Sw = 70%, respectively. As for Figure 8, the accuracy of the improved model’s fitting results has increased by 9.23% and −42.90% for the samples with Sw = 30% and Sw = 70%, respectively. The fitting results for the improved model have decreased the errors for the samples with low water saturation, but increased the errors for the samples with Sw = 70%. These comparisons highlight that the improved model performs well in assessing the degree of stress-sensitive damage in low water content samples. However, when evaluating the extent of stress-sensitive damage in high water content samples, there is some degree of error present.
- (3)
- As the water content in the sample increases, the rate of permeability decrease during the initial pressurization stage gradually slows down. This means that the type of permeability decline curve changes from a “rapid–slow” similar to an “L-shaped” decline to a more linear decline due to the fact that the increased water content in the sample counteracts the rapid compression effect of confining pressure on the pores. This phenomenon further validates the earlier speculation, indicating that as the water saturation within the rock decreases, the gas saturation increases. Therefore, under the same overlying rock formation pressure, the framework bears a greater stress load, making the rock framework more susceptible to compression.
4.2. Verification of the Improved Stress Sensitivity Assessment Model Using Referenced Data
- (1)
- It can be observed that using the stress-sensitive damage coefficient obtained from fitting under dry conditions to fit stress sensitivity experimental data under different water content conditions often leads to an overestimation of the degree of stress-sensitive damage. In other words, the assessment results tend to be higher than the experimental results. Overall, as the water content increases, the original model exhibits a larger error in overestimating the degree of stress-sensitive damage.
- (2)
- For low water-content samples, the improved power-law model that considers the influence of water saturation performs better than the original power-law model. However, for high water-content samples, the fitting performance of the improved power-law model considering water saturation effects is worse than that of the original power-law model. The reason for this phenomenon is that, compared to dense sandstone samples, coal rock samples exhibit plastic behavior, resulting in greater damage to permeability during the pressurization process, thus, causing errors in the experimental results for high water-content samples.
5. Discussion and Analysis
5.1. Model Application and Analysis
5.2. Signification and Limitations
6. Conclusions
- (1)
- The water content in sandstone samples has a discernible impact on the extent of stress sensitivity damage. Conducting stress sensitivity experiments on the sandstone samples under varying water content conditions revealed a consistent trend: higher water content leads to a reduction in the magnitude of stress sensitivity damage experienced by the samples.
- (2)
- Through a comprehensive analysis involving experimental results, fitted outcomes, and numerical simulations, a clear pattern emerged. Employing stress-sensitive fitting coefficients from dry conditions to fit stress-sensitive experimental data under wet conditions resulted in calculated data significantly lower than the experimental data. Likewise, when using these coefficients to assess the actual oil well production, the estimated production output was notably lower than the actual production of the oil well.
- (3)
- This study has improved the power-law model used for stress sensitivity damage assessment. The model takes into account the influence of water saturation on the degree of stress sensitivity damage, enhancing the fitting accuracy of the power-law model.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Aguilera, R.; Ramirez, J.F. Factors controlling fluid migration and distribution in the Eagle Ford shale. SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng. 2016, 19, 403–414. [Google Scholar]
- EIA (U.S. Energy Information Administration). Annual Energy Outlook 2018 with Projections to 2040; EIA: Washington, DC, USA, 2018.
- Sun, L.D.; Zhou, C.N.; Jia, A.L.; Wei, Y.S.; Zhu, R.K.; Wu, S.T.; Guo, Z. Characteristics and direction of tight oil and gas development in China. Oil Explor. Dev. 2019, 46, 1015–1026. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, T.; Zhang, L.H.; Zhao, Y.L.; Zhang, R.H.; Zhang, D.X.; He, X.; Ge, F.; Wu, J.F. Javadpour Farzam. Ganglia dynamics during imbibition and drainage processes in nanoporous systems. Phys. Fluids 2022, 34, 042016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berumen, S.; Tiab, D. Effect of Pore Pressure on Conductivity and Permeability of Fractured Rocks. In Proceedings of the SPE Annual Western Regional Meeting, Anchorage, AK, USA, 22–24 May 1996. SPE 35694. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, Z.; He, S.L.; Liu, G.F.; Guo, X.J.; Mo, S.Y. Pressure buildup behavior of vertically fractured wells with stress-sensitive conductivity. J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 2014, 122, 48–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Duan, X.G.; An, W.G.; Hu, Z.M.; Gao, S.S.; Ye, L.Y.; Chang, J. Experimental study on fracture stress sensitivity of Silurian Longmaxi shale formation, Sichuan Basin. Nat. Gas Geosci. 2017, 28, 1416–1424. [Google Scholar]
- Seidle, J.P.; Jeansonne, M.W.; Erickson, D.J. Application of matchstick geometry to stress dependent permeability in coals. In Proceedings of the SPE Rocky Mountain Regional Meeting, Casper, WY, USA, 18–21 May 1992. Paper Number: SPE-24361-MS. [Google Scholar]
- Dong, J.J.; Hsu, J.Y.; Wu, W.J.; Shimamoto, T.; Hung, J.H.; Yeh, E.C.; Wu, Y.H.; Sone, H. Stress-dependence of the permeability and porosity of sandstone and shale from TCDP Hole-A. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 2010, 47, 1141–1157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Athy, L.F. Density, porosity, and compaction of sedimentary rocks. AAPG Bull. 1930, 14, 1–24. [Google Scholar]
- David, C.; Menendez, B.; Zhu, W.; Wong, T.F. Mechanical compaction, microstructures and permeability evolution in sandstones. Phys. Chem. Earth Part A Solid Earth Geod. 2001, 26, 45–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Burton, Z.F.; Moldowan, J.M.; Magoon, L.B.; Sykes, R.; Graham, S.A. Interpretation of source rock depositional environment and age from seep oil, east coast of New Zealand. Int. J. Earth Sci. 2019, 108, 1079–1091. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Burton, Z.F.M.; McHargue, T.; Kremer, C.H.; Bloch, R.B.; Gooley, J.T.; Jaikla, C.; Harrington, J.; Graham, S.A. Peak Cenozoic warmth enabled deep-sea sand deposition. Sci. Rep. 2023, 13, 1276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Khdheeawi, E.A.; Mahdi, D.S.; Ali, M.; Iglauer, S.; Barifcani, A. Reservoir scale porosity-permeability evolution in sandstone due to CO2 geological storage. In Proceedings of the 15th Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies Conference, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 5–8 October 2020; pp. 15–18. [Google Scholar]
- Ju, W.; Huang, P.M.; Zhong, Y.; Hu, H.H.; Liang, Y.; Liu, B.; Zhang, X.L. Experimental study of sandstone stress sensitivity under different fluids: Characteristics and mechanisms. Geoenergy Sci. Eng. 2023, 223, 211537. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, H.L.; Tian, L.; Jie, Q.; Fei, S.X.; Wan, M.; Gao, X.X.; Zhang, K.Q. Stress-sensitivity analysis of geological confined pores with ultrasonics. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 2023, 170, 105426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kassis, S.; Sondergeld, C.H. Fracture permeability of gas shale: Effects of roughness, fracture offset, proppant, and effective stress. In Proceedings of the International Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition in China, Beijing, China, 8–10 June 2010. SPE-131376-MS. [Google Scholar]
- Kang, Y.L.; Lai, Z.H.; Chen, M.J.; Hou, T.F.; You, L.J.; Bai, J.J.; Yu, Z.H. Stress sensitivity experiments of shale gas diffusion coefficients based on the pressure decay method. Nat. Gas Ind. 2022, 42, 59–70. [Google Scholar]
- Geng, S.Y.; Li, C.Y.; Li, Y.; Zhai, S.; Xu, T.H.; Gong, Y.F.; Jing, M. Pressure transient analysis for multi-stage fractured horizontal wells considering threshold pressure gradient and stress sensitivity in tight sandstone gas reservoirs. Gas Sci. Eng. 2023, 116, 205030. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fernandes, F.B.; Braga, A.M.B.; de Souza, A.L.S.; Soares, A.S. Mechanical formation damage control in permeability Biot’s effective stress-sensitive oil reservoirs with source/sink term. J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 2023, 220, 111180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chang, Y.L.; Yang, Z.M.; Zhang, Y.P.; Niu, Z.K.; Chen, X.L. Permeability characterization and its correlation with pore microstructure of stress-sensitive tight sandstone: Take Chang 6 in Ordos Basin for example. Geofluids 2022, 2022, 3334658. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Warpinski, N.R.; Teufel, L.W. Determination of the effective-stress law for permeability and deformation in low-permeability rocks. SPE Form. Eval. 1992, 7, 123–131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dassanayake, A.B.N.; Fujii, Y.; Fukuda, D.; Kodama, J.-I. A new approach to evaluate effective stress coefficient for strength in Kimachi sandstone. J. Petrol. Sci. Eng. 2015, 131, 70–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cui, X.A.; Bustin, R.M.; Brezovski, R.; Nassichuk, B.; Glover, K.; Pathi, V. A new method to simultaneously measure in-situ permeability and porosity under reservoir conditions: Implications for characterization of unconventional gas reservoirs. In Proceedings of the Canadian Unconventional Resources and International Petroleum Conference, Calgary, AB, Canada, 19–21 October 2010. SPE-138148-MS. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, R.; Ning, Z.F.; Zhang, H.S.; Xie, Q. New insights and discussions on stress sensitivity of fractured tight reservoir. Nat. Gas Geosci. 2016, 27, 918–923. [Google Scholar]
- Han, J.; Wu, C.F.; Jiang, X.M.; Fang, X.J.; Zahng, S.S. Investigation on effective stress coefficients and stress sensitivity of different water-saturated coals using the response surface method. Fuel 2022, 316, 123238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, Y.; Chen, S.S.; Tian, J.; She, Y.Q.; Huang, F.X.; Song, T.; Wang, S.Y.; Lv, W.N.; Jia, P.; Liu, C. Micro-occurrence of formation water in tight sandstone gas reservoir of north Tianhuan in Ordos Basin. Nat. Gas Geosci. 2020, 31, 1717–1732. [Google Scholar]
- Shi, Y.J.; Yang, X.M.; Zhang, H.T.; Liu, T.D. Water-cut characteristic analysis and well logging identification methods for low-permeability lithologic gas reservoirs: A case study of the Sulige Gas Field. Nat. Gas Ind. 2011, 31, 25–28. [Google Scholar]
- Ma, X.H. Discussion on characteristics and reservoiring mechanism of deep basin gas in Upper Paleozoic in Ordos Basin. Oil Gas Geol. 2005, 26, 230–236. [Google Scholar]
- Cai, J.C.; Hu, X.Y.; Standnes, D.C.; You, L.J. An analytical model for spontaneous imbibition in fractal porous media including gravity. Colloids Surf. A 2012, 414, 228–233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, J.; Li, X.F.; Wang, X.Z.; Li, Y.Y.; Wu, K.L.; Shi, J.T.; Yang, L.; Feng, D.; Zhang, T.; Yu, P.L. Water distribution characteristic and effect on methane adsorption capacity in shale clay. Int. J. Coal Geol. 2016, 159, 135–154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tian, J.; Kang, Y.L.; Jia, N.; Luo, P.Y.; You, L.J. Investigation of the controlling rock petrophysical factors on water phase trapping damage in tight gas reservoirs. Energy Sci. Eng. 2020, 8, 647–660. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peng, X.L.; Wang, X.Z.; Zhou, X.; Lin, Z.Y.; Zeng, F.H.; Huang, X.L. Lab-on-a-chip systems in imbibition processes: A review and applications/issues for studying tight formations. Fuel 2021, 306, 121603. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, K.; Jiang, B.B.; Li, H.T.; Ye, K.R.; Tan, Y.S. Spontaneous imbibition model for micro–nano–scale pores in coalbed methane reservoirs considering gas–water interaction. J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 2022, 209, 109893. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, T.; Luo, S.; Zhou, H.; Hu, H.R.; Zhang, L.H.; Zhao, Y.L.; Li, J.; Javadpour, F. Pore-scale modelling of water sorption in nanopore systems of shale. Int. J. Coal Geol. 2023, 27, 104266. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lorenz, J.C. Stress-sensitive reservoirs. J. Pet. Technol. 1999, 51, 61–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Osorio, J.G.; Chen, H.Y.; Teufel, L.W. Numerical simulation of the impact of flow-induced geomechanical response on the productivity of stress-sensitive reservoirs. In Proceedings of the SPE Reservoir Simulation Symposium, Houston, TX, USA, 14–17 February 1999. Paper Number SPE-51929. [Google Scholar]
- Burton, Z.F.M.; Kroeger, K.F.; Hosford Scheirer, A.; Seol, Y.; Burgreen-Chan, B.; Graham, S.A. Tectonic uplift destabilizes subsea gas hydrate: A model example from Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2020, 47, e2020GL087150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bohnsack, D.; Potten, M.; Freitag, S.; Einsiedl, F.; Zosseder, K. Stress sensitivity of porosity and permeability under varying hydrostatic stress conditions for different carbonate rock types of the geothermal Malm reservoir in Southern Germany. Geotherm. Energy 2021, 9, 15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Burton, Z.; Dafov, L.N. Salt diapir-driven recycling of gas hydrate. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2023, 24, e2022GC010704. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, G.D.; Gao, G.; Huang, Z.L.; Yang, H.F. Oil source and accumulation in the overthrust belt in the Ke-Bai region, Junggar Basin, west China. Pet. Sci. 2009, 7, 31–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liang, Y.Y.; Zhang, Y.Y.; Chen, S.; Guo, Z.J.; Tang, W.B. Controls of a strike-slip fault system on the tectonic inversion of the Mahu depression at the northwestern margin of the Junggar Basin, NW China. J. Asian Earth Sci. 2020, 198, 104229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, Y.B.; Cheng, X.G.; Zhang, H.; Li, C.Y.; Ma, Y.P.; Wang, G.D. Fault characteristics and control on hydrocarbon accumulation of middle-shallow layers in the slope zone of Mahu sag, Junggar Basin, NW China. Pet. Explor. Dev. 2018, 45, 1050–1060. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dang, W.L.; Gao, G.; You, X.C.; Wu, J.; Liu, S.J.; Yan, Q.; He, W.J.; Guo, L.L.B. Genesis and distribution of oils in Mahu Sag, Junggar Basin, NW China. Pet. Explor. Dev. 2023, 50, 840–850. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yves, G.; Amin, G.; Cuss, R.; Zoback, M. Gas storage capacity and transport in shale gas reservoirs—A review. Part A: Transport processes. J. Unconv. Oil Gas Resour. 2015, 12, 87–122. [Google Scholar]
- Wu, K.L.; Li, X.F.; Chen, Z.X. Micro-scale effects of gas transport in organic nanopores of shale gas reservoirs. Nat. Gas Ind. 2016, 36, 51–64. [Google Scholar]
- Jones, S.C. A technique for faster pulse-decay permeability measurements in tight rocks. SPE Form. Eval. 1997, 12, 19–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Durucan, S.; Edwards, J.S. The effects of stress and fracturing on permeability of coal. Min. Sci. Technol. 1986, 3, 205–216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Walsh, J.B. Effect of pore pressure and confining pressure on fracture permeability. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr. 1981, 18, 429–435. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gangi, A.F. Variation of whole and fractured porous rock permeability with confining pressure. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr. 1978, 15, 249–257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kazak, E.S.; Kazak, A.V. A novel laboratory method for reliable water content determination of shale reservoir rocks. J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 2019, 183, 106301. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gurevich, B. A simple derivation of the effective stress coefficient for seismic velocities in porous rocks. Geophysics 2004, 69, 393–397. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Glubokovskikh, S.; Gurevich, B. Effect of micro-inhomogeneity on the effective stress coefficients and undrained bulk modulus of a poroelastic medium: A double spherical shell model: Micro-inhomogeneity on stress coefficient. Geophys. Prospect. 2015, 63, 656–668. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moghadam, J.N.; Mondol, N.H.; Aagaard, P.; Hellevang, H. Effective stress law for the permeability of clay-bearing sandstones by the Modified Clay Shell model. Greenhouse Gas. Sci. Technol. 2016, 6, 752–774. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fink, R.; Krooss, B.M.; Gensterblum, Y.; Amann-Hildenbrand, A. Apparent permeability of gas shales—Superposition of fluid-dynamic and poro-elastic effects. Fuel 2017, 199, 532–550. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kranzz, R.L.; Frankel, A.D.; Engelder, T.; Scholz, C.H. The permeability of whole and jointed Barre Granite. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr. 1979, 16, 225–234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, Y.; Liu, D.; Yao, Y.; Cai, Y.; Chen, L. Dynamic permeability change during coalbed methane production and its controlling factors. J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng. 2015, 25, 335–346. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Type | Detailed Models | Equations | References |
---|---|---|---|
Exponential model | Traditional model | [45,47] | |
Seidle’s model | [8] | ||
S and D model | [48] | ||
Power-law model | Traditional model | [9,25] | |
Walsh’s model | [49] | ||
Gangi’s model | [50] | ||
Han’s model | [26] |
Parameters | Value | Parameters | Value |
---|---|---|---|
Initial reservoir pressure, kPa | 40,000 | Well depth, m | 4800 |
Reservoir temperature, °C | 80 | Vertical depth, m | 3000 |
Net pay thickness, m | 46.5 | Fracture half length, m | 100 |
Wellbore radius, m | 0.06 | Horizontal well length, m | 2200 |
Total porosity | 0.1 | Number of fractures | 20 |
Initial formation compressibility, 1/kPa | 7.05 × 10−7 | Distance from fracture to permeability boundary, m | 15 |
Initial total compressibility (Sw = 0), 1/kPa | 1.14 × 10−6 | Reservoir width, m | 200 |
Water compressibility, 1/kPa | 4.02 × 10−7 | Oil compressibility, 1/kPa | 4.34 × 10−7 |
Initial permeability, mD | 10 | Dimensionless fracture conductivity | 0.03 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Li, X.; Gu, K.; Xu, W.; Song, J.; Pan, H.; Dong, Y.; Yang, X.; You, H.; Wang, L.; Fu, Z.; et al. Effects of Pore Water Content on Stress Sensitivity of Tight Sandstone Oil Reservoirs: A Study of the Mahu Block (Xinjiang Province, China). Processes 2023, 11, 3153. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11113153
Li X, Gu K, Xu W, Song J, Pan H, Dong Y, Yang X, You H, Wang L, Fu Z, et al. Effects of Pore Water Content on Stress Sensitivity of Tight Sandstone Oil Reservoirs: A Study of the Mahu Block (Xinjiang Province, China). Processes. 2023; 11(11):3153. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11113153
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Xiaoshan, Kaifang Gu, Wenxiu Xu, Junqiang Song, Hong Pan, Yan Dong, Xu Yang, Haoyu You, Li Wang, Zheng Fu, and et al. 2023. "Effects of Pore Water Content on Stress Sensitivity of Tight Sandstone Oil Reservoirs: A Study of the Mahu Block (Xinjiang Province, China)" Processes 11, no. 11: 3153. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11113153