Pregnancy Outcomes of Non-Visualization of the Fetal Gallbladder from a Chinese Tertiary Single Centre and Literature Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data and methods
2.1. Study Subjects
2.2. Instruments and Study Methods
2.2.1. Instruments and Ethic Statement
2.2.2. Methods to Examine Foetal Gallbladder
2.2.3. Routine Ultrasonic Examinations
2.2.4. Data Collection
2.2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Data
3.2. Pregnancy Outcomes of NVFGB (Table 2)
Items | Temporary NVFGB (n = 21) | Persistent NVFGB (n = 28) |
---|---|---|
Isolated | 18 (85.7%) | 17 (60.7%) |
Non-gallbladder anomalies | 3 (14.3%) | 11 (39.3%) |
Details | VSD Hydronephrosis Bowel atresia | TOF, Truncus Arteriosuss, VSD, Aortic stenosis Horseshoe kidney, ovarian cyst Anal atresia Open spina bifida, |
Outcomes | ||
Live birth | 21 (100%) | 20 (71.4%) |
IUD | 0 | 1 (3.6%) |
TOP | 0 | 7 (25%) |
Gallbladder outcome | ||
Abnormality | 0 (0) | 6 (21.4%) |
3.3. Analysis of the Prenatal Diagnosis of NVFGB
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Clinical Data | Value |
---|---|
Age | 30.78 (±4.19) |
Mode of conception | |
Natural pregnancy | 45 (91.8%) |
Assisted reproductive technology | 4 (8.2%) |
Singleton | 47 (95.9%) |
Twins * | 2 (4.1%) |
Gestational age at initial finding of NVFGB | 26.22 (±4.72) |
Fetal outcomes | |
Live birth | 41 (83.7%) |
Intrauterine death (IUD) | 1 (2%) |
Cholestasis and heart PLSVC | 1 |
Termination of pregnancy (TOP) | 7 (14.3%) |
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) | 2 |
Truncus arteriosus and VSD and SUA | 1 |
Aortic stenosis and Horse shoe kidney | 1 |
VSD and FGR | 1 |
Open spina bifida | 1 |
Persistent NVFGB | 1 |
Case | Genetic Results | Ultrasonic Feature during Pregnancy | Pregnancy Outcome |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Arr [hg19] 18q21.1 (44396913-44701650) x1, deletion, VUS | Temporary NVFGB complicated with a ventricular septal defect | Live birth, ventricular septal defect repair |
2 | Arr [hg19] 5p14.3 (21529026-22296824) x1, deletion, VUS | Isolated persistent NVFGB during pregnancy | Live birth, type 3 congenital biliary atresia |
3 | Arr [GRCh37] 2q22.1q22.2 (141798723_42726446) x1, deletion, VUS | Isolated persistent NVFGB during pregnancy | Live birth, generally good condition, paternal origin |
4 | 47, XX + 9[44]/46, XX [34] | Persistent NVFGB complicated with open spina bifida | TOP |
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Zhang, H.; Zhu, X.; Kang, J.; Sun, Y.; Yang, H. Pregnancy Outcomes of Non-Visualization of the Fetal Gallbladder from a Chinese Tertiary Single Centre and Literature Review. Children 2022, 9, 1288. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9091288
Zhang H, Zhu X, Kang J, Sun Y, Yang H. Pregnancy Outcomes of Non-Visualization of the Fetal Gallbladder from a Chinese Tertiary Single Centre and Literature Review. Children. 2022; 9(9):1288. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9091288
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Huijing, Xiaoying Zhu, Jinling Kang, Yu Sun, and Huixia Yang. 2022. "Pregnancy Outcomes of Non-Visualization of the Fetal Gallbladder from a Chinese Tertiary Single Centre and Literature Review" Children 9, no. 9: 1288. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9091288