Complex Syndrome of the Complete Occlusion of the End of the Superior Mesenteric Vein, Opposed with the Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 in Rats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals
2.2. Drugs
2.3. Experimental Protocol
2.4. Venography
2.5. Superior Sagittal Sinus, Portal, Superior Mesenteric and Caval Vein and Abdominal Aorta Pressure Recording
2.6. ECG Recording
2.7. Thrombus Assessment
2.8. Brain Volume and Vessels Presentation Proportional with the Change of the Brain or Vessels Surface Area
2.9. Stomach, Duodenum, Serosal Disturbances Presentation, Liver and Spleen Weights
2.10. Bilirubin and Enzyme Activity
2.11. Microscopy
2.11.1. Brain Histology
2.11.2. Lung Histology
2.11.3. Renal, Liver, Heart Histology
2.11.4. Intestinal Histology
2.12. Oxidative Stress
2.13. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Perilous Syndrome Occurred Centrally and Peripherally
3.1.1. Portal, Superior Mesenteric and Caval Vein and Abdominal Aorta and Superior Sagittal Sinus Pressure Recording
3.1.2. Thrombosis
3.1.3. ECG Recording
3.2. Perilous Syndrome Occurred Peripherally
3.2.1. Vein Congestion
3.2.2. Venography in the Superior Mesenteric Vein
3.2.3. Gastrointestinal Lesions
3.2.4. Heart, Lung, Liver, Kidney Lesions
3.3. Perilous Syndrome Occurred Centrally
3.3.1. Brain Swelling and Counteraction
3.3.2. Brain Damage
3.4. Oxidative Stress
3.5. Enzymes
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Brain Area | Grading | Percent Area Affected | Morphological Changes |
---|---|---|---|
Cerebral and cerebellar cortex, hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus | 1 | ≤10 | Small, patchy, complete or incomplete infarcts |
2 | 20–30 | Partly confluent complete or incomplete infarcts | |
3 | 40–60 | Large confluent complete infarcts | |
4 | >75 | In cortex; total disintegration of the tissue, in hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus; large complete infarcts | |
Cerebral and cerebellar cortex, hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus | 1 | ≤20 | A few karyopyknotic of neuronal cells |
2 | 50 | Patchy areas of karyopyknotic areas | |
3 | 75 | More extensive of karyopyknotic areas | |
4 | 100 | Complete infarction |
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Knezevic, M.; Gojkovic, S.; Krezic, I.; Zizek, H.; Vranes, H.; Malekinusic, D.; Vrdoljak, B.; Knezevic, T.; Horvat Pavlov, K.; Drmic, D.; et al. Complex Syndrome of the Complete Occlusion of the End of the Superior Mesenteric Vein, Opposed with the Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 in Rats. Biomedicines 2021, 9, 1029. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9081029
Knezevic M, Gojkovic S, Krezic I, Zizek H, Vranes H, Malekinusic D, Vrdoljak B, Knezevic T, Horvat Pavlov K, Drmic D, et al. Complex Syndrome of the Complete Occlusion of the End of the Superior Mesenteric Vein, Opposed with the Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 in Rats. Biomedicines. 2021; 9(8):1029. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9081029
Chicago/Turabian StyleKnezevic, Mario, Slaven Gojkovic, Ivan Krezic, Helena Zizek, Hrvoje Vranes, Dominik Malekinusic, Borna Vrdoljak, Tamara Knezevic, Katarina Horvat Pavlov, Domagoj Drmic, and et al. 2021. "Complex Syndrome of the Complete Occlusion of the End of the Superior Mesenteric Vein, Opposed with the Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 in Rats" Biomedicines 9, no. 8: 1029. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9081029