Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy as a New Tool for Ruling Out Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis: A Proof-of-Concept Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Patients
2.2. Ascites Sample Analysis
2.3. Mid-Infrared Fiber Evanescent Wave Spectroscopy
2.3.1. Acquisition and Pre-Treatment of Spectra
2.3.2. MIR-FEWS Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Study Participants
3.2. The Spectral Model’s Ability to Identify SBP
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | PMN Leukocyte Count <250/mm3 (n = 209) | PMN Leukocyte Count ≥250/mm3 (n = 47) | p |
---|---|---|---|
Ascites score # | 3 [2–3] | 3 [2–3] | 0.498 |
Encephalopathy score # | 1 [1–1] | 1 [1–1] | 0.661 |
Prothrombin time (%) # | 58.5 [50–73.8] | 46 [27–61] | 0.013 |
Albumin (g/L) # | 29 [26–32] | 27 [25–29] | 0.049 |
Bilirubin (µmol/L) # | 41 [19–85.5] | 55 [37–170] | 0.090 |
Blood platelet count (G/L) # | 127 [81–192] | 82 [62–142] | 0.037 |
Blood creatinine (µmol/L) # | 69 [54–107] | 89 [64–134] | 0.189 |
Child–Pugh score# | 9 [8–11] | 11 [10–13] | 0.002 |
Age (years) # | 60 [51.2–69.8] | 62.5 [50.8–65.2] | 0.999 |
% males # | 68 | 86 | 0.119 |
PMN leukocyte count (/mm3) | 6 [1–26] | 2256 [793.5–4776] | <0.001 |
Positive ascites fluid culture (%) | 4 | 47 | <0.001 |
Distribution according to recruitment centers (Brest/Hyères/Monaco/Nice/Paris) (%) | 5/10/1/32/52 | 6/6/2/30/56 | 0.882 |
n | PMN ≥ 250/mm3 (n) | AUROC | Threshold | Se | Sp | PPV | NPV | CC Rate | Youden Index | LR+ | LR− | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Calibration group | 170 | 31 | 0.87 [0.80–0.94] | 0.1629 | 90 [77–100] | 78 [71–85] | 48 [40–57] | 97 [94–100] | 80 [75–86] | 0.68 [0.48–0.85] | 4.09 [3.03–6.06] | 0.13 [0.01–0.28] |
Paris cohort | 88 | 17 | 0.84 [0.73–0.95] | 94 [82–100] | 72 [61–82] | 44 [36–55] | 98 [94–100] | 76 [67–84] | 0.66 [0.43–0.82] | 3.36 [2.27–5.07] | 0.08 [0–0.29] | |
PHRC cohort | 82 | 14 | 0.91 [0.83–0.98] | 86 [64–100] | 85 [76–94] | 54 [41–74] | 97 [92–100] | 85 [77–93] | 0.71 [0.4–0.94] | 5.73 [3.26–12.12] | 0.16 [0–0.43] | |
Validation group | 86 | 16 | 0.89 [0.80–0.98] | 87 [69–100] | 80 [70–88] | 50 [39–65] | 96 [92–100] | 81 [73–89] | 0.67 [0.39–0.88] | 4.35 [2.75–7.97] | 0.16 [0–0.40] | |
Paris cohort | 45 | 9 | 0.86 | 89 [67–100] | 72 [58–86] | 44 [32–64] | 96 [89–100] | 75 [62–87] | 0.61 [0.25–0.86] | 3.18 [1.79–6.14] | 0.15 [0–0.52] | |
PHRC cohort | 41 | 7 | 0.93 [0.85–1] | 86 [57–100] | 88 [76–97] | 60 [42–87] | 97 [91–100] | 88 [78–97] | 0.74 [0.33–0.97] | 7.17 [3.37–NA] | 0.16 [0–0.51] |
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Farrugia, M.A.; Le Corvec, M.; Renou, C.; Nousbaum, J.-B.; Ouizeman, D.J.; Sire, O.; Loréal, O.; Tariel, H.; Bernard, J.; Piche, T.; et al. Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy as a New Tool for Ruling Out Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis: A Proof-of-Concept Study. Biomedicines 2023, 11, 838. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11030838
Farrugia MA, Le Corvec M, Renou C, Nousbaum J-B, Ouizeman DJ, Sire O, Loréal O, Tariel H, Bernard J, Piche T, et al. Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy as a New Tool for Ruling Out Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis: A Proof-of-Concept Study. Biomedicines. 2023; 11(3):838. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11030838
Chicago/Turabian StyleFarrugia, Marwin A., Maëna Le Corvec, Christophe Renou, Jean-Baptiste Nousbaum, Dann J. Ouizeman, Olivier Sire, Olivier Loréal, Hugues Tariel, Jérôme Bernard, Thierry Piche, and et al. 2023. "Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy as a New Tool for Ruling Out Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis: A Proof-of-Concept Study" Biomedicines 11, no. 3: 838. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11030838