Development and Validation of a Scale Measuring Intention toward Participating in Pro Bono of Pre-Service Physical Activity Instructors for the Activation of Physical Activity for the Disabled: Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Research Instrument
2.3. Research Process
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. The Results of the EFA of the Pilot Questionnaire
3.2. The Results of the EFA of the Final Questionnaire
3.3. The Results of the CFA
3.4. The Questions for Each Factor in the Final Questionnaire
4. Discussion
5. Research Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Classification | Content | N | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 209 | 64.9 |
Female | 113 | 35.1 | |
Grade | Freshman | 34 | 10.6 |
Sophomore | 107 | 33.2 | |
Junior | 115 | 35.7 | |
Senior | 66 | 20.5 |
No | Factors | Communality | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intention | Behavioral Belief | Normative Belief | Control Belief | ||
Q1 | 0.199 | 0.034 | 0.890 | 0.131 | 0.324 |
Q2 | 0.103 | 0.079 | 0.873 | 0.176 | 0.790 |
Q3 | 0.180 | 0.069 | 0.853 | 0.163 | 0.789 |
Q4 | 0.148 | 0.118 | 0.831 | 0.167 | 0.809 |
Q5 | 0.208 | 0.171 | 0.807 | 0.236 | 0.856 |
Q6 | 0.219 | 0.263 | 0.638 | 0.302 | 0.839 |
Q7 | 0.269 | 0.849 | 0.127 | 0.194 | 0.505 |
Q8 | 0.252 | 0.829 | 0.128 | 0.234 | 0.820 |
Q9 | 0.166 | 0.811 | 0.099 | 0.330 | 0.806 |
Q10 | 0.256 | 0.799 | 0.076 | 0.331 | 0.790 |
Q11 | 0.312 | 0.775 | 0.157 | 0.258 | 0.849 |
Q12 | 0.286 | 0.617 | 0.146 | 0.143 | 0.824 |
Q13 | 0.805 | 0.287 | 0.296 | 0.191 | 0.755 |
Q14 | 0.803 | 0.283 | 0.147 | 0.203 | 0.812 |
Q15 | 0.775 | 0.121 | 0.373 | 0.232 | 0.792 |
Q16 | 0.770 | 0.273 | 0.308 | 0.159 | 0.852 |
Q17 | 0.761 | 0.283 | 0.360 | 0.221 | 0.781 |
Q18 | −0.497 | −0.271 | 0.057 | −0.018 | 0.617 |
Q19 | 0.149 | 0.129 | 0.161 | 0.710 | 0.613 |
Q20 | 0.234 | 0.270 | 0.191 | 0.696 | 0.433 |
Q21 | 0.266 | 0.326 | 0.145 | 0.660 | 0.571 |
Q22 | 0.278 | 0.416 | 0.115 | 0.641 | 0.634 |
Q23 | −0.041 | 0.057 | 0.234 | 0.602 | 0.676 |
Q24 | 0.178 | 0.133 | 0.208 | 0.582 | 0.650 |
Q25 | 0.342 | 0.400 | 0.216 | 0.537 | 0.234 |
Q26 | −0.013 | 0.270 | 0.042 | 0.398 | 0.423 |
Total | 4.299 | 4.845 | 4.853 | 3.845 | |
%Variance | 16.534 | 18.636 | 18.667 | 14.788 | |
%Cumulative | 16.534 | 35.170 | 53.837 | 68.625 |
No | Factors | Communality | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intention | Behavioral Belief | Normative Belief | Control Belief | ||
Q3 | 0.791 | 0.314 | 0.259 | 0.158 | 0.818 |
Q4 | 0.805 | 0.160 | 0.332 | 0.235 | 0.841 |
Q5 | 0.823 | 0.314 | 0.241 | 0.211 | 0.880 |
Q6 | 0.789 | 0.307 | 0.309 | 0.241 | 0.871 |
Q8 | 0.209 | 0.815 | 0.073 | 0.332 | 0.825 |
Q9 | 0.122 | 0.825 | 0.108 | 0.323 | 0.812 |
Q10 | 0.291 | 0.791 | 0.137 | 0.262 | 0.800 |
Q11 | 0.249 | 0.878 | 0.110 | 0.175 | 0.877 |
Q12 | 0.226 | 0.869 | 0.124 | 0.198 | 0.862 |
Q13 | 0.158 | 0.136 | 0.856 | 0.123 | 0.793 |
Q14 | 0.142 | 0.089 | 0.887 | 0.130 | 0.832 |
Q15 | 0.216 | 0.082 | 0.851 | 0.138 | 0.798 |
Q16 | 0.246 | 0.054 | 0.884 | 0.100 | 0.856 |
Q17 | 0.261 | 0.174 | 0.785 | 0.202 | 0.757 |
Q19 | 0.290 | 0.423 | 0.238 | 0.539 | 0.612 |
Q22 | 0.202 | 0.318 | 0.163 | 0.735 | 0.710 |
Q23 | 0.225 | 0.393 | 0.122 | 0.732 | 0.758 |
Q24 | 0.167 | 0.252 | 0.222 | 0.782 | 0.754 |
Total | 3.261 | 4.384 | 4.189 | 2.622 | |
%Variance | 18.115 | 24.358 | 23.271 | 14.568 | |
%Cumulative | 18.115 | 42.473 | 65.744 | 80.312 | |
Cronbach α | 0.940 | 0.948 | 0.938 | 0.856 |
Classification | Goodness of Fit | ||
---|---|---|---|
Results of the First CFA | Results of the Final CFA | ||
RMR | 0.051 | → | 0.038 |
TLI | 0.912 | → | 0.929 |
CFI | 0.923 | → | 0.940 |
NFI | 0.897 | → | 0.919 |
Classification | Estimate | S.E. | C.R. |
---|---|---|---|
Intention → Q3 | 0.951 | 0.040 | 23.714 *** |
Intention → Q4 | 0.952 | 0.039 | 24.484 *** |
Intention → Q5 | 0.994 | 0.035 | 28.034 *** |
Intention → Q6 | 1.000 | ||
Behavioral Belief → Q8 | 0.939 | 0.038 | 24.796 *** |
Behavioral Belief → Q9 | 0.908 | 0.038 | 23.654 *** |
Behavioral Belief → Q10 | 0.963 | 0.040 | 23.921 *** |
Behavioral Belief → Q11 | 1.000 | ||
Behavioral Belief → Q12 | 0.942 | 0.034 | 27.702 *** |
Normative Belief → Q13 | 0.914 | 0.042 | 21.823 *** |
Normative Belief → Q14 | 0.928 | 0.040 | 23.348 *** |
Normative Belief → Q15 | 0.933 | 0.039 | 23.829 *** |
Normative Belief → Q16 | 1.000 | ||
Normative Belief → Q17 | 0.847 | 0.039 | 21.782 *** |
Control Belief → Q19 | 0.989 | 0.074 | 13.410 *** |
Control Belief → Q22 | 0.993 | 0.073 | 13.511 *** |
Control Belief → Q23 | 1.083 | 0.074 | 14.624 *** |
Control Belief → Q24 | 1.000 |
Factor | No | Question |
---|---|---|
Intention | Q3 | I strongly agree to participate in Pro Bono for the physical activity of people with disabilities. |
Q4 | I will definitely participate in Pro Bono for the physical activity of people with disabilities. | |
Q5 | I will gladly participate in Pro Bono for the physical activity of people with disabilities. | |
Q6 | I will actively participate in Pro Bono for the physical activity of people with disabilities. | |
Behavioral Belief | Q8 | Participating in Pro Bono for the physical activity of people with disabilities will require the teaching experience about physical activity for the disabled. |
Q9 | Participating in Pro Bono for the physical activity of people with disabilities will require the theoretical learning about physical activity for the disabled that I have learned so far. | |
Q10 | My time effort to participate in Pro Bono for the physical activity of people with disabilities will be worthwhile. | |
Q11 | Physical activity coaching experience for people with disabilities will be valuable to participate in Pro Bono for physical activity. | |
Q12 | The knowledge of physical activity for people with disabilities will be valuable to participate in Pro Bono for physical activity. | |
Normative Belief | Q13 | Parents of people with disabilities will think that I should participate in Pro Bono for the physical activity of people with disabilities. |
Q14 | People with disabilities will think that I should participate in Pro Bono for the physical activity of people with disabilities. | |
Q15 | My family members will think that I should participate in Pro Bono for the physical activity of people with disabilities. | |
Q16 | My friends would think that I should participate in Pro Bono for the physical activity of people with disabilities. | |
Q17 | Students in my department will think that I should participate in Pro Bono for the physical activity of people with disabilities. | |
Control Belief | Q19 | Physical activity instructors for people with disabilities must be able to participate in Pro Bono, which provides physical activity services for people with disabilities. |
Q22 | Participation in Pro Bono providing physical activity services for people with disabilities depends on the mind of physical activity instructors for people with disabilities. | |
Q23 | Physical activity instructors for people with disabilities must be able to create an IEP (Individualized Education Plan) to participate in Pro Bono, which provides physical activity services for people with disabilities. | |
Q24 | Physical activity instructors for people with disabilities must have the ability to do physical activity to participate in Pro Bono, which provides physical activity services for people with disabilities. |
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Kim, K.; Lee, Y. Development and Validation of a Scale Measuring Intention toward Participating in Pro Bono of Pre-Service Physical Activity Instructors for the Activation of Physical Activity for the Disabled: Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior. Healthcare 2022, 10, 2094. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10102094
Kim K, Lee Y. Development and Validation of a Scale Measuring Intention toward Participating in Pro Bono of Pre-Service Physical Activity Instructors for the Activation of Physical Activity for the Disabled: Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior. Healthcare. 2022; 10(10):2094. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10102094
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Kyungjin, and Yonghwa Lee. 2022. "Development and Validation of a Scale Measuring Intention toward Participating in Pro Bono of Pre-Service Physical Activity Instructors for the Activation of Physical Activity for the Disabled: Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior" Healthcare 10, no. 10: 2094. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10102094